Ecological Archives C006-040-A1

Ecological Archives C006-040-A1

Bao-Lin Xue, Qinghua Guo, Alvarez Otto, Jingfeng Xiao, Shengli Tao, and Le Li. 2015. Global patterns, trends, and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013. Ecosphere 6:174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/es14-00416.1

Appendix A. A table showing validation sites collected from published literature, figures showing spatial patterns of precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, and specific humidity trends from 2000 to 2011, and comparison of spatial patterns of WUE in 2010 from Xiao et al. (unpublished manuscript), Jung et al. (2011), and our study.

Table A1. Validation sites collected from published literature.

Longitude	Latitude	Site Name	Country	Vegetation	Period	Reference
-106.20	53.70	SOA	Canada	DBF	2000–2005	Krishnan et al.(2006)
-84.71	45.56	US-UMB	USA	DBF	2001–2006	Curtis et al.(2005)
116.25	39.53	DX	China	DBF	2006–2009	Xiao et al.(2013)
112.51	29.31	YY	China	DBF	2005–2006	Xiao et al.(2013)
108.69	40.54	KBQ	China	DBF	2005–2006	Xiao et al.(2013)
-8.60	38.63	Espirra	Portugal	EBF	2002–2009	Rodrigues et al.(2011)
3.60	43.74	Puechabon	France	EBF	2001–2006	Pita et al.(2013)
-54.97	-3.02	BR-Sa3	Brazil	EBF	2001–2003	Goulden et al.(2006)
112.53	23.17	DHS	China	EBF	2003–2005	Xiao et al.(2013)
-105.10	54.00	SOBS	Canada	ENF	2000–2006	Krishnan et al.(2008)
-121.61	44.32	YP	USA	ENF	2004–2007	Vickers et al.(2012)
-121.56	44.45	MP	USA	ENF	2004–2007	Vickers et al.(2012)
136.00	34.97	KEW	Japan	ENF	2001–2007	Kosugi et al.(2013)
13.57	50.96	AST	Germany	ENF	2000–2005	Grunwald and Bernhofer (2007)
4.52	51.30	Brasschaat	Belgium	ENF	1999–2010	Pita et al.(2013)
-121.56	44.45	US-Me2	USA	ENF	2002–2007	Law et al.(2004)
-98.49	55.86	CA-NS5	Canada	ENF	2003–2005	Goulden et al.(2006)
101.33	37.62	SD	China	GRA	2003–2005	Hu et al.(2008)
101.33	37.67	GCT	China	GRA	2003–2005	Hu et al.(2008)
91.08	30.85	DX	China	GRA	2004–2005	Hu et al.(2008)
116.67	43.55	NM	China	GRA	2003–2005	Hu et al.(2008)
-98.04	35.55	US-ARb	USA	GRA	2005–2006	Schmidt et al.(2011)
-98.04	35.55	US-ARc	USA	GRA	2005–2006	Schmidt et al.(2011)
-89.87	34.25	US-Goo	USA	GRA	2002–2006	Wilson et al.(2007)
-120.95	38.41	US-Var	USA	GRA	2001–2007	Baldocchi et al.(2004)
123.50	44.58	CL	China	GRA	2007–2010	Xiao et al.(2013)
116.28	42.05	DL1	China	GRA	2006–2007	Xiao et al.(2013)
101.18	37.37	HB	China	GRA	2002–2004	Xiao et al.(2013)
116.68	43.55	XLH2	China	GRA	2006–2007	Xiao et al.(2013)
116.33	43.13	XFS	China	GRA	2004–2006	Xiao et al.(2013)
-88.29	40.01	US-Bo1	USA	CRO	2001–2006	Meyers et al.(2004)
116.28	42.05	DL2	China	CRO	2006–2007	Xiao et al.(2013)
-120.97	38.43	US-Ton	USA	WSA	2002–2007	Ma et al.(2007)

Fig. A1. Spatial patterns of (a) precipitation (Pr, mm yr^-1) trends from 2000 to 2011; (b) significance of precipitation trends. Highly significant (+), significant (+), nonsignificant, significant (-), and highly significant (-) show positive trend with p<0.05, positive trend with p<0.1, nonsignificant trend, negative trend with p<0.1, and negative trend with p< 0.05.

Fig. A2. Same as Fig. A1 but for temperature (Temp, ºC).

