Ecological Archives E096-155-metadata

Ecological Archives E096-155-D1

Douglas A. Kelt and Dirk H. Van Vuren . 2015. Home ranges of Recent mammals. Ecology 96:1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-2264.1

Introduction

Understanding the factors governing the evolution of home range size has been an active area of macroecological investigation. We compiled a comprehensive database on home ranges and body sizes for a diverse suite of mammals, and segregated these as carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores; carnivorous species ranged in size (g) from 101.34 (Onychomys torridus) to 105.31 (Panthera leo), herbivores from 101.04 (Reithrodontomys raviventris) to 106.60 (Loxodonta africana), and omnivores from 101 (Pseudomys chapmani) to 105.34 (Ursus arctos). These data indicate that scaling relations of home ranges for carnivorous mammals do not differ significantly from those of herbivorous and omnivorous species, and that all three exhibit slopes that are significantly steeper than predicted on the basis of energetic requirements. Additionally, home range size is constrained in bivariate space representing energetic and/or biophysical limitations. These data suggested that simple linear relations may not be appropriate for comparing against the energetically predicted slopes of 0.75 or 1.0. In spite of these generalizations these data represent a biased and small proportion of mammalian species, and comprise a call for further research on the home ranges of underrepresented mammal groups as well as of represented species in additional regions and habitats. These data have since been employed in multiple papers, prompting publication as a Data Paper to make these more readily available to potential users. This metadata file outlines the structure of these data and provides primary references for all species used.

Metadata

Class I. Data set descriptors

A. Data set identity:

Title: Home range and body size for diverse mammal species.

B. Data set and metadata identification codes:

Suggested Data Set Identity Codes: Mammal_Home_Ranges.txt.

C. Data set description

Principal Investigators:

Douglas A. Kelt
Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology
University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA

Dirk Van Vuren
Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology
University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA

Abstract: The data provided here include home range and body sizes for 285 species of mammals in 177 genera. Data were extracted from 552 published sources, and have been used in multiple papers since we originally published results of analyses in 1999 and 2001. While this likely is the most comprehensive such data set available, it is arguably biased taxonomically and geographically. While some mammal orders are well represented taxonomically most are not. Hence, while all genera in Monotremata, Proboscidea, and Pholidota are represented, these comprise only 60, 66, and 20% of species, respectively; moreover, these are relatively minor radiations. In contrast, we have no species of Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria, Notoryctemorphia, Tubulidentata, Hyracoidea, Cingulata, Scandentia, Dermoptera, and Primates (the latter likely reflecting a bias in data acquisition). The modal proportion of genera and species across 27 terrestrial orders is zero; the median values are 10.8% (genera) and 3.7% (species), suggesting that further data should be sought to confirm generalizations provided by these data.

D. Key words: body mass; home range size; mammals.

Class II. Research origin descriptors

A. Overall project description

Identity: Evolutionary ecology of mammalian home ranges.

Originators:

Douglas A. Kelt
Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology
University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA

Dirk Van Vuren
Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology
University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA

Period of Study: 1997–indefinite

Objectives: To characterize and quantify the macroecological relationship between home range size and body size across a range of mammals, and to test the hypothesis that herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous species scale identically.

Abstract: Same as above. These data are not part of a larger program of study.

Source(s) of funding: Dept. of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, and the Agriculture Experiment Station, University of California..

B. Specific subproject description

Site description: Data were culled from the literature and include data from a variety of habitats. Volant (Chiroptera) and aquatic (Cetacea, Sirenia, pinniped Carnivora) have been excluded.

Experimental/Sampling design: All data were obtained from published literature, written by mammal ecologists.

Research Methods: All methods have been outlined in two publications (Kelt and Van Vuren 1999, 2001). Briefly, we culled relevant literature for data on home ranges for terrestrial mammals. Most studies were based on radiotelemetry and we excluded studies based solely on live trapping. Home ranges were based on minimum convex polygon (MCP) because of its wide use and therefore general comparability. MCP is increasingly questioned for such comparisons because it is simplistic and biased; kernel methods generally provide more meaningful insights.

All species were characterized as carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous on the basis of published information and following guidelines presented by Harestad and Bunnell (1979).

Home range estimates are weighted averages across sexes, using data only for adult animals. If sample sizes were not given, then simple means were calculated across sexes. Home ranges and body masses were transformed to log(10) and analyzed with simple linear regression, analysis of covariance, and segmented regression as outlined in Kelt and Van Vuren (2001).

Taxonomy: Taxonomy used herein follows Wilson and Reeder (2005).

Literature Cited:

Kelt, D. A., and D. Van Vuren. 1999. On the relationship between body size and home range area: consequences of energetic constraints in mammals. Ecology 80:337–400.

Kelt, D. A., and D. H. Van Vuren. 2001. The ecology and macroecology of mammalian home range area. American Naturalist 157:637–645.

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. Editors. 2005. Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Available online at (http://www.vertebrates.si.edu/msw/mswcfapp/msw/index.cfm; accessed 18 November 2014).

Class III. Data set status and accessibility

A. Status

Latest update: 18 November 2014 (higher taxonomic revisions added, some names updated; no new data added)

Latest Archive date:18 November 2014

Metadata status:18 November 2014, metadata are current.

Data verification: all data was evaluated and double-checked for accuracy. We outline methods of data verification in our published papers (Kelt and Van Vuren 1999, 2001).

B. Accessibility

Storage location and medium: Original data file exists on senior author’s personal computer in MS Excel format.

Contact person: Douglas A. Kelt, Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616, phone: +1 530-754-9481, fax: +1 530-752-4154, email: [email protected]

Copyright restrictions: None.

Proprietary restrictions: None.

Costs: None, these data have been provided to multiple colleagues over the years at no cost; publication in Ecological Archives is intended to promote dissemination of these data for scientific use.

Class IV. Data structural descriptors

A. Data Set File

Identity: Mammal_Home_Ranges.txt

Size: 280 records, excluding header row.

Format and storage mode: Ascii text, tab-delimited, no compression.

Header information: Headers are given here as header name followed by more information such as measurement units or other basic descriptor. Further detail on variable definitions are in Section B, variable information. Taxon, Order, Family, Trophic group, Mass (log10 grams), Home range (log10 hectares), References, Notes.

Alphanumeric attributes: Mixed.

Special characters/fields: None.

B. Variable definitions

Variable name	Variable definition	Units	Storage type	Range numeric type
Taxon	Scientific name (Genus, species)	N/A	Character	N/A
Order	Taxonomic order	N/A	Character	N/A
Family	Taxonomic family	N/A	Character	N/A
Trophic Group	Carn = Carnivore, Herb = Herbivore, Omn = Omnivore	N/A	Character	N/A
Mass (log10)	Log10 transformed mass (g).	Grams	Floating point	1–6.6021
Home Range (log10)	Log10 transformed home range (ha).	Hectares	Floating point	-2.4356–5.55033
References	Reference source(s) for home range. Data presented are weighted averages across multiple references when available. Taxonomic baseline is Wilson and Reeder (2005)(19 November 2014, http://www.vertebrates.si.edu/msw/mswcfapp/msw/index.cfm).	N/A	Alphanumeric	N/A
Notes	Comment or note on taxonomic change since original publication.	N/A	Alphanumeric	N/A

C. Data limitations. As noted in the abstract, these data remain an incomplete survey of mammal species. In the following figure we present the distribution of (a) generic and (b) specific representation for mammalian orders in our dataset, and the proportion of species across all terrestrial mammals and in the 26 orders sampled here (c and d). Hence, 9 orders are represented by no species. Insets to upper panels present the number of proportion of genera and species from each order as a function of the generic and specific richness of each order; these show clearly that more speciose orders are less well sampled than less diverse orders.

Fig1

Class V. Supplemental descriptors

A. Data set references

Abensperg-Traun, M. 1991. A study of home-range, movements and shelter use in adult and juvenile echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata: Tachyglossidae), in western Australian wheatbelt reserves. Australian Mammalogy 14:13-21.

Ables, E. D. 1969. Home-range studies of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Journal of Mammalogy 50:108-120.

Ables, E. D., and J. Ables. 1971. Radio-tracking studies of a Kenya hartebeest. East African Wildlife Journal 9:145-146.

Ables, E. D., E. R. Fuchs, T. J. Galvin, L. P. Jones, R. M. Robinson, W. B. Russ, and J. C. Smith. 1977. The axis deer in Texas. The Caesar Kleberg Research Program in Wildlife Ecology, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas. 86 pp.

Addison, R. B., J. C. Williamson, B. P. Saunders, and D. Fraser. 1980. Radiotracking of moose in the boreal forest of northwestern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 94:269-276. Cited in Hundertmark 1997.

Adkins, C. A., and P. Stott. 1998. Home ranges, movements and habitat associations of red fox Vulpes vulpes in suburban Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Zoology 244:335-346.

Agrell, J., S. Erlinge, J. Nelson, and M. Sandell. 1996. Shifting spacing behaviour of male field voles (Microtus agrestis) over the reproductive season. Annales Zoologici Fennici 33:243-248.

Allen, S. L., R. A. Lancia, and C. W. Betsill. 1982. Habitat preferences of cottontail rabbits on an intensive farm and a traditional farm. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 36:614-626.

Allen-Rowlandson, T. S. 1980. The social and spatial organisation of the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas 1766) in the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, eastern Cape. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.

Allsopp, R. 1978. Social biology of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas 1776) in the Nairobi National Park, Kenya. East African Wildlife Journal 16:153-165.

Alterio, N. 1998. Spring home range, spatial organisation and activity of stoats Mustela erminea in a South Island Nothofagus forest, New Zealand. Ecography 21:18-24.

Althoff, D.P. 1978 Social and spatial relationship of coyote families and neighboring coyotes. Unpubl. MS Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 80 pp

Althoff, D. P., and G. L. Storm. 1989. Daytime spatial characteristics of cottontail rabbits in central Pennsylvania. Journal of Mammalogy 70:820-824.

Amstrup, S.C., and J. Beecham. 1976. Activity patterns of radio-collared black bears in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:340-348.

Andelt, W. F. 1985. Behavioral ecology of coyotes in south Texas. Wildlife Monographs 94:1-45.

Andelt, W. F., and P. S. Gipson. 1979. Home range, activity, and daily movements of coyotes. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:944-951.

Anderka, G., I. J. Linn, M. R. Perrin, and A. H. Maddock. 1999. Range use by the wild dog in the Hluhuwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 29:1-9.

Anderson, B. F., and M. R. Pelton. 1976. Movements, home range, and cover use: factors affecting the susceptibility of cottontails to hunting. Proc. Accl. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 30:525-535.

Andreassen, H. P., and S. Bondrup-Nielsen. 1991. Home range size and activity of the wood lemming, Myopus schisticolor. Holarctic Ecology 14:138-141.

Anstee, S. D., J. D. Roberts, and J. E. O'Shea. 1997. Social structure and patterns of movement of the western pebble-mound mouse, Pseudomys chapmani, at Marandoo, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:295-305.

Anthony, R. M. 1997. Home ranges and movements of arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in western Alaska. Arctic. 50:147-157.

Apps, P. J. 1986. Home ranges of feral cats on Dassen Island. Journal of Mammalogy 67:199-200.

Archibald, W. R., and R. H. Jessup. 1984. Population dynamics of the pine marten (Martes americana) in the Yukon Territory. Pages 81-97 in R. Olson, R. Hastings, and F. Geddes, editors. Northern ecology and resource management. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Canada.

Arnold, G. W., D. E.Steven, A. Grassia, and J. Weeldenburg. 1992. Home-range size and fidelity of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) living in remnants of wandoo woodland and adjacent farmland. Wildlife Research 19:137-143.

