Ecological Archives E096-170-A2

Ecological Archives E096-170-A2

Erin L. Kurten, S. Joseph Wright, and Walter P. Carson. 2015. Hunting alters seedling functional trait composition in a Neotropical forest. Ecology 96:1633–1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1735.1

Appendix B. Tables of statistical results and figure of community mean wood density for tree species.

For details of statistical methods, see “Methods” in the main text. Tables and figures include tree and liana species in all analyses, unless otherwise noted. The “intercept” estimate parameter, where given, is the control treatment of the exclosure experiment and is the reference state for all other model parameters.

Table B1. The percentage of total individuals and species for which trait data was available for testing predictions.

	Exclosure Trait Coverage		Hunting Comparison Trait Coverage
Trait	Individuals (n = 12,075)	Species (n = 249)	Individuals (n = 20,231)	Species (n = 279)
Seed dispersal agent	94.9%	88.0%	90.2%	91.4%
Dry seed mass	84.3%	61.8%	65.1%	59.9%
Leaf toughness	84.9%	67.9%	56.1%	65.6%
Wood density	90.1%	77.9%	79.8%	78.5%
Growth form	97.6%	74.8%	88.3%	87.8%
LMA	86.7%	67.9%	62.6%	66.3%

Table B2. GLM results for proportion of individuals with hunted dispersal agents.

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	z value	p value
Intercept (control)	-0.323 ± 0.031	-10.56	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	0.256 ± 0.039	6.59	< 0.001
Driver	0.580 ± 0.038	15.45	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	-1.194 ± 0.049	24.12	< 0.001

Table B3. GLM results for proportion of individuals with both hunted and non-hunted dispersal agents.

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	z value	p value
Intercept (control)	-1.57 ± 0.040	38.906	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	0.277 ± 0.050	5.591	< 0.001
Driver	0.209 ± 0.048	4.333	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	-0.503 ± 0.062	-8.042	< 0.001

Table B4. GLM results for proportion of individuals with non-hunted dispersal agents.

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	z value	p value
Intercept (control)	-0.370 ± 0.031	-11.94	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	-0.468 ± 0.041	-11.61	< 0.001
Driver	-0.825 ± 0.040	-20.64	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	1.64 ± 0.052	31.66	< 0.001

Table B5. GLM results for proportion of individuals with climbing growth forms (lianas).

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	z value	p value
Intercept (control)	-0.945 ± 0.035	-27.313	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	-0.344 ± 0.045	-7.608	< 0.001
Driver	-0.480 ± 0.044	-10.907	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	1.756 ± 0.057	30.983	< 0.001

Table B6. LM results for mean log(seed dry mass).

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	t value	p value
Intercept (control)	-2.486 ± 0.183	-13.603	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	0.383 ± 0.258	1.481	0.148
Driver	0.597 ± 0.251	2.377	0.023
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	-0.504 ± 0.348	-1.452	0.156

Table B7. LM results for mean wood density.

Fixed effects	Estimate ±Std. Err.	t value	p value
Intercept (control)	0.566 ± 0.008	73.559	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	0.007 ± 0.011	0.603	0.551
Driver	0.024 ± 0.011	2.317	0.027
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	-0.044 ± 0.015	-2.993	0.005

Table B8. LM results for mean LMA.

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	t value	p value
Intercept (control)	59.15 ± 1.71	34.632	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	-0.95 ± 2.42	-0.394	0.696
Driver	1.44 ± 2.35	0.612	0.545
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	0.62 ± 3.25	0.190	0.851

Table B9. LM results for mean log(laminar toughness).

Fixed effects	Estimate ± Std. Err.	t value	p value
Intercept (control)	6.131 ± 0.032	191.2	< 0.001
Vertebrate reduction	0.021 ± 0.045	0.473	0.640
Driver	0.119 ± 0.044	2.706	0.011
Vertebrate reduction × Driver	-0.097 ± 0.061	-1.587	0.122

Table B10. Effects of vertebrate exclosure on functional traits and effects of hunting on functional traits, analyzed separately. Significant results are in bold text.

Response variable	Exclosure Experiment	Hunting Comparison
Proportion of individuals with
Hunted dispersal agents	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Mixed dispersal agents	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Non-hunted dispersal agents	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Climbing growth forms	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Community mean
Seed mass	P < 0.001	P = 0.685
Wood density	P = 0.308	P = 0.003
LMA	P = 0.622	P = 0.887
Leaf toughness	P = 0.448	P = 0.141

Fig. B1. Responses of seedling community mean wood density to vertebrate reduction caused by (A) exclosures and (B) hunting, for tree species only. The heavy horizontal lines represent medians, boxes represent first and third quartiles, and whiskers represent extreme values. Lower-case letters distinguish groups that are significantly different from one another, where a two-way analysis of exclosure and hunting data together identified a significant interaction between main effects.

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