Tachyglossus aculeatus Monotremata Tachyglossidae Carn 3.65321 1.65289 (Abensperg-Traun 1991, Augee et al. 1992, Wilkinson et al. 1998) Tachyoryctes splendens Monotremata Tachyglossidae Herb 2.40993 -2 (Jarvis 1973) Ornithorhynchus anatinus Monotremata Ornithorhynchidae Carn 3.17609 0.83885 (Gust and Handasyde 1995) Caluromys philander Didelphimorphia Didelphidae (Caluromyinae) Omn 2.42325 0.49831 (Julien-Laferriere 1995 ) Didelphis marsupialis Didelphimorphia Didelphidae (Didelphinae) Omn 3.03643 1.74974 (Sunquist et al. 1987) Didelphis virginianus Didelphimorphia Didelphidae (Didelphinae) Omn 3.69806 1.72342 (Gillette 1980, Shirer and Fitch 1970) Antechinus stuarti Dasyuromorphia Dasyuridae (Dasyurinae) Carn 1.43933 0.54407 (Lazenby-Cohen and Cockburn 1991) Sminthopsis leucopus Dasyuromorphia Dasyuridae (Sminthopsinae) Carn 1.36173 0.05729 (Laidlaw et al. 1996) Isoodon auratus Peramelemorphia Peramelidae (Peramelinae) Carn 2.59162 1.06757 (Southgate et al. 1996) Isoodon obesulus Peramelemorphia Peramelidae (Peramelinae) Carn 2.8893 0.32497 (Broughton and Dickman 1991) Lasiorhinus kreffti Diprotodontia (Vombatiformes) Vombatidae Herb 4.40654 1.39794 (Johnson 1991) Vombatus ursinus Diprotodontia (Vombatiformes) Vombatidae Herb 4.41497 1.03342 (Taylor 1993) Cercartetus nanus Diprotodontia (Phalangeriformes) Burramyidae Omn 1.38021 -0.14691 (Laidlaw and Wilson 1996) Trichosurus vulpeculus Diprotodontia (Phalangeriformes) Phalangeridae (Phalangerinae) Herb 3.45864 0.70014 (Statham and Statham 1997) Petauroides volans Diprotodontia (Phalangeriformes) Pseudocheiridae (Hemibelideinae) Herb 3.11394 0.18906 (Comport et al. 1996) Petaurus australis Diprotodontia (Phalangeriformes) Petauridae Omn 2.75967 1.66181 (Goldingay and Kavanagh 1993) Petaurus breviceps Diprotodontia (Phalangeriformes) Petauridae Omn 1.85582 0.62621 (Quin 1995, Quin et al. 1992) Petaurus norfolcensis Diprotodontia (Phalangeriformes) Petauridae Omn 2.36173 0.58206 (Quin 1995) Bettongia gaimardi Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Potoroidea Herb 3.22011 1.6596 (Taylor 1993) Potorous longipes Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Potoroidea Herb 3.27875 1.57203 (Green et al. 1998) Dendrolagus lumholtzi Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 3.82282 0.28556 (Newell 1999) Macropus antilopinus Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.43537 1.80708 (Croft 1987) Macropus dorsalis Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.05115 1.96142 (Evans 1996) Macropus fuliginosus Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.34488 2.51008 (Arnold et al. 1992, Coulson 1993, Priddell et al. 1988) Macropus giganteus Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.01599 2.7877 (Jarman and Taylor 1983) Macropus robustus Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.32736 1.98718 (Clancy and Croft 1990, Croft 1987, Jarman and Taylor 1983) Macropus rufogriseus Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.2266 1.21219 (Johnson 1987) Macropus rufus Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.66511 2.88874 (Priddell et al. 1988) Onychogalea fraenata Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 3.69897 1.62839 (Evans 1996) Petrogale assimilis Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 3.66708 1.07555 (Horsup 1994) Thylogale stigmatica Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 3.66745 0.55226 (Vernes et al. 1995) Thylogale thetis Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 3.73239 1.14165 (Johnson 1980) Wallabia bicolor Diprotodontia (Macropodiformes) Macropodidae (Macropodinae) Herb 4.17609 1.18401 (Troy and Coulson 1993) Eremitalpa granti Afrosoricidae (Chrysochloridea) Chrysochloridae (Chrysochlorinae) Carn 1.36173 0.66558 (Fielden 1991) Elephantulus rufescens Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Carn 1.76343 -0.4694 (Rathbun 1979) Petrodromus tetradactylus Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Carn 2.3032 0.07918 (FitzGibbon 1995) Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Carn 2.72852 0.4624 (FitzGibbon 1995, Rathbun 1979) Elephas maximus Proboscidea Elephantidae Herb 6.60206 4.04139 (Sukumar 1989) Loxodonta africana Proboscidea Elephantidae Herb 6.60206 5.24397 (DeVilliers and Kok 1997, Dunham 1986, Leuthold 1977, Lindeque and Lindeque 1991, Tchamba et al. 1994, Thouless 1996, Viljoen 1989) Bradypus torquatus Pilosa (Folivora) Bradypodidae Herb 3.59106 0.65321 (Chiarello 1998) Myrmecophaga tridactyla Pilosa (Vermilingua) Myrmecophagidae Carn 4.4843 2.50583 (Shaw et al. 1987) Aplodonta rufa Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Aplodontidae Herb 3.05461 -0.98405 (Martin 1971) Callosciurus