Arthur, S. M., W. B. Krohn, and J. R. Gilbert. 1989. Home range characteristics of adult fishers. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:674-679.

Attuquayefio, D. K., M. L. Gorman, and R. J. Wolton. 1986. Home range sizes in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus: habitat, sex and seasonal differences. Journal of Zoology 210:45-53.

Augee, M. L., L. A. Beard, G. C. Grigg, and J. K. Raison. 1992. Home range of echidnas in the Snowy Mountains. Pp. 225-231 in M. L. Augee, editor. Platypus and echidnas. The Royal Zoological Society, NSW, Sydney, Australia.

Avenant, N. L., and J. A. J. Nel. 1998. Home-range use, activity, and density of caracal in relation to prey density. African Journal of Ecology 36:347-359.

Babb, J. G., and M. L. Kennedy. 1988. Home range of the coyote in western Tennessee. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 42:443-447.

Baber, D. W., and B. E. Coblentz. 1986. Density, home range, habitat use, and reproduction in feral pigs on Santa Catalina Island. Journal of Mammalogy 67:512-525.

Bailey, T. N. 1974. Social organization in a bobcat population. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:435-446.

Bailey, T. N. 1993. The African leopard: ecology and behavior of a solitary felid. Columbia University Press, New York, New York.

Bailey, T. N., and E. E. Bangs. 1980. Moose calving areas and use on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Proc. N. Am. Moose Conf. Workshop 16:289-313. Cited in Hundertmark 1997.

Bailey, T. N., E. E. Bangs, M. F. Portner, J. C. Malloy, and R. J. McAvinchey. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:279-290.

Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner. 1987. Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 98:1-54.

Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and D. J. Reed. 1991. Population dynamics of moose in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 114:1-49.

Ballard, W. B., L. A. Ayres, P. R. Krausman, D. J. Reed, and S. G. Fancy. 1997. Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 135:1-47.

Banci, V., and A. S. Harestad. 1990. Home range and habitat use of wolverines Gulo gulo in Yukon, Canada. Holarctic Ecology 13:195-200.

Bangs, E. E., and T. N. Bailey. 1980. Moose movements and distribution in response to winter seismological exploration on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Kenai Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Rept. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Kenai, Alaksa. 47 pp. Cited in Hundertmark 1997.

Bangs, E. E., T. N. Bailey, and M. F. Portner. 1984. Bull moose behavior and movements in relation to harvest on the Kenai National Moose Range, Alaska. Alces 20:187-208.

Banks, E. M., R. J. Brooks, and J. Schnell. 1975. A radiotracking study of home range and activity of the brown lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus). Journal of Mammalogy 56:888-901.

Bateman, M. C. 1986. Winter habitat use, food habits, and home range size of the marten, Martes americana, in western Newfoundland. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:58-62.

Bayless, S. R. 1969. Winter food habits, range use, and home range of antelope in Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 33:538-551.

Beier, P., and D. R. McCullough. 1990. Factors influencing white-tailed deer activity patterns and habitat use. Wildlife Monographs 109:1-51.

Belden, R. C., W. B. Frankenberger, R. T. McBride, and S. T. Schwidert. 1988. Panther habitat use in southern Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:660-663.

Bellantoni, E. S., and P. R. Krausman. 1993. Habitat use by collared peccaries in an urban environment. Southwestern Naturalist 38:345-351.

Bendel, P. R., and J. E. Gates. 1987. Home range and microhabitat partitioning of the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). Journal of Mammalogy 68:243-255.

Benhamou, S. 1996. Space use and foraging movements in the American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) Behavioral Processes 37:89-102.

Benson, B. N. 1980. Dominance relationships, mating behaviour and scent marking in fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Mammalia 44:143-160

Beolchini, F., E. Dupre, and A. Loy. 1996. Territorial behaviour of Talpa romana in two different habitats: food resources and reproductive needs as potential causes of variation. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 61:193-201.

Berg 1981. Ecology of bobcats in northern Minnesota. Natl. Wild. Fed. Sci. Tech Ser. 6:55-61.

Berg, W. E., and R. A. Chesness. 1978. Ecology of coyotes in northern Minnesota. Pp. 229-247 in Bekoff, M., editor. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management. Academic Press, New York, New York.

Berger, J 1987. Reproductive fates of dispersers in a harem-dwelling ungulate: the wild horse. Pp. 41-54 in Chepko-Sade, B. D., and Z. T. Halpin, editors. Mammalian dispersal patterns. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Bergstrom, B. J. 1988. Home ranges of three species of chipmunks (Tamias) as assessed by radiotelemetry and grid trapping. Journal of Mammalogy 69:190-193.

Berry, P. S. M. 1978. Range movements of giraffe in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. East African Wildlife Journal 16:77-83.

Bias, M. A., and M. L. Morrison. 1999. Movements and home range of salt marsh harvest mice. Southwestern Naturalist 44:348-353.

Bideau, E., J. F. Gerard, J. P. Vincent, and M. L. Maublanc. 1993. Effects of age and sex on space occupation by European roe deer. Journal of Mammalogy 74:745-751.

Bissonette, J. A., and M. J. Steinkamp. 1996. Bighorn sheep response to ephemeral habitat fragmentation by cattle. Great Basin Naturalist 56:319-325.

Bjorge, R. R., and J. R. Gunson. 1989. Wolf, Canis lupus, population characteristics and prey relationships near Simonette River, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 103:327.

Blanchard, B. M., and R. R. Knight. 1991. Movements of Yellowstone grizzly bears. Biological Conservation 58:41-67.

Blanco, J. C. 1986. On the diet, size and use of home range and activity patterns of a red fox in central Spain. Acta Theriologica 31:547-556.

Boellstorff, D. E., and D. H. Owings. 1995. Home range, population structure, and spatial organization of California ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 76:551-561.

Boitani, L., and G. Reggiani. 1984. Movements and activity patterns of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Mediterranean coastal habitats. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 49:193-206.

Boitani, L., P. Barrasso, and I. Grimod. 1984. Ranging behaviour of the red fox in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy). Bollettino di Zoologia 51:275-284.

Borkowski, J., and K. Furubayashi. 1998. Home range size and habitat use in radio-collared female sika deer at high altitudes in the Tanzawa Mountains, Japan. Annales Zoologici Fennici 35:181-186.

Bothma, J. du P., and E. A. N. Le Riche. 1994. Range use by an adult male caracal in the southern Kalahari. Koedoe 37:105-108.

Bothma, J. du P., M. H. Knight, E. A. N. le Riche, and H. J. van Hensbergen. 1997. Range size of southern Kalahari leopards. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 27:94-99.

Boutin, S. 1979. Spacing behavior of snowshoe hares in relation to their population dynamics. Unpubl. M.Sc. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Cited in Boutin 1980.

Boutin, S. 1980. Effect of spring removal experiments on the spacing behavior of female snowshoe hares. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:2167-2174.

Boutin, S. and S. Schweiger. 1988. Manipulation of intruder pressure in red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus): effects on territory size and acquisition. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:2270-2274.

Bowen, W. D. 1982. Home range and spatial organization of coyotes in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:201-216.

Bradley, L. C., and D. B. Fagre. 1988. Movements and habitat use by coyotes and bobcats on a ranch in southern Texas. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 42:411-430.

Bradshaw, C. J. A., D. M. Hebert, A. B. Rippin, and S. Boutin. 1995. Winter peatland habitat selection by woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1576-1574.

Branch, L. C. 1993. Intergroup and intragroup spacing in the Plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. Journal of Mammalogy 74:890-900.

Braun, S. E. 1985. Home range and activity patterns of the giant kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ingens. Journal of Mammalogy 66:1-12.

Bright, P. W., and P. A. Morris. 1991. Ranging and nesting behaviour of the dormouse, Muscardinus avellanarius, in diverse low-growing woodland. Journal of Zoology 224:177-190.

Bristow, K. D., J. A. Wennerlund, R. E. Schweinsburg, R. J. Olding, and R. E. Lee. 1996. Habitat use and movements of desert bighorn sheep near the Silver Bell Mine, Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Dept., Tech. Rept. 25:1-57.

Broekhuizen, S., and F. Maaskamp. 1982. Movement, home range and clustering in the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) in The Netherlands. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 47:22-32.

Broseth, H., B. Knutsen, and K. Bevanger. 1997. Spatial organization and habitat utilization of badgers Meles meles: effects of food patch dispersion in the boreal forest of central Norway. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 62:12-22.

Broughton, S. K., and C. R. Dickman. 1991. The effectof supplementary food on home range of the southern brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus (Marsupialia: Peramelidae). Australian Journal of Ecology 16:71-78.

Bubela, T. M., D. C. D. Happold, and L. S. Broome. 1991. Home range and activity of the broad-toothed rat, Mastacomys fuscus, in subalpine heathland. Wildlife Research 18:39-48.

Buie, D. E., T. T. Fendley, and H. McNab. 1979. Fall and winter home ranges of adult bobcats on the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina. National Wildlife Federation Science and Technical Series 6:42-46.

Burnett, G. W. 1981. Movements and habitat use of American marten in Glacier National Park, Montana. Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana. 130 pp.

Buskirk, S. W. 1983. The ecology of marten in southcentral Alaska. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. 131 pp.

Caley, P. 1997. Movement, activity patterns and habitat use of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a tropical habitat. Wildlife Research 24:77-87.

Carbyn, L. N. 1983. Wolf predation on elk in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:963-976.

Caro, T. M. 1994. Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: group living in an asocial species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Catt, D. C., and B. W. Staines. 1987. Home range use and habitat selection by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Sitka spruce plantation as determined by radio-tracking. Journal of Zoology 211:681-693,

Cavallini, P. 1992. Ranging behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in rural southern Japan. Journal of Mammalogy 73:321-325.

Cavallini, P. 1993. Spatial organization of the yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata in a coastal area. Ethology, Ecology & Evolution 5:501-509.

Cavallini, P., and J. A. J. Nel. 1990. Ranging behaviour of the Cape grey mongoose Galerella pulverulenta in a coastal area. Journal of Zoology 222:353-362.

Cavallini, P., and S. Lovari. 1994. Home range, habitat selection and activity of the red fox in a Mediterranean coastal ecotone. Acta Theriologica 39:279-287.

Cederlund, G. 1983. Home range dynamics and habitat selection by roe deer in a boreal area in central Sweden. Acta Theriologica 28:443-460.

Cederlund, G. N., and H. Okarma. 1988. Home range and habitat use of adult female moose. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:336-343.

Cederlund, G., and H. Sand. 1994. Home-range size in relation to age and sex in moose. Journal of Mammalogy 75:1005-1012.

Chapman, N. G., et al. 1993. Sympatric populations of mutjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): a comparative analysis of their ranging behaviour, social organization and activity. Journal of Zoology 229:623-640.

Chiarello, A. G. 1998. Activity budgets and ranging patterns of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Journal of Zoology 246:1-10.

Choromanski-Norris, J., E. K. Fritzell., and A. B. Sargeant. 1989. Movements and habitat use of Franklin's ground squirrel in duck-nesting habitat. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:324-331.

Ciucci, P., L. Boitani, F. francisci, and G. Andreoli. 1997. Home range, activity and movements of a wolf pack in central Italy. Journal of Zoology 243:803-819.

Clancy, T. F., and D. B. Croft. 1990. Home range of the common wallaroo, Macropus robustus erubescens, in far western New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 17:659-673.

Clark, T. W., T. M. Campbell, III, and T. N. Hauptman. 1989. Demographic characteristics of American marten populations in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist 49:587-596.