Fig. A3. Same as Fig. A1 but for solar radiation (Sd, W m^-2).

Fig. A4. Same as Fig. A1 but for specific humidity (Shum, kg kg^-1).

Fig. A5. Comparison of spatial patterns of WUE in 2010 from (a) Xiao et al. (unpublished manuscript) (b) Jung et al. (2011) and (c) our study.

Literature cited

Baldocchi, D. D., L. Xu, and N. Kiang. 2004. How plant functional-type, weather, seasonal drought, and soil physical properties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak–grass savanna and an annual grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 123:13–39.

Curtis, P. S., C. S. Vogel, C. M. Gough, H. P. Schmid, H. B. Su, and B. D. Bovard. 2005. Respiratory carbon losses and the carbon-use efficiency of a northern hardwood forest, 1999-2003. New Phytologist 167:437–455.

Grunwald, T., and C. Bernhofer. 2007. A decade of carbon, water and energy flux measurements of an old spruce forest at the Anchor Station Tharandt. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 59:387–396.

Goulden, M. L., G. C. Winston, A. M. S. McMillan, M. E. Litvak, E. L. Read, A. V. Rocha, and J. R. Elliot. 2006. An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on land-atmosphere exchange. Global Change Biology 12:2146–2162.

Hu, Z., G. Yu, Y. Fu, X. Sun, Y. Li, P. Shi, Y. Wang, and Z. Zheng. 2008. Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within and among four grassland ecosystems in China. Global Change Biology 14:1609–1619.

Jung, M. et al., 2011. Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 116:G00J07. DOI: 10.1029/2010JG001566.

Krishnan, P., T. A. Black, A. G. Barr, N. J. Grant, D. Gaumont-Guay, and Z. Nesic. 2008. Factors controlling the interannual variability in the carbon balance of a southern boreal black spruce forest. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113. DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008965.

Krishnan, P., T. A. Black, N. J. Grant, A. G. Barr, E. H. Hogg, R. S. Jassal, and K. Morgenstern. 2006. Impact of changing soil moisture distribution on net ecosystem productivity of a boreal aspen forest during and following drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 139:208–223.

Kosugi, Y., S. Takanashi, M. Ueyama, S. Ohkubo, H. Tanaka, K. Matsumoto, N. Yoshifuji, M. Ataka, and A. Sakabe. 2013. Determination of the gas exchange phenology in an evergreen coniferous forest from 7 years of eddy covariance flux data using an extended big-leaf analysis. Ecological Research 28:373–385.

Law, B. E., D. Turner, J. Campbell, O. J. Sun, S. Van Tuyl, W. D. Ritts, and W. B. Cohen. 2004. Disturbance and climate effects on carbon stocks and fluxes across Western Oregon USA. Global Change Biology 10:1429–1444.

Ma, S., D. D. Baldocchi, L. Xu, and T. Hehn. 2007. Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 147:157–171.

Meyers, T. P., and S. E. Hollinger. 2004. An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maize and soybean. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 125:105–115.

Pita, G., B. Gielen, D. Zona, A. Rodrigues, S. Rambal, I. A. Janssens, and R. Ceulemans. 2013. Carbon and water vapor fluxes over four forests in two contrasting climatic zones. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 180:211–224.

Rodrigues, A., G. Pita, J. Mateus, C. Kurz-Besson, M. Casquilho, S. Cerasoli, A. Gomes, and J. Pereira. 2011. Eight years of continuous carbon fluxes measurements in a Portuguese eucalypt stand under two main events: Drought and felling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151:493–507.

Schmidt, A., C. Hanson, J. Kathilankal, and B. E. Law. 2011. Classification and assessment of turbulent fluxes above ecosystems in North-America with self-organizing feature map networks. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151:508–520.

Vickers, D., C. K. Thomas, C. Pettijohn, J. G. Martin, and B. E. Law. 2012. Five years of carbon fluxes and inherent water-use efficiency at two semi-arid pine forests with different disturbance histories. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 64. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.17159.

Wilson, T. B., and T. P. Meyers. 2007. Determining vegetation indices from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 144:160–179.

Xiao, J. et al., 2013. Carbon fluxes, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 182–183:76–90.

Xiao, J. et al., unpublished manuscript. Global water use efficiency derived from remote sensing products.

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