erythraeus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Callosciurinae) Omn 2.56372 0.14613 (Tamura et al. 1989) Funambulus pennanti Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Callosciurinae) Herb 2.01072 -0.74473 (Prakash et al. 1968) Glaucomys sabrinus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.17271 0.89763 (Fridell and Litvaitis 1991, Witt 1992) Glaucomys volans Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 1.80953 0.46532 (Bendel and Gates 1987, Madden 1974, Stone et al. 1997) Sciurus aberti Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.89971 1.1169 (Farentinos 1979, Hall 1981, Patton 1975, Patton et al. 1985) Sciurus carolinensis Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.72671 -0.3098 (Doebel and McGinnes 1974) Sciurus lis Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.4221 1.23254 (Tamura 1998) Sciurus niger Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.97909 1.10811 (Benson 1980, Kantola and Humphrey 1990, Sheperd and Swihart 1995) Sciurus vulgaris Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.51521 0.87453 (Wauters et al. 1994, Wiegand 1995) Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Sciurinae) Herb 2.35018 -0.323 (Benhamou 1996, Boutin and Schweiger 1988) Marmota flaviventris Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 3.53173 0.7556 (Salsbury and Armitage 1994, Van Vuren unpubl. data) Marmota monax Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 3.53173 1.21851 (Ferron and Oellet 1989, Meier 1992, Swihart 1992) Paraxerus palliatus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.57403 0.43933 (Viljoen 1986) Spermophilus beecheyi Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.86079 -1.28497 (Boellstorff and Owings 1995) Spermophilus columbianus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.76218 -1.27124 (Festa-Bianchet and Boag 1982) Spermophilus franklinii Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.80473 1.22644 (Choromanski-Norris et al. 1989) Spermophilus parryii Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.90009 0.4787 (Hubbs and Boonstra 1998) Spermophilus spilosoma Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.02531 0.1773 (Streubel 1975) Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.29765 0.19312 (Streubel 1975) Spermophilus variegatus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.87415 0.62844 (Ortega 1990, Shriner and Stacey 1991) Tamias amoenus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 1.43027 -0.08814 (Martinsen 1968) Tamias minimus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 1.62864 0.17325 (Bergstrom 1988, Martinsen 1968, Sheppard 1972) Tamias quadrivittatus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 1.62864 0.72632 (Bergstrom 1988) Tamias sibiricus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 1.98137 -0.71381 (Geinitz 1980) Tamias umbrinus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 1.62864 0.51135 (Bergstrom 1988) Xerus erythropus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Herb 2.7007 1.09342 (Linn and Key 1996) Xerus rutilus Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Sciuridae (Xerinae) Omn 2.50174 0.62221 (O'Shea 1976) Graphiurus ocularis Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Gliridae Herb 1.83759 1.03862 (van Hensbergen and Channing 1989) Muscardinus avellanarius Rodentia (Sciuromorpha) Gliridae Herb 1.49136 -0.35952 (Bright and Morris 1991) Castor canadensis Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Castoridae Herb 4.30988 0.88777 (Davis and Guynn 1993, Wheatley 1997) Dipodomys ingens Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Heteromyidae Herb 2.18627 -1.36482 (Braun 1985) Dipodomys merriami Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Heteromyidae Herb 1.62134 -0.13225 (Jones 1989, Schroder 1987) Dipodomys ordii Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Heteromyidae Herb 1.75358 0.24797 (Schroder 1987) Dipodomys spectabilis Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Heteromyidae Herb 2.16012 -0.52165 (Schroder 1979, Schroder 1987) Dipodomys stephensi Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Heteromyidae Herb 1.88195 -0.82961 (Kelly and Price 1995) Thomomys bottae Rodentia (Castorimorpha) Geomyidae Herb 2.2046 -2.1479 (Gettinger 1984, Reichman et al. 1982) Pygeretmus pumilio Rodentia (Myomorpha) Dipodidae (Allactaginae) Herb 1.72016 -0.50476 (Rogovin et al. 1996) Stylodipus telum Rodentia (Myomorpha) Dipodidae (Dipodinae) Herb 1.77815 -0.34804 (Heske et al. 1995) Hypogeomys antimena Rodentia (Myomorpha) Nesomyidae Herb 3.07372 0.54407 (Cook et al. 1991) Nesomys audeberti Rodentia (Myomorpha) Nesomyidae Herb 2.33365 -0.02228 (Ryan et al. 1994) Nesomys