Clarke, C. M. H., and R. J. Henderson. 1984. Home range size and utilization by female chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Acta Zoologica Fennica 171:287-291.

Clevenger, A. P. 1993. Pine marten (Martes martes L.) home ranges and activity patterns on the island of Minorca, Spain. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 58:137-143.

Coblentz, B. E., and D. W. Baber. 1987. Biology and control of feral pigs on Isla Santiago, Galapagos, Ecuador. Journal of Animal Ecology 24:403-418.

Cole, E. K., M. D. Pope, and R. G. Anthony. 1997. Effects of road management on movement and survival of Roosevelt elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1115-1126.

Collins, R. J., and G. W. Barrett. 1997. Effects of habitat fragmentation on meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) population dynamics in experiment landscape patches. Landscape Ecology 12:63-76.

Coman, B. J., J. Robinson, and C. Beaumont. 1991. Home range, dispersal and density of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in central Victoria. Wildlife Research 18:215-223.

Comport, S. S., S. J. Ward, and W. J. Foley. 1996. Home ranges, time budgets and food-tree use in a high-density tropical population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans minor (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia). Wildlife Research 23:401-419.

Condit, S. A., and D. O. Ribble. 1997. Social organization of Neotoma micropus, the southern plains woodrat. American Midland Naturalist 137:290-297.

Conner, L. M., B. D. Leopold, and K. J. Sullivan. 1992. Bobcat home range, density, and habitat use in east-central Mississippi. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 46:147-158.

Cook, J. M., R. Trevelyan, S. S. Walls, M. Hatcher, and F. Rakotondraparany. 1991. The ecology of Hypogeoemys antimena, an endemic Madagascan rodent. Journal of Zoology 224:191-200.

Corbet, N. U., and R. J. Van Aarde. 1996. Social organization and space use in the Cape porcupine in a southern African savanna. African Journal of Ecology 34:1-14.

Corp, N., M. L. Gorman, and J. R. Speakman. 1997. Ranging behaviour and time budgets of male wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus in different habitats and seasons. Oecologia 109:242-250.

Coulson, G. 1993. Use of heterogeneous habitat by the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus. Wildlife Research 20:137-149.

Craighead, J. J., F. C. Craighead, Jr., R. L. Ruff, and B. W. O'Gara. 1973. Home ranges and activity patterns of nonmigratory elk of the Madison Drainage herd as determined by biotelemetry. Wildlife Monographs 33:1-50.

Cranford, J. A. 1977. Home range and habitat utilization by Neotoma fuscipes as determined by radiotelemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 58:165-172.

Crawshaw, P. G., Jr., and H. B. Quigley. 1989. Notes on ocelot movement and activity in the Pantanal Region, Brazil. Biotropica 21:377-379.

Crawshaw, P. G., Jr., and H. B. Quigley. 1991. Jaguar spacing, activity and habitat use in a seasonally flooded environment in Brazil. Journal of Zoology 223:357-370.

Croft, D. B. 1987. Socio-ecology of the Antilopine wallaroo, Macropus antilopinus, in the Northern Territory, with observations on sympatric M. robustus woodwardii and M. agilis. Australian Wildlife Research 14:243-255.

Crooks, K. R., and D. Van Vuren. 1995. Resource utilization by two insular endemic mammalian carnivores, the island fox and island spotted skunk. Oecologia 104:301-307.

Cumming, D. H. M. 1975. A field study of the ecology and behaviour of warthog. Museum Memoir (National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia) 7:1-179.

Daniels, T. J., and M. Bekoff. 1989. Spatial and temporal resource use by feral and abandoned dogs. Ethology 81:300-312.

Danielson, B. J., and R. K. Swihart. 1987. Home range dynamics and activity patterns of Microtus ochrogaster and Synaptomys cooperi in syntopy. Journal of Mammalogy 68:160-165.

Danner, D. A., and N. S. Smith. 1980. Coyote home range, movement, and relative abundance near a cattle feedyard. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:484-487.

Davies, K. C., and J. U. M. Jarvis. 1986. The burrow systems and burrowing dynamics of the mole-rats Bathyergus suillus and Cryptomoys hottentotus in the fynbos of the south-western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Zoology 209:125-147.

Davis, J. R., and D. C. Guynn, Jr. 1993. Activity and habitat utilization of beaver colonies in South Carolina. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 47:299-310.

Davis, M. H. 1983. Post-release movements of introduced marten. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:59-66.

de Villiers, P. A., and O. B. Kok. 1997. Home range, association and related aspects of elephants in the eastern Transvaal lowveld. African Journal of Ecology 35:224-236.

Delibes, M., and J. F. Beltran. 1985. Activity, daily movements and home range of an Ichneumon or Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in southern Spain. Journal of Zoology 207:610-613.

Dell, D. A., R. H. Chabreck, and R. G. Linscombe. 1983. Spring and summer movements of muskrats in a Louisiana coastal marsh. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 37:210-218.

DeVan, R. 1982. The ecology and life history of the long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata). Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. 300 pp.

Dhungel, S. K., and W. D. Edge. 1985. Notes on the natural history of Paradoxurus hermaphroditus. Mammalia 49:302-303.

Dickinson, T. G., and G. W. Garner. 1979. Home range use and movements of desert mule deer in southwestern Texas. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 33:267-278.

Dietz, J. M. 1984. Ecology and social organization of the maned wold (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 392:1-51.

Doebel, J. H., aB. S. McGinnis. 1974. Home range and activity of gray squirrel population. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:860-867.

Doerr, J. G. 1983. Home range size, movements and habitat use in two moose population sin southeastern Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97:79-88. Cited in Hundertmark 1997.

Douglas, R. J. 1976. Spatial interactions and microhabitat selections of two locally sympatric voles, Microtus montanus and Microtus pennsylvanicus. Ecology 57:346-352.

du Toit, J. T. 1990. Home range - body mass relations: a field study on African browsing ruminants. Oecologia 85:301-303.

DuBois, M., P-Y Quenette, E. Bideau, and M-P Magnac. 1993. Seasonal range use by European mouflon rams in medium altitude mountains. Acta Theriologica 38:185-198.

Dubost, G. 1978. Un apercu sur l'ecologie du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyle Tragulide). Mammalia 42:1-62. Cited in Emmons 1983.

Dunham, K. M. 1986. Movements of elephant cows in the unflooded Middle Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 24:287-291.

Dunham, K. M. 1998. Spatial organization of mountain gazelles Gazella gazella reintroduced to central Arabia. Journal of Zoology 245:371-384.

Eberhardt, L. E., W. C. Hanson, and L. L. Cadwell. 1984. Movement and activity patterns of mule deer in the sagebrush-steppe region. Journal of Mammalogy 65:404-409.

Eberhardt, L. E., W. C. Hanson, J. L. Bengtson, R. A. Garrott, and E. E. hanson. 1982. Arctic fox home range characteristics in an oil-development area. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:183-190.

Edge, W. D., C. L. Marcum, and S. l. Olson. 1985. Effects of logging activities on home-range fidelity of elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:741-744

Edmonds, E. J. 1988. Population status, distribution, and movements of woodland caribou in west central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:817-826.

Eldridge, W. D., M. M. MacNamara, and N. V. Pacheco. 1987. Activity patterns and habitat utilization of pudus (Pudu puda) in south-central Chile. Pp. 352-370 in C. M. Wemmer, editor. Biology and management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Emmons, L. H. 1983. A field study of the African brush-tailed porcupine, Atherurus africanus, by radiotelemetry. Mammalia 47:183-194.

Emmons, L. H. 1988. A field study of ocelots (Felis pardalis) in Peru. Revue d'Ecologie 43:133-157.

Escos, J., and C. L. Alados. 1992. The home-range of the Spanish ibex in spring and fall. Mammalia 56:57-63.

Evans, M. 1996. Home ranges and movement schedules of sympatric bridled nailtail and black-striped wallabies. Wildlife Research 23:547-556.

Farentinos, R. C. 1979. Seasonal changes in home range size of tassel-eared squirrels (Sciurus aberti). Southwestern Naturalist 24:49-62.

Feer, F. 1989. Occupation de l'espace par deux bovides sympatriques de la foret dense Africaine (Cephalophus callipygus et C. dorsalis): influence du tythme d'activite. Revue d’écologie (La Terre et la Vie) 44:225-248.

Feldhamer, G. A., K. R. Dixon, and J. A. Chapman. 1982. Home range and movement of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Maryland. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 47:311-316.

Ferguson, J. W. H., J. A. J. Nel, and M. J. de Wet. 1983. Social organization and movement patterns of black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas in South Africa. Journal of Zoology 199:487-502.

Ferreras, P., J. F. Beltran, J. J. Aldama, and M. Delibes. 1997. Spatial organization and land tenure system of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Journal of Zoology 243:163-189.

Ferron, J., and J. P. Ouellet. 1989. Temporal and intersexual variations in the use of space with regard to social organization in the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1642-1649.

Ferron, J., and J. P. Ouellet. 1992. Daily partitioning of summer habitat and use of space by the snowshoe hare in southern boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:2178-2183.

Festa-Bianchet, M., and D. A. Boag. 1982. Territoriality in adult female Columbian ground squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:1060-1066.

Fielden, L. J. 1991. Home range and movements of the Namib Desert golden mole, Eremitalpa granti namibensis (Chrysochloridae). Journal of Zoology 223:675-686.

Fitzgerald, B. M., and B. J. Karl. 1986. Home range of feral house cats (Felis catus L.) in forest of the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 9:71-81.

FitzGibbon, C. D. 1995. Comparative ecology of two elephant-shrew species in a Kenyan coastal forest. Mammal Review 25:19-30.

Fitzwater, W. D., and I. Prakash. 1969. Observations on the burrows, behavior and home range of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon. Mammalia 33:598-606.

Flux, J. E. C. 1970. Life history of the mountain hare (Lepus timidus scoticus) in north-east Scotland. Journal of Zoology 161:75-123.

Forys, E. A., and S. R. Humphrey. 1996. Home range and movements of the lower keys marsh rabbit in a highly fragmented habitat. Journal of Mammalogy 77:1042-1048.

Fragoso, J. M. V. 1998. Home range and movement patterns of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) herds in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Biotropica 30:458-469.

Frame, G. W. 1980. Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) sub-population on the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 18:155-166.

Frank, D. H., and E. J. Heske. 1992. Seasonal changes in space use patterns in the southern grasshopper mouse, Onychomys torridus torridus. Journal of Mammalogy 73:292-298.

Franklin, W. L., and J. W. Lieb. 1979. The social organization of a sedentary population of North American elk: a model for understanding other populations. Pp. 185-198 in M. S. Boyce and L. D. Hayden-Wing, editors. North American elk: ecology, behavior, and management. The University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.

Fridell, R. A., and J. A. Litvaitis. 1991. Influence of resource distribution and abundance on home-range characteristics of southern flying squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2589-2593.

Fritts, S. H., and L. D. Mech. 1981. Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 80:1-79.

Fritzell, E. K. 1978. Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season. Journal of Wildlife Management 42:118-127.

Fuller, T, K., and L. B. Keith. 1981. Non-overlapping ranges of coyotes and wolves in northeastern Alberta. Journal of Mammalogy 62:403-405.

Fuller, T. K. 1978. Variable home-range sizes of female gray foxes. Journal of Mammalogy 59:446-449.

Fuller, T. K. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 105:1-41.

Fuller, T. K., A. R. Biknevicius, P. W. Kat, B. van valkenburgh, and R. K. Wayne. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27:313-323.

Fuller, T. K., and P. W. Kat. 1990. Movements, activity, and prey relationships of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) near Aitong, southwestern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 28:330-350.

Fuller, T. K., W. E. Berg, and D. W. Kuehn. 1985. Bobcat home range size and daytime cover-type use in northcentral Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 66:568-571.

Fuller, T. K., W. E. Johnson, W. L. Franklin, and K. A. Johnson. 1987. Notes on the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus humboldti) in southern Chile. Journal of Mammalogy 68:864-867.

Funston, P. J., J. D. Skinner, and H. M. Dott. 1994. Seasonal variation in movement patterns, home range and habitat selection of buffaloes in a semi-arid habitat. African Journal of Ecology 32:100-114.

Garant, Y., and M. Crete. 1997. Fisher, Martes pennanti, home range characteristics in a high density untrapped population in southern Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist 111:359-364.

Gardner, C. L. 1985. The ecology of wolverines in southcentral Alaska. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. 82 pp.

Garshelis, D. L., and J. A. Garshelis. 1984. Movements and management of sea otters in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:665-678.

Garshelis, D. L., and M. R. Pelton. 1981. Movements of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:912-925.

Gasaway, W. C., K. T. Mossestad, and P. E. Stander. 1989. Demography of spotted hyaenas in an arid savanna, Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia. Madoqua 16:121-127.

Gaulin, S. J. C., and R. W. FitzGerald. 1988. Home-range size as a predictor of mating systems in Microtus. Journal of Mammalogy 69:311-319.

Gehrt, S. D., and E. K. Fritzell. 1997. Sexual differences in home ranges of raccoons. Journal of Mammalogy 78:921-931.

Geinitz, C. Ch. 1980. Contribution to the biology of Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus Laxmann, 1769) in a cemetary in Freiburg (Southern Germany). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 1980:279-287.

Genovesi, P., I. Sinibaldi, and L. Boitani. 1997. Spacing patterns and territoriality of the stone marten. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1966-1971.

Genovesi, P., M. Besa, and S. Toso. 1995. Ecology of a feral cat Felis catus population in an agricultural area of northern Italy. Wildlife Biology 1:233-237.

Georgii, B. 1980. Home range patterns of female red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in the Alps. Oecologia 47:278-285.

Gese, E. M., O. J. Rongstad, and W. R. Mytton. 1988. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:640-646.

Gettinger, R. D. 1984. A field study of activity patterns of Thomomys bottae. Journal of Mammalogy 65:76-84

Gettle, A. S. 1975. Densities, movements, and activities of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) in Pennsylvania. Unpubl. MS Thesis, Pennsylvania State University. 66 pp.

Gillette, L. N. 1980. Movement patterns of radio-tagged opossums in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 104:1-12.

Gipson, P. S. 1983. Evaluation and control implication of behavior of feral dogs in interior Alaska. Pp. 285-294 in D. E. Kaukeinen, editor. Vertebrate pest control and management materials: fourth symposium. ASTM Special Technical Publication, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Goddard, J. 1967. Home range, behaviour, and recruitment rates of two black rhinoceros populations. East African Wildlife Journal 5:133-150.

Goldingay, R. L., and R. P. Kavanagh. 1993. Home-range estimates and habitat of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) at Waratah Creek, New South Wales. Wildlife Research 20:387-404.

Gompper, M. E. 1997. Population ecology of the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Journal of Zoology 241:441-455.

Goszczynski, J. 1989. Spatial distribution of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in winter. Acta Theriologica 34:361-372.

Grauvogel, C. A. 1984. Seward Peninsula moose population identity study. Fed. Aid Wildl. Restor. Final Repot. Alaska Dept. Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska. 93 pp. Cited in Hundertmark 1997.

Green, K., A. T. Mitchell, and P. Tennant. 1998. Home range and microhabitat use by the long-footed potoroo, Potorous longipes. Wildlife Research 25:357-372.

Guillet, C., R. Bergstrom, and G. Cederlund. 1996. Size of winter home range of roe deer Capreolus capreolus in two forest areas with artificial feeding in Sweden. Wildlife Biology 2:107-111.

Guillotin, M. 1982. Rythmes d'activite et regimes alimentaires de Proechimys cuvieri et d' Oryzomys capito velutinus (Rodentia) en foret Guyenaise. Revue d’écologie (La Terre et la Vie) 36:337-371.

Gust, N., and K. Handasyde. 1995. Seasonal variation in the ranging behaviour of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) on the Goulbrun River, Victoria. Australian Journal of Zoology 43:193-208.

Hall, J. G. 1981. A field study of the Kaibab squirrel in Grand Canyon National Park. Wildlife Monographs 75:1-54.

Hall, L. S., and M. L. Morrison. 1997. Den and relocation site characteristics and home ranges of Peromyscus truei in the White Mountains of California. Great Basin Naturalist 57:124-130.

Hall, L. S., M. A. Kasparian, D. Van Vuren, and D. A. Kelt. 2000. Spatial organization and habitat use of feral cats (Felis catus L.) in Mediterranean California. Mammalia 64:19-28.

Hallberg, D. L. 1973. A contribution to the better understanding of the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus): spatial and temporal natural history. Unpubl. MS Thesis, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California. 280 pp.

Haller, V. H., and U. Breitenmoser. 1986. Spatial organization of the reintroduced population of the lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Swiss Alps. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 51:289-311 (in German).

Hampy, D. B. 1978. Home range and seasonal movement of Barbary sheep in the Palo Duro Canyon. Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. 83 pp.

Harden, R. H. 1985. The ecology of the dingo in north-eastern New South Wales I. Movements and home range. Australian Wildlife Research 12:25-37.

Haroldson, K. J., and E. K. Fritzell. 1984. Home ranges, activity, and habitat use by gray foxes in an oak-hickory forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:222-227.

Harrison, D. J., J. A. Bissonette, and J. A. Sherburne. 1989. Spatial relationships between coyotes and red foxes in eastern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:181-185.

Harrison, R. L. 1997. A comparison of gray fox ecology between residential and undeveloped rural landscapes. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:112-122.

Hart, J. A., and T. B. Hart. 1989. Ranging and feeding behaviour of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: food limitation in a rain-forest herbivore? Symposia, Zoological Society of London 61:31-50.

Harvey, M. J. 1976. Home range, movements, and diel activity of the eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus. American Midland Naturalist 95:436-445.

Harvey, M. J., and R. W. Barbour. 1965. Home range of Microtus ochrogaster as determined by a modified minimum area method. Journal of Mammalogy 46:398-402.

Hauge, T. M., and L. B. Keith. 1981. Dynamics of moose populations in northeastern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:573-597.

Hayes, C. L., and P. R. Krausman. 1993. Nocturnal activity of female desert mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:897-904.

Hearn, B. J., L. B. Keith, and O. J. Rongstad. 1987. Demography and ecology of the arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) in southwestern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:852-861.

Heath, M. E., and I. M. Coulson. 1997. Home range size and distribution in a wild population of Cape pangolins, Manis temminckii, in north-west Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 35:94-109.

Hellgren, E. C., and M. R. Vaughan. 1989. Demographic analysis of a black bear population in the Great Dismal Swamp. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:969-977

Hellgren, E. C., and M. R. Vaughan. 1990. Range characteristics of black bears in Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia - North Carolina. Proc. Annu. Conf. SE Assoc. F&W Agencies 44:268-278.

Hemker, T. P., F. G. Lingzey, and B. A. Ackerman. 1984. Population characteristics and movement patterns of cougars in southern Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:1275-1284.

Heske, E. J. 1987. Spatial structuring and dispersal in a high density population of the California vole Microtus californicus. Holarctic Ecology 10:137-148.

Heske, E. J., G. I. Shenbrot, and K. A. Rogovin. 1995. Spatial organization of Stylodipus telum (Dipodidae, Rodentia) in Dagestan, Russia. Journal of Mammalogy 76:800-808.

Hewson, R., and M. D. C. Hinge. 1990. Characteristics of the home range of mountain hares Lepus timidus. Journal of Applied Ecology 27:651-666.

Hibler, S. J. 1977. Coyote movement patterns with emphasis on home range characteristics. Unpubl. MS Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 125 p.

Hillman, J. C. 1988. Home range and movement of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas 1766) in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 26:135-148.

Hoffman, C. O., and J. L. Gottschang. 1977. Numbers, distribution, and movements of a raccoon population in a suburban residential community. Journal of Mammalogy 58:623-636.

Holzenbein, S., and R. L. Marchinton. 1992. Spatial integration of maturing-male white-tailed deer into the adult population. Journal of Mammalogy 73:326-334.

Holzman, S., M. J. Conroy, and J. Pickering. 1992. Home range, movements, and habitat use of coyotes in southcentral Georgia. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:139-146.

Hornocker, M. G., and H. S. hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301.

Horsup, A. 1994. Home range of the Allied rock-wallaby, Petrogale assimilis. Wildlife Research 21:65-84.

Hoskinson, R. L., and L. D. Mech. 1976. White-tailed deer migration and its role in wolf predation. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:429-441.

Hubbs, A. H., and R. Boonstra. 1998. Effects of food and predators on the home-range sizes of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii). Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:592-596.

Huber, D., and H. U. Roth. 1993. Movements of European brown bears in Croatia. Acta Theriologica 38:151-159.

Hulbert, I. A. R., G. R. Iason, D. A. Elston, and P. A. Racey. 1996. Home-range sizes in a stratified upland landscape of two lagomorphs with different feeding strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology 33:1479-1488.

Hundertmark, K. J. 1997. Home range, dispersal and migration. Pp. 303-335 in A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, editors. Ecology and management of North American moose. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Ikeda, H., K. Eguchi, and Y. Ono. 1979. Home range utilization of a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus, Temminck, in a small islet in western Kyushu. Japanese Journal of Ecology 29:35-48.

Ikeda, H., Y. Ono, M. Baba, T. Doi, and T. Iwamoto. 1982. Ranging and activity patterns of three nocturnal viverrids in Omo National Park, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 20:179-186.

Ilse, L. M., and E. C. Hellgren. 1995. Spatial use and group dynamics of sympatric collared peccaries and feral hogs in southern Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 76:993-1002.

Irwin, L. J., and J. M. Peek. 1983. Elk habitat use relative to forest succession in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:664-672.

Ivey, T. L., and M. K. Causey. 1981. Movements and activity patterns of female white-tailed deer during rut. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 35:149-166.

Jackson, R., and G. Ahlborn. 1989. Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal -- home range and movements. National Geographic Research 5:161-175.

Jarman, P. J., and R. J. Taylor. 1983. Ranging of eastern grey kangaroos and wallaroos on a New England pastoral property. Australian Wildlife Research 10:33-38.

Jarvis, J. U. M. 1973. Activity patterns in the mole-rats Tachyoryctes splendens and Heliophobius argenteocinereus. Zoologica Africana 8:101-119. Cited in Reichman and Smith 1990.

Jarvis, J. U. M. 1985. Ecological studies on Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole-rat, in Kenya. National Geographic Research 20:429-437. Cited in Reichman and Smith 1990.

Jarvis, J. U. M., and J. B. Sale. 1971. Burrowing and burrow patterns of east African mole rats Tachyoryctes, Heliophobius, and Heterocephalus. Journal of Zoology 163:451-479. Cited in Reichman and Smith 1990.

Jedrzejewski, W., B. Jedrzejewska, and L. Szymura. 1995. Weasel population response, home range, and predation on rodents in a deciduous forest in Poland. Ecology 76:179-195.

Jenkins, K. J., and E. E. Starkey. 1982. Social organization of Roosevelt elk in an old-growth forest. Journal of Mammalogy 63:331-334.

Jenny, D. 1996. Spatial organization of leopards Panthera pardus in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast: is rainforest a 'tropical haven'? Journal of Zoology 240:427-440.

Jike, L., G. O. Batzli, and L. L. Getz. 1988. Home ranges of prairie voles as determined by radiotracking and by powdertracking. Journal of Mammalogy 69:183-186

Johnson, C. N. 1987. Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek. IV. Home range and movements of the red-necked wallaby. Australian Wildlife Research 14:125-132.

Johnson, C. N. 1991. Utilization of habitat by the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii. Journal of Zoology 225:495-507.

Johnson, K. A. 1980. Spatial and temporal use of habitat by the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). Australian Wildlife Research 7:157-166.

Johnson, W. E., and W. L. Franklin. 1991. Feeding and spatial ecology of Felis geoffroyi in southern Patagonia. Journal of Mammalogy 72:815-820.

Johnson, W. E., and W. L. Franklin. 1994. Spatial resource partitioning by sympatric grey fox (Dusicyon griseus) and culpeo fox (Dusicyon culpaeus) in southern Chile. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1788-1793.

Jones, C. A. 1990. Microhabitat use by Podomys floridanus in the high pine lands of Putnam County, Florida. Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 158 pp.

Jones, D. M., and J. B. Theberge. 1982. Summer home range and habitat utilisation of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a tundra habitat, northwest British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:807-812.

Jones, E. N., and L. J. Sherman. 1983. A comparison of meadow vole home ranges derived from grid trapping and radiotelemetry. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:558-561.

Jones, E., and B. J. Coman. 1982. Ecology of the feral cat, Felis catus (L.), in south-eastern Australia III. Home ranges and population ecology in semiarid north-west Victoria. Australian Wildlife Research 9:409-420.

Jones, W. T. 1989. Dispersal distance and the range of nightly movements in Merriam's kangaroo rats. Journal of Mammalogy 70:27-34.

Julien-Laferriere, D. 1993. Radio-tracking observations on ranging and foraging patterns by kinkajous (Potos flavus) in French Guiana. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9:19-32.

Julien-Laferriere, D. 1995. Use of space by the woolly opossum Caluromys philander (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) in French Guiana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1280-1289.

Kantala, A. T., and S. R. Humphrey. 1990. Habitat use by Sherman's fox squirrel (Sciurus niger shermani) in Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 71:411-419.

Katnik, D. D., D. J. Harroson, and T. P. Hodgman. 1994. Spatial relations in a harvested population of marten in Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:600-607.

Katzner, T. E., and K. L. Parker. 1997. Vegetative characteristics and size of home ranges used by pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) during winter. Journal of Mammalogy 78:1063-1072.

Kauhala, K., E. Helle, and K. Taskinen. 1993. Home range of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in southern Finland. Journal of Zoology 231:95-106.

Kawamichi, T. 1976. Hay territory and dominance rank of pikas (Ochotona princeps). Journal of Mammalogy 57:133-148.

Kays, R. W., and J. L. Gittleman. 1995. Home range size and social behavior of kinkajous (Potos flavus) in the republic of Panama. Biotropica 27:530-534.

Kelly, P. A. 1990. Population ecology and social organization of dusky-footed woodrats, Neotoma fuscipes. Unpub. Ph.D. dissert, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 191 pp.

Kelly, P. A., and M. V. Price. 1992. Home range use of Stephen's kangaroo rats: implications for density estimation. Final Report submitted to Riverside County Habitat Conservation Agency, Riverside, Califorina. 26 pp.

King, D. 1992. Home ranges of feral goats in a pastoral area in Western Australia. Wildlife Research 19:643-649.

Kirk, D. A., and G. M. Bathe. 1994. Population size and home range of black-naped hares Lepus nigricollis nigricollis on Cousin Island (Seychelles, Indian Ocean). Mammalia 58:557-562.

Kiwia, H. Y. D. 1989. Ranging patterns of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis (L.)) in Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27:305-312.

Kjolhaug, M. S., and A. Woolf. 1988. Home range of the swamp rabbit in southern Illinois. Journal of Mammalogy 69:194-197.

Knick, S. T. 1990. Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho. Wildlife Monographs 108:1-42.

Koehler, G. M. 1990. Population and habitat characteristics of lynx and snowshoe hare in north central Washington. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:845-851.

Koehler, G. M., and M. G. Hornocker. 1989. Influences of seasons on bobcats in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:197-202.

Kohl, T. F., C. A. DeYoung, and A. Garza, Jr. 1987. Effects of short duration grazing on deer home ranges. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 41:299-302.

Kolb, H. H. 1986. Some observations on the home ranges of vixens (Vulpes vulpes) in the suburbs of Edinburgh. Journal of Zoology 210:636-639

Konecny, M. J. 1987. Home range and activity patterns of feral house cats in the Galapagos Islands. Oikos 50:17-23.

Konecny, M. J. 1989. Movement patterns and food habits of four sympatric carnivore species in Belize, Central America. Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy 1989:243-264.

Krasinska, M., and Z. A. Krasinski. 1995. Composition, group size, and spatial distribution of European bison bulls in Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica 40:1-21.

Krausman, P. R., B. D. Leopold, R. F. Seegmiller, and S. G. Torres. 1989. Relationships between desert bighorn sheep and habitat in western Arizona. Wildlife Monographs 102:1-66.

Kruuk, H. 1976. Feeding and social behavior of the striped hyena (Hyaena vulgaris). East African Wildlife Journal 14:91-111. Cited in van Aarde et al. 1988.

Kruuk, H. 1987. Spatial organization and territorial behaviour of the Eurpoean badger Meles meles. Journal of Zoology 184:1-19.

Kufeld, R. C., D. C. Bowden, and D. L. Schrupp. 1989. Distribution and movements of female mule deer in the Rocky Mountain foothills. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:871-877.

Laidlaw, W. S., and B. A. Wilson. 1996. The home range and habitat utilisation of Cercartetus nanus (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) in coastal heathland, Anglesea, Victoria. Australian Mammalogy 19:63-68.

Laidlaw, W. S., S. Hutchings, and G. R. Newell. 1996. Home range and movement patterns of Sminthopsis leucopus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in coastal dry heathland, Anglesea, Victoria. Australian Mammalogy 19:1-9.

Landa, A., O. Strand, J. D. C. Linnell, and T. Skogland. 1998. Home-range sizes and altitude selection for arctic foxes and wolverine in an alpine landscape. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:448-457.

Langman, V. A. 1973. Radio-tracking giraffe for ecological studies. Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association 3:75-78.

Lanning, D. V. 1976. Density and movements of the coati in Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy 57:609-611.

Lardet, J-P. 1988. Spatial behaviour and activity patterns of the water shrew Neomys fodiens in the field. Acta Theriologica 33:293-303.

Lariviere, S. and F. Messier. 1998. Spatial organization of a prairie striped skunk population during the waterfowl nesting season. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:199-204.

Larter, N. C., and C. C. Gates. 1994. Home range size of wood bison: effects of age, sex, and forage availability. Journal of Mammalogy 75:142-149.

Laundre, J. W., and B. L. Keller. 1983. Trappability of coyotes relative to home range boundaries. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61:1932-1934.

Lazenby-Cohen, K. A., and A. Cockburn. 1991. Social and foraging components of the home range in Antechinus stuartii (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia). Australian Journal of Ecology 16:301-307.

Leach, R. H., and W. D. Edge. 1994. Summer home range and habitat selection by white-tailed deer in the Swan Valley, Montana. Northwest Science 68:31-34.

Leeuwenberg, F. J., S. L. Resende, F. H. G. Rodrigues, and M. X. A. Bizerril. 1997. Home range, activity and habitat use of the pampas deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus L., 1758 (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) in the Brazilian Cerrado. Mammalia 61:487-495.

Leirs, H., W. Verheyen, and R. Verhagen. 1996. Spatial patterns in Mastomys natalensis in Tanzania (Rodentia, Muridae). Mammalia 60:545-555.

Leptich, D. J., and J. R. Gilbert. 1989. Summer home range and habitat use by moose in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:880-885.

Leslie, D. M., Jr., and C. L. Douglas. 1979. Desert bighorn sheep of the River Mountains, Nevada. Wildlife Monographs 66:1-56.

Leuthold, B. M., and W. Leuthold. 1978. Ecology of the giraffe in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. East African Wildlife Journal 16:1-20.

Leuthold, W. 1972. Home range, movements and food of a buffalo herd in Tsavo National Park. East African Wildlife Journal 10:237-243.

Leuthold, W. 1977. Spatial organization and strategy of habitat utilization of elephants in Tsavo National Park, Kenya. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 42:358-379.

Lindeque, M., and P. M. Lindeque. 1991. Satellite tracking of elephants in northwestern Namibia. African Journal of Ecology 29:196-206.

Lindsay, I. M., and D. W. Macdonald. 1986. Behaviour and ecology of the Ruppell's fox, Vulpes ruppelli, in Oman. Mammalia 50:461-474.

Lindzey, F. G. 1978. Movement patterns of badgers in northwestern Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 42:418-422.

Lindzey, F. G., and E. C. Meslow. 1977. Home range and habitat use by black bears in southwestern Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:413-425.

Linn, I., and G. Key. 1996. Use of space by the African striped ground squirrel Xerus erythropus. Mammal Review 26:9-26.

Litvaitis, J. A., and J. A. Shaw. 1980. Coyote movements, habitat use, and food habits in southwestern Oklahoma. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:62-68.

Litvaitis, J. A., J. T. Major, and J. A. Sherburne. 1987. Influence of season and human-induced mortality on spatial organization of bobcats (Felis rufus) in Maine. Journal of Mammalogy 68:100-106.

Livesey, K. B. 1991. Home range, habitat use, disturbance, and mortality of Columbian black-tailed deer in Mendocino National Forest. California Fish and Game 77:201-209.

Loft, E. R., R. C. Bertram, and B. L. Bowman. 1989. Migration patterns of mule deer in the central Sierra Nevada. California Fish and Game 75:11-19.

Logan, K. A., L. L. Irwin, and R. Skinner. 1986. Characteristics of a hunted mountain lion population in Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:648-654.

Lopez, D. N. 1985. Status and distribution of the ocelot (Felis pardalis) in south Texas. Unpubl. MS Thesis, Texas A&I University, Kingsville, Texas. 92 pp.

Lott, D. F., and S. Minta. 1983. Home ranges of American bison cows on Santa Catalina Island, California. Journal of Mammalogy 64:161-162.

Lovallo, M. J., and E. M. Anderson. 1996. Bobcat (Lynx rufus) home range size and habitat use in northwest Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 135:241-252.

Lovari, S., P. Valier, and M. R. Lucchi. 1994. Ranging behaviour and activity of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes: Mammalia) in relation to environmental variables, in a Mediterranean mixes pinewood. Journal of Zoology 232:323-339.

Lovegrove, B. G. 1988. Colony size and structure, activity patterns and foraging behaviour of a colony of the social mole-rat Cryptomys damarensis (Bathyergidae). Journal of Zoology 216:391-402.

Loy, A., E. Dupre, and E. Capanna. 1994. Territorial behavior in Talpa romana, a fossorial insectivore from southcentral Italy. Journal of Mammalogy 75:529-535.

Ludlow, M., and M. Sunquist. 1987. Ecology and behavior of ocelots in Venezuela. National Geographic Research 3:447-461.

Ludwig, D. R. 1981. The population biology and life history of the water vole, Microtus richardsoni. Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 274 pp.

Lynch, M. F., A. L. Fesnock, and D. Van Vuren. 1994. Home range and social structure of the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes). Northwestern Naturalist 75:73-75.

MacCracken, J. G., V. Van Ballenberghe, and J. M. Peek. 1997. Habitat relationships of moose on the Copper River Delta in coastal south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 136:1-52.

Macdonald, D. W. and O. Courtenay. 1996. Enduring social relationships in a population of crab-eating zorros, Cerdocyon thous, in Amazonian Brazil (Carnivora, Canidae). Journal of Zoology 239:329-355.

Macdonald, D. W., R. P. D. Atkinson, and G. Blanchard. 1997. Spatial and temporal patterns in the activity of European moles. Oecologia 109:88-97.

Mace, R. D., and J. S. Waller. 1998. Spatial and temporal interaction of male and female grizzly bears in northwestern Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:39-52.

Madden, J. R. 1974. Female territoriality in a Suffolk County, Long Island, population of Glaucomys volans. Journal of Mammalogy 55:647-652

Maehr, D. S., E. D. Land, and J. C. Roof. 1991. Florida panthers. National Geographic Research and Exploration 7:414-431.

Magoun, A. J. 1985. Population characteristics, ecology, and management of wolverines in northwestern Alaska. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. 211 pp.

Major, J. T. 1979. Marten use of habitat in a commercially clear-cut forest during summer. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. 31 pp.

Major, J. T., and J. A. Sherburne. 1987. Interspecific relationships of coyotes, bobcats, and red foxes in western Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:606-616.

Malcolm, J. R. 1986. Socio-ecology of bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis). Journal of Zoology 208:457-467.

Martin, P. 1971. Movements and activities of the Mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa). Journal of Mammalogy 52:717-723.

Martinsen, D. L. 1968. Temporal patterns in the home ranges of chipmunks (Eutamias). Journal of Mammalogy 49:83-91.

Massei, G., P. V. Genov, B. W. Staines, and M. L. Gorman. 1997. Factors influencing home range and activity of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in a Mediterranean coastal area. Journal of Zoology 242:411-423.

McCorquodale, S. M., K. J. Raedeke, and R. D. Taber. 1989. Home ranges of elk in an arid environment. Northwest Science 63:29-34.

McDougal, C. 1977. The face of the tiger. Rivington Books, London. Cited in Sunquist 1981. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 336:1-98.

McShea, W. J., and G. Schwede. 1993. Variable acorn crops: responses of white-tailed deer and other mast consumers. Journal of Mammalogy 74:999-1006.

Mech, L. D., and L. L. Rogers. 1977. Status, distribution, and movements of martens in northeastern Minnesota. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper NE-143. 7 pp.

Meia, J-S., and J-M. Weber. 1995. Home range and movements of red foxes in central Europe: stability despite environmental changes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1960-1966.

Meier, P. T. 1992. Social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31:393-400.

Messick, J. P., and M. G. Hornocker. 1981. Ecology of the badger in southwestern Idaho. Wildlife Monographs 76:1-53

Messier, F. 1985. Social organization, spatial distribution, and population trends of wolves in relation to moose density. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:1068-1077.

Mills, L. S., and F. F. Knowlton. 1991. Coyote space use in relation to prey abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1516-1521.

Mineau, P., and D. Madison. 1977. Radio-tracking of Peromyscus leucopus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55:465-468.

Minta, S. C. 1990. The badger, Taxidea taxus (Carnivora, Mustelidae): spatial-temporal analysis, dimorphic territorial polygyny, population characteristics, and human influences on ecology. Unpubl. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, California. 317 pp.

Moe, S. R., and P. Wegge. 1994. Spacing behaviour and habitat use of axis deer (Axis axis) in lowland Nepal. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1735-1744.

Montgomery, G. G., and Y. D. Lubin. 1978. Movements of Coendou prehensilis in the Venezuelan Llanos. Journal of Mammalogy 59:887-888.

Mooty, J. J., P. D. Karns, and T. K. Fuller. 1987. Habitat use and seasonal range size of white-tailed deer in northcentral Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:644-648.

Morris, P. A. 1988. A study of home range and movements in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Journal of Zoology 214:433-449.

Mukinya, J. G. 1973. Density, distribution, population structure and social organization of the black rhinoceros in Masai Mara Game reserve. East African Wildlife Journal 11:385-400.

Mullican, T. R. 1988. Radio telemetry and fluorescent pigments: a comparison of techniques. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:627-631.

Murphy, E. C., and J. E. Dowding. 1994. Range and diet of stoats (Mustela erminea) in a New Zealand beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 18:11-18.

Murphy, E. C., and J. E. Dowding. 1995. Ecology of the stoat in Nothofagus forest: home range, habitat use and diet at different stages of the beech mast cycle. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 19:97-109.

Murray, M. G. 1982. Home range, dispersal and the clan system of impala. African Journal of Ecology 20:253-269.

Nakada, A., T. Fujuta, and H. Sato. 1996. A case study of home range and habitat use in 3 free-ranging dogs: effects of past histories. Journal of Ethology 14:139-143.

Nellis, D. W., and C. O. R. Everard. 1983. The biology of the mongoose in the Caribbean. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 64:1-162.

Nelson, M. E., and L. D. Mech. 1981. Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 77:1-53

Newell, G. R. 1999. Home range and habitat use by Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) within a rainforest fragment in north Queensland. Wildlife Research 26:129-145.

Nicholson, M. C., R. T. Bowyer, and J. G. Kie. 1997. Habitat selection and survival of mule deer: tradeoffs associated with migration. Journal of Mammalogy 78:483-504.

Norbury, G. L., D. C. Norbury, and R. P. Heyward. 1998. Space use and denning behaviour of wild ferrets (Mustela furo) and cats (Felis catus). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 22:149-159.

Norton, P. M., and A. B. Lawson. 1985. Radio tracking of leopards and caracals in the Stellenbosch area, Cape Province. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 15:17-24

Novick, H. J., and G. R. Stewart. 1982. Home range and habitat preferences of black bears in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. California Fish and Game 67:21-35.

Nugent, G. 1994. Home range size and its development for fallow deer in the Blue Mountains, New Zealand. Acta Theriologica 39:159-175.

O'Brien, P. H. 1984. Feral goat home range: influence of social class and environmental variables. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 12:373-385.

Okarma, H.,, W. Jedrzejewski, K. Schmidt, S. Sniezko, A. N. Bunevich, and B. Jedrzejewska. 1998. Home ranges of wolves in Bialowieza primeval forest, Poland, compared with other Eurasian populations. Journal of Mammalogy 79:842-852.

Oli, M. K. 1997. Winter home range of snow leopards in Nepal. Mammalia 61:355-360.

O'Neal, G. T., J. T. Flinders, and W. P. Clary. 1987. Behavioral ecology of the Nevada kit fox (Vulpes macrotis nevadensis) on a managed desert rangeland. Current Mammalogy 1:443-481.

Ono, Y., T. Doi, H. Ikeda, M. Baba, M. Takeishi, M. Izawa, and T. Iwamoto. 1988. Territoriality of Guenther's dikdik in the Omo National Park, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 26:33-49.

Ormiston, B. G. 1985. Effects of a subminiature radio collar on activity of free-living white-footed mice. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:733-735.

Ortega, J. C. 1990. Home-range size of adult rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy 71:171-176.

O'Shea, T. J. 1976. Home range, social behavior, and dominance relationships in the African unstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus. Journal of Mammalogy 57:450-460.

Page, R. J. C., J. Ross, and D. H. Bennett. 1992. A study of the home ranges, movements and behaviour of the feral cat population at Avonmouth docks. Wildlife Research 19:263-277.

Palomares, F., and M. Delibes. 1994. Spatio-temporal ecology and behavior of European genets in southwestern Spain. Journal of Mammalogy 75:714-724.

Pandolfi, M., P. Forconi, and L. Montecchiari. 1997. Spatial behaviour of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a rural area of central Italy. Italian Journal of Zoology 64:351-358.

Parkes, J. P. 1984. Home ranges of radio-telemetred hares (Lepus capensis) in a sub-alpine population in New Zealand: implications for control. Acta Zoologica Fennica 171:279-281.

Patton, D. R. 1975. Nest use and home range of three Abert squirrels as determined by radio tracking. USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-281. 3 pp.

Patton, D. R., R. L. Wadleigh, and H. G. Hudak. 1985. The effects of timber harvesting on the Kaibab squirrel. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:14-19.

Payer, D. C., and B. E. Coblentz. 1997. Seasonal variation in California bighorn ram (Ovis canadensis californiana) habitat use and group size. Northwest Science 71:281-288.

Penzhorn, B. L. 1982. Home range sizes of Cape mountain zebras Equus zebra zebra in the Mountain zebra national park. Koedoe 25:103-108.

Person, D. K., and D. H. Hirth. 1991. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in a farm region of Vermont. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:433-441.

Peterson, R. O., J. D. Woolington, T. N. Bailey. 1984. Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 88:1-52.

Phillips, M., and P. C. Catling. 1991. Home range and activity patterns of red foxes in Nadgee Nature Reserve. Wildlife Research 18:677-686.

Piekielek, W., and T. S. Burton. 1975. A black bear population study in northern California. California Fish and Game 61:4-25.

Pienaar, D. J., J. du P. Bothma, and G. K. Theron. 1993. White rhinoceros range size in the south-western Kruger National Park. Journal of Zoology 229:641-649.

Pittman, M. T., B. P. McKinney, and G. Guzman. 1995. Ecology of the mountain lion on Big Bend Ranch State Park in Trans-Pecos Texas. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 49:552-559.

Poche, R. M., S. J. Evans, P. Sultana, M. E. Hague, R. Sterner, and M. A. Siddique. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51:259-270.

Poole, K.G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:608-618

Potvin, F. 1987. Wolf movements and population dynamics in Papineau-Labelle reserve, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1266-1273.

Poulle, M. L., M. Artois, and J. J. Roeder. 1994. Dynamics of spatial relationships among members of a fox group (Vulpes vulpes: Mammalia: Carnivora). Journal of Zoology 233:93-106.

Prakash, I., L. R. Kametkar, and K. G. Purohit. 1968. Home range and territoriality of the northern palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti Wroughton. Mammalia 32:603-611.

Prestrud, P. 1992. Denning and home-range characteristics of breeding arctic foxes in Svalbard. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1276-1283.

Priddell, D., N. Shepherd, and G. Wellard. 1988. Home ranges of sympatric red kangaroos Macropus rufus, and western grey kangaroos M. fuliginosus, in western New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 15:405-411.

Pulliainen, E. 1984. Use of the home range by pine martens (Martes martes L.). Acta Zoologica Fennica 171:271-274.

Pyrah, D. 1984. Social distribution and population estimates of coyotes in north-central Montana. J. Wildlife Management 48:670-690.

Quin, D. G. 1995. Population ecology of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) and the sugar glider (P. breviceps) (Marsupialia: Petauridae) at Limeburners Creek, on the central north coast of New South Wales. Wildlife Research 22:471-505.

Quin, D. G., A. P. Smith, S. W. Green, and H. B. Hines. 1992. Estimating the home ranges of sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) (Marsupialia: Petauridae), from grid-trapping and radiotelemetry. Wildlife Research 19:471-487.

Rabinowitz, A. 1990. Notes on the behavior and movements of leopard cats, Felis bengaliensis, in a dry tropical forest mosaic in Thailand. Biotropica 22:397-403.

Rabinowitz, A. R. 1991. Behaviour and movements of sympatric civet species in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Journal of Zoology 223:281-298.

Rabinowitz, A., and B. G. Nottingham, Jr. 1986. Ecology and behaviour of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America. Journal of Zoology 210:149-159.

Rathbun, G. B. 1979. The social structure and ecology of elephant-shrews. Advances in Ecology 20:1-76.

Ratnayeke, S., A. Bixler, and J. L. Gittleman. 1994. Home range movements of solitary, reproductive female coatis, Nasua narica, in south-eastern Arizona. Journal of Zoology 233:322-326.

Ray, J. C. 1997. Comparative ecology of two African forest mongooses, Herpestes naso and Atilax paludinosus. African Journal of Ecology 35:237-253.

Reeve, N. J. 1982. The home range of the hedgehog as revealed by a radio tracking study. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 49:207-230.

Reichman, O. J., and S. C. Smith. 1990. Burrows and burrowing behavior by mammals. Current Mammalogy 2:197-244.

Reichman, O. J., T. G. Whitham, and G. A. Ruffner. 1982. Adaptive geometry of burrow spacing in two pocket gopher populations. Ecology 63:687-695.

Reid, D. G., H. Jinchu, and H. Yan. 1991. Ecology of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in the Wolong Reserve, China. Journal of Zoology 225:347-364.

Reynolds, T. D. 1984. Daily summer movements, activity patterns, and home range of pronghorn. Northwest Science 58:300-311.

Ribble, D. O., and M. Salvioni. 1990. Social organization and nest co-occupancy in Peromyscus californicus, a monogamous rodent. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26:9-15.

Ribble, D. O., and S. Stanley. 1998. Home ranges and social organization of syntopic Peromyscus boylii and P. truei. Journal of Mammalogy 79:932-941.

Rideout, C. B. 1974. A radio telemetry study of the ecology and behavior of the Rocky Mountain goat in western Montana. Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 146 pp.

Rogovin, K. A., E. J. Heske, and G. I. Shenbrot. 1996. Patterns of spatial organization and behaviour of Pygeretmus pumilio Kerer, 1792 (Dipodidae, Rodentia): radiotelemetry study in the Dagestan Desert, Russia. Journal of Arid Environments 33:355-366.

Rolley, R. E. 1983. Behavior and population dynamics of bobcats in Oklahoma. Unpubl. Ph.D. Diss. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 98 pp.

Ross, P. I., and M. G. Jalkotzy. 1992. Characteristics of a hunted population of cougars in southwestern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:417-426.

Roy, L. D., and M. J. Dorrance. 1985. Coyote movements, habitat use, and vulnerability in central Alberta. Coyote movements, habitat use, and vulnerability in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:307-313.

Roze, U. 1987. Denning and winter range of the porcupine. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:981-986.

Rucker, R. A., M. L. Kennedy, G. A. Heidt, and M. J. Harvey. 1989. Population density, movements, and habitat use of bobcats in Arkansas. Southwestern Naturalist 34:101-108.

Ryan, J. M., G. K. Creighton, and L. H. Emmons. 1993. Activity patterns of two species of Nesomys (Muridae: Nesomyinae) in a Madagascar rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9:101-107.

Sakai, H. F., and B. R. Noon. 1997. Between-habitat movement of dusky-footed woodrats and vulnerability to predation. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:343-350.

Salsbury, C. M., and K. B. Armitage. 1994. Home-range size and exploratory excursions of adult, male yellow-bellied marmots. Journal of Mammalogy 75:648-656.

Saltz, D., and P. U. Alkon. 1989. On the spatial behaviour of Indian crested porcupines (Hystrix indica). Journal of Zoology 217:255-266.

Salvatori, V., G. Vaglio-Laurin, P. L. Meserve, L. Boitani, and A. Campanella. 1999. Spatial organization, activity, and social interactions of culpeo foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) in north-central Chile. Journal of Mammalogy 80:980-985.

Sargeant, A. B., S. H. Allen, J. O. Hastings. 1987. Spatial relationships between sympatric coyotes and red foxes in North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:285-293.

Sargent, R. A., and R. F. Labisky. 1995. Home range of male white-tailed deer in hunted and non-hunted populations. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 49:389-398.

Saunders, G., and B. Kay. 1996. Movements and home ranges of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales. Wildlife Research 23:711-719.

Sawyer, D. T., and T. T. Fendley. 1990. Seasonal home range size and movement behavior of the gray fox on the Savannah River site, South Carolina. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 44:379-389.

Scanlon, J. J., and M. R. Vaughan. 1985. Movements of white-tailed deer in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 39:396-402.

Schaller, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Schaller, G. B. 1972. The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Schaller, G. B., H. Jinchu, P. Wenshi, and Z. Jing. 1985. The giant pandas of Wolong. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Schaller, G. B., J. Tserindeleg, and G. Amarsanaa. 1994. Observations on snow leopards in Mongolia. Pp. 33-43 in Proc. Seventh Intnl. Snow Leopard Symp., Fox, J. L., and J. Du, eds. Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington, and Chicago Zool. Soc., Chicago, Illinois.

Schmidt, K. W. Jedrzejewski, and H. Okarma. 1997. Spatial organization and social relations in the Eurasian lynx population in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland. Acta Theriologica 42:289-312.

Schoen, J. W., and M. D. Kirchhoff. 1985. Seasonal distribution and home-range patterns of Sitka black-tailed deer on Admiralty Island, southeast Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:96-103.

Schoenfeld, M., and Y. Yom-Tov. 1985. The biology of two species of hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus concolor and Hemiechinus auritus aegyptius, in Israel. Mammalia 40:339-355.

Schroder, G. D. 1979. Foraging behavior and home range utilization of the Bannertail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis). Ecology 60:657-665.

Schroder, G. D. 1987. Mechanisms for coexistence among three species of Dipodomys: habitat selection and an alternative. Ecology 68:1071-1083.

Schropfer, R., P. Wiegand, and H.-H. Hogrefe. 1997. The implications of territoriality for the social system of the European pine marten (Martes martes (L., 1758). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 62:209-218.

Schwarzenberger, V. t., and H. Klingel. 1995. Telemetrische Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung und Aktivitatsrhythmik freilebender Gelbhalsmause Apodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 60:20-32.

Schweinsburg, R. E. 1971. Home range, movements, and herd integrity of the collared peccary. Journal of Wildlife Management 35:45-460

Scott, M. D., and K. Causey. 1973. Ecology of feral dogs in Alabama. Journal of Wildlife Management 37:253-265.

Seamon, J. O., and G. H. Adler. 1999. Short-term use of space by a Neotropical forest rodent, Proechimys semispinosus. Journal of Mammalogy 80:899-904.

Seidensticker, J. C., IV, M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, and J. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho primitive area. Wildlife Monographs 35:1-60.

Servheen, C. 1983. Grizzly bear food habits, movements, and habitat selection in the Mission Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1026-1035.

Servin, J., and C. Huxley. 1995. Coyote home range size in Durango, Mexico. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 60:119-120.

Servin, J., J. R. Rau, and M. Delibes. 1991. Activity pattern of the red fox Vulpes vulpes in Donana, SW Spain. Acta Theriologica 36:369-373.

Shaw, J. H., J. Machado-Neto, and T. S. Carter. 1987. Behavior of free-living giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Biotropica 19:255-259.

Sheperd, B. F., and R. K. Swihart. 1995. Spatial dynamics of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in fragmented landscapes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:2098-2105.

Sheppard, D. H. 1972. Home ranges of chipmunks (Eutamias) in Alberta. Journal of Mammalogy 53:379-380.

Sherfy, F. C., and J. A. Chapman. 1980. Seasonal home range and habitat utilization of raccoons in Maryland. Carnivore 3:8-18.

Shirer, H. W., and H. S. Fitch. 1970. Comparison from radiotracking of movements and denning habits of the raccoon, striped skunk, and opossum in northeastern Kansas. Journal of Mammalogy 51:491-503.

Shriner, W. M., and P. B. Stacey. 1991. Spatial relationships and dispersal patterns in the rock squirrel, Spermophilus variegatus. Journal of Mammalogy 72:601-606.

Sillero-Zubiri, C., and D. Gottelli. 1992. Population ecology of spotted hyaena in an equatorial mountain forest. African Journal of Ecology 30:292-300.

Simon, T. L. 1980. An ecological study of the marten in the Tahoe National Forest, California. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California. 159 pp.

Skinner, J. D., and R. J. van Aarde. 1986. The use of space by the Aardwolf Proteles cristatus. Journal of Zoology 209:299-301.

Skinner, J. D., and R. J. van Aarde. 1987. Range use by brown hyaenas Hyaena brunnea relocated in an agricultural area of the Transvaal. Journal of Zoology 212:350-352.

Slough, B. G. 1989. Movements and habitat use by transplanted marten in the Yukon territory. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:991-997.

Slough, B. G., and G. Mowat. 1996. Lynx population dynamics in an untrapped refugium. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:946-961.

Smith, A. T., and B. L. Ivins. 1984. Spatial relationships and social organization in adult pikas: a facultatively monogamous mammal. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 66:289-308.

Smith, A. T., H. J. Smith, W. X. Gao, Y. Xiangchu, and L. Junxiun. 1986. Social behavior of the steppe-dwelling black-lipped pika. National Geographic Research 2:57-74.

Smith, G. W. 1990. Home range and activity patterns of black-tailed jackrabbits. Great Basin Naturalist 50:249-256.

Smuts, G. L. 1975. Home range sizes for Burchell's zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum from the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 18:139-146.

Southgate, R., C. Palmer, M. Adams, P. Masters, B. Triggs, and J. Woinarski. 1996. Population and habitat characteristics of the golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus) on Marchinbar Island, Northern Territory. Wildlife Research 23:647-664.

Spencer, W. D. 1981. Pine marten habitat preferences at Sagehen Creek, California. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 121 pp.

Spiegel, L. K., and M. Bradbury. 1992. Home range characteristics of the San Joaquin kit fox in western Kern County, California. Transactions, Western Section Wildlife Society 28:83-92.

Spreadbury, B. R., K. Musil, J. Musil, C. Kaisner, and J. Kovak. 1996. Cougar population characteristics in southeastern British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:962-969.

Springer, J. T. 1982. Movement patterns of coyote in south central Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:191-200.

Stahl, P., M. Artois, and M. F. A. Aubert. 1988. Organization spatiale et deplacements de chats forestiers adultes (Felis silvestris, Schreber, 1777) en Lorraine. Revue d’écologie (La Terre et la Vie) 43:113-132.

Stander, P. E., P. J. Haden, //. Kaqece, and //. Ghau. 1997. The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards. Journal of Zoology 242:343-364.

Stark, M. A. 1986. Daily movement, grazing activity and diet of savanna buffalo, Syncerus caffer brachyceros, in Benoue National Park, Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology 24:255-262.

Statham, M., and H. L. Statham. 1997. Movements and habits of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in an urban area. Wildlife Research 24:715-726.

Stenhouse, G. B., P. B. Latour, L. Kutny, N. MacLean, and G. Glover. 1994. Productivity, survival, and movements of female moose in a low-density population, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 48:57-62. Cited in Hundertmark 1997.

Stephenson, T. R., M. R. Vaughan, and D. E. Anderen. 1996. Mule deer movements in response to military activity in southeast Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:777-787.

Steventon, J. D. 1979. Influence of timber harvesting upon winter habitat use by marten. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. 24 pp.

Steventon, J. D., and J. T. Major. 1982. Marten use of habitat in a commercially clear-cut forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:175-182.

Stone, K. D., G. A. Heidt, P. T. Caster, and M. L. Kennedy. 1997. Using geographic information systems to determine home range of the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). American Midland Naturalist 137:106-111.

Storm, G. L. 1972. Daytime retreats and movements of skunks on farmlands in Illinois. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:31-45.

Streubel, D. P. 1975. Behavioral features of sympatry of Spermophilus spilosoma and Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and some aspects of the life history of S. spilosoma. Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado. 30 pp.

Strohmeyer, D. C., and J. M. Peek. 1996. Wapiti home range and movement patterns in a sagebrush desert. Northwest Science 70:79-87.

Stuart-Smith, A. K., C. J. A. Bradshaw, S. Boutin, D. M. Hevert, and A. B. Rippin. 1997. Woodland caribou relative to landscape patterns in northeastern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:622-633.

Sukumar, R. 1989. Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. I. Movement and habitat utilization patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5:1-18.

Sumner, P. W., E. P. Hill, and J. B. Wooding. 1984. Activity and movements of coyotes in Mississippi and Alabama. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 38:174-181.

Sunquist, M. E. 1981. The social organization of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. Smithsonian Contributions in Zoology 336:1-98.

Sunquist, M. E. 1982. Movements and habitat use of a sloth bear. Mammalia 46:545-547.

Sunquist, M. E., F. Sunquist, and D. E. Daneke. 1989. Ecological separation in a Venezuelan llanos carnivore community. Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy 1989:197-232.

Sunquist, M. E., S. N. Austad, and F. Sunquist. 1987. Movement patterns and home range in the common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Journal of Mammalogy 68:173-176.

Swihart, R. K. 1992. Home-range attributes and spatial structure of woodchuck populations. Journal of Mammalogy 73:604-618.

Taber, A. B., and D. W. MacDonald. 1992. Spatial organization and monogamy in the mara Dolichotis patagonum. Journal of Zoology 227:417-438.

Taber, A. B., C. P. Doncaster, N. N. Neris, and F. Colman. 1994. Ranging behaviour and activity patterns of two sympatric peccaries, Catagonus wagneri and Tayassu tajacu, in the Paraguayan Chaco. Mammalia 58:61-71.

Tallmon, D., and L. S. Mills. 1994. Use of logs within home ranges of California red-backed voles on a remnant of forest. Journal of Mammalogy 75:97-101.

Tamura, N. 1998. Forest type selection by the Japanese squirrel, Sciurus lis. Japanese Journal of Ecology 48:123-127 (in Japanese with English Abstract and Tables).

Tamura, N., F. Hayashi, and K. Miyashita. 1989. Spacing and kinship in the Formosan squirrel living in different habitats. Oecologia 79:344-352.

Taylor, R. J. 1993. Home range, nest use and activity of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi. Wildlife Research 20:87-95.

Tchamba, M. N., H. Bauer, A. Hunia, H. H. de Longh, and H. Planton. 1994. Some observations on the movements and home range of elephants in Waza National Park, Cameroon. Mammalia 58:527-533.

Thompson, I. D., and P. W. Colgan. 1987. Numerical responses of martens to a food shortage in northcentral Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:824-835.

Thompson, S. D. 1982. Spatial utilization and foraging behavior of the desert woodrat, Neotoma lepida lepida. Journal of Mammalogy 63:570-581.

Thomson, P. C. 1992. The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. IV. Social and spatial organisation, and movements. Wildlife Research 19:543-563.

Thouless, C. R. 1996. Home ranges and social organization of female elephants in northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 34:284-297.

Tierson, W. C., G. F. Mattfeld, R. W. Sage, Jr., and D. H. Behrend. 1985. Seasonal movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in the Adirondacks. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:760-769.

Topping, M. G., and J. S. Millar. 1996. Home range size of bushy-tailed woodrats, Neotoma cinerea, in southwestern Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 110:351-353.

Torres-Mura, J. C. 1990. Uso del espacio en el roedor fosorial Spalacopus cyanus (Octodontidae). Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 64 pp.

Toweill, D. E., and J. G. Teer. 1981. Home range and den habits of Texas ringtails (Bassariscus astutus flavus). Pp. 1103-1120 in J. A. Chapman and D. Pursley, editors. Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings Vol. II.

Trapp, G. R. 1978. Comparative behavioural ecology of the ringtail and gray fox in southwestern Utah. Carnivore 1(2):3-32.

Travaini, A., J. J. Aldama, and M. Delibes. 1993b. Red fox capture locations in relation to home range boundaries. Mammalia 57:448-451.

Trent, T. T., and O. J. Rongstad. 1974. Home range and survival of cottontail rabbits in southwestern Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:459-472.

Troy, S., and G. Coulson. 1993. Home range of the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor. Wildlife Research 20:571-577.

Tucker, R. L., H. A. Jacobson, and M. R. Spencer. 1993. Territoriality and pairbonding of gray foxes in Mississippi. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 47:90-98.

Urban, D. 1970. Raccoon populations, movement patterns, and predation on a managed waterfowl marsh. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:372-382.

van Aarde, R. J., and J. D. Skinner. 1986. Pattern of space use by relocated servals Felis serval. African Journal of Ecology 24:97-101.

van Aarde, R. J., J. D. Skinner, M. H. Knight, and D. C. Skinner. 1988. Range use by a striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) in the Negev Desert. Journal of Zoology 216:575-577.

Van Ballenberghe, V., A. W. Erickson, and D. Byman. 1975. Ecology of the timber wolf in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 43:1-43.

Van Dyke, F, B. L. Probert, and F. M. Van Dyke. 1995. Moose home range fidelity and core area characteristics in south-central Montana. Alces 31:93-104.

van Heezik, Y. M., and P. J. Seddon. 1998. Range size and habitat use of an adult male caracal in northern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 40:109-112.

van Hensbergen, H. J., and A. Channing. 1989. Habitat preference and use of space by the namtap Graphiurus ocularis (Rodentia: Gliridae). Mammalia 53:25-33.

Van Vuren, D. 1983. Group dynamics and summer home range of bison in southern Utah. Journal of Mammalogy 64:329-336.

Van Vuren, D., and B. E. Coblentz. 1989. Population characteristics of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:306-313.

Vanderhoof, R. E., and H. A. Jacobson. 1993. Food plots and deer home range movements in the southern coastal plain. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 47:33-42.

Venkataraman, A. B., R. Arumaugam, and R. Sukumar. 1995. The foraging ecology of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Mudumalai Sanctuary, southern India. Journal of Zoology 237:543-561.

Vercauteren, K. C., and S. E. Hygnstrom. 1998. Effects of agricultural activities and hunting on home ranges of female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:280-285.

Vernes, K., H. Marsh, and J. Winter. 1995. Home-range characteristics and movement patterns of the red-legged pademelon (Thylogale stigmatica) in a fragmented tropical rainforest. Wildlife Research 22:699-708.

Viljoen, P. J. 1989. Spatial distribution and movements of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the northern Namib Desert region of the Kaokoveld, South West Africa/Namibia. Journal of Zoology 219:1-19.

Viljoen, S. 1986. Use of space in southern African tree squirrels. Mammalia 50:293-309.

Waldrip, G. P., and J. H. Shaw. 1979. Movements and habitat use by cow and calf elk at the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge. Pp. 177-184 in M. S. Boyce and L. D. Hayden-Wing, editors. North American elk: ecology, behavior and management. The University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.

Warburton, G. S., and R. A. Powell. 1985. Movements of black bears on the Pisgah National Forest. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 39:351-361.

Ward, O. G., and D. H. Wurster-Hill. 1989. Ecological studies of Japanese raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus. Journal of Mammalogy 70:330-334.

Waser, P. M., and M. S. Waser. 1985. Ichneumia albicauda and the evolution of viverrid gregariousness. Zeitshcrift für Tierpsychologie 68:137-151.

Wauters, L., P. Casale, and A. A. Dhondt. 1994. Space use and dispersal of red squirrels in fragmented habitats. Oikos 69:140-146.

Weber, L.-M., and L. Dailly. 1998. Food habits and ranging behaviour of a group of farm cats (Felis catus) in a Swiss mountainous area. Journal of Zoology 245:234-237.

Wheatley, M. 1997. Beaver, Castor canadensis, home range size and patterns of use in the taiga of southeastern Manitoba: I. Seasonal variation. Canadian Field-Naturalist 111:204-210.

Whitaker, J., R. B. Frederick, and T. L. Edwards. 1987. Home-range size and overlap of eastern Kentucky bobcats. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 41:417-423.

White, P. C. L., G. Saunders, and S. Harris. 1996. Spatio-temporal patterns of home range use by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban environments. Journal of Animal Ecology 65:121-125.

White, P. J., and K. Ralls. 1993. Reproductive and spacing patterns of kit foxes relative to changing prey availability. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:861-867.

White, P. J., K. Ralls, and R. A. Garrott. 1994. Coyote - kit fox interactions as revealed by telemetry. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1831-1836.

Whitman, J. S., W. B. Ballard, and C. l. Gardner. 1986. Home range and habitat use by wolverines in southcentral Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:460-463.

Wiegand, V. P. 1995. Habitat utilization in subpopulations of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L., 1758) [in German]. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 60:265-276.

Wielgus, R. B., F. L. Bunnell, W. L. Wakkinen, P. E. Zager. 1994. Population dynamics of Selkirk Mountain grizzly bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:266-272.

Wiles, G. J., and Weeks, H. P., Jr. 1986. Movements and use patterns of white-tailed deer visiting natural licks. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:487-496.

Wilkinson, D. A., G. C. Grigg, and L. A. Beard. 1998. Shelter selection and home range of echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus, in the highlands of south-east Queensland. Wildlife Research 25:219-232.

Windberg, L. A., and F. F. Knowlton. 1988. Management implications of coyote spacing patterns in southern Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:632-640.

Windberg, L. A., S. M. Ebbert, and B. T. Kelly. 1997. Population characteristics of coyotes (Canis latrans) in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico. American Midland Naturalist 138:197-207.

Witmer, G. W., and D. S. deCalesta. 1986. Resource use by unexploited sympatric bobcats and coyotes in Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:2333-2338.

Witt, J. W. 1992. Home range and density estimates for the northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus, in western Oregon. Journal of Mammalogy 73:921-929.

Wolton, R. J. 1985. The ranging and nesting behaviour of wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus (Rodentia: Muridae), as revealed by radio-tracking. Journal of Zoology 206:203-224.

Wood, G. W., and R. E. Brenneman. 1980. Feral hog movements and habitat use in coastal South Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:420-427.

Woodruff, R. A., and B. L. Keller. 1982. Dispersal, daily activity, and home range of coyotes in southeastern Idaho. Northwest Science 56:199-207.

Woollard, T., and S. Harris. 1990. A behavioural comparison of dispersing and non-dispersing foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and an evaluation of some dispersal hypotheses. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:709-722.

Wynne, K. M., and J. A. Sherburne. 1984. Summer home range use by adult marten in northwestern Maine. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:941-943.

Young, B. F., and R. l. Ruff. 1982. Population dynamics and movements of black bears in east central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:845-860.

Zalewski, A., W. Jedrzejewski, and B. Jedrzejewska. 1995. Pine marten home ranges, numbers and predation on vertebrates in a deciduous forest (Bialowieza National Park, Poland). Annales Zoologici Fennici 32:131-144.

Zezulak, D. S., and R. G. Schwab. 1981. A comparison of density, home range and habitat utilization of bobcat populations at Lava Beds and Joshua Tree National Monuments, California. National Wildlife Federation, Scientific Technical Series 6:74-79.

Zoellick, B. W., and N. S. Smith. 1992. Size and spatial organization of home ranges of kit foxes in Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy 73:83-88.

Zwank, P. J., B. L. Shiflet, and J. D. Newsom. 1985. Habitat use by bobcats in upland forests of Louisiana. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 39:313-320.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the University of California Davis, Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, and the UC Agriculture Experiment Station.

Literature cited

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. Editors. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

[Back to E096-155]