rufus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Nesomyidae Herb 2.21867 -0.30103 (Ryan et al. 1994) Lemmus sibiricus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.96443 -0.07977 (Banks et al. 1975) Microtus agrestis Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.57978 -1.15464 (Agrell et al. 1996) Microtus californicus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.85049 -2.06803 (Heske 1987) Microtus montanus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.75358 -1.8193 (Douglas 1976) Microtus ochrogaster Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.54946 -1.17104 (Danielson and Swihart 1987, Gaulin and FitzGerald 1988, Harvey and Barbour 1965, Jike et al. 1988) Microtus pennsylvanicus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.69559 -1.38538 (Collins and Barrett 1997, Douglas 1976, Gaulin and FitzGerald 1988, Jones 1990, Jones and Sherman 1983) Microtus pinetorum Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.46982 -2.43563 (Gettle 1975) Microtus richardsoni Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.93197 -1.37758 (Ludwig 1981) Myodes (Clethrionomys) californicus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.35347 -0.7967 (Tallmon and Mills 1994) Myopus schisti Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.47712 -1.00783 (Andreassen and Bondrup-Nielsen 1991) Ondatra zibethica Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 3.13379 -0.22221 (Dell et al. 1983) Synaptomys cooperi Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Arvicolinae) Herb 1.58288 -0.34199 (Danielson and Swihart 1987) Neotoma cinerea Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Herb 2.59712 0.67776 (Topping and Millar 1996) Neotoma fuscipes Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Herb 2.48898 -0.59568 (Cranford 1977, Kelly 1990, Lynch et al. 1994, Sakai and Noon 1997) Neotoma lepida Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Herb 2.12154 -1.27327 (Thompson 1982) Neotoma micropus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Herb 2.40679 -1.23616 (Condit and Ribble 1997) Onychomys torridus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Carn 1.34242 0.41406 (Frank and Heske 1992) Peromyscus boylii Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Omn 1.45255 -0.43771 (Ribble and Stanley 1998) Peromyscus californicus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Omn 1.6634 -0.91505 (Ribble and Salvioni 1990) Peromyscus leucopus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Omn 1.35564 0.08623 (Mineau and Madison 1977, Ormiston 1985) Peromyscus maniculatus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Omn 1.43392 -0.87615 (Mullican 1988) Peromyscus truei Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Omn 1.39851 0.15212 (Hall and Morrison 1997, Ribble and Stanley 1998) Reithrodontomys raviventris Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Neotominae) Herb 1.04336 -0.67103 (Bias and Morrison 1999) Oryzomys capito Rodentia (Myomorpha) Cricetidae (Sigmodontinae) Herb 1.82151 -0.11132 (Guillotin 1982) Meriones hurrianae Rodentia (Myomorpha) Muridae (Gerbillinae) Herb 1.94596 -1.87713 (Fitzwater and Prakash 1969) Apodemus flavicollis Rodentia (Myomorpha) Muridae (Murinae) Herb 1.49969 -0.12062 (Scharzenberger and Klingel 1995) Apodemus sylvaticus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Muridae (Murinae) Herb 1.32634 0.11568 (Attuquayefio et al. 1986, Corp et al. 1997, Wolton 1985) Mastomys natalensis Rodentia (Myomorpha) Muridae (Murinae) Omn 1.81624 -0.92938 (Leirs et al. 1996) Pseudomys chapmani Rodentia (Myomorpha) Muridae (Murinae) Omn 1 0.86703 (Anstee et al. 1997) Pseudomys fuscus Rodentia (Myomorpha) Muridae (Murinae) Herb 2.08636 -1.20066 (Bubela et al. 1991) Bathyergus suillus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Bathyergidae Herb 2.79588 -0.57092 (Davies and Jarvis 1986) Cryptomys damarensis Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Bathyergidae Herb 2.17026 0.11394 (Lovegrove 1988) Cryptomys hottentotus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Bathyergidae Herb 1.81291 -0.80079 (Davies and Jarvis 1986) Georychus capensis Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Bathyergidae Herb 2.38382 -1.56543 (Jarvis and Beviss-Challinor unpublished data cited in Reichman and Smith 1990 ) Heliophobius argenteocinereus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Bathyergidae Herb 2.19033 -1.76447 (Jarvis and Sale 1971) Heterocephalus glaber Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Bathyergidae Herb 1.59106 -0.26753 (Jarvis 1985) Atherurus africanus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Hystricidae Herb 3.43933 1.17949 (Emmons 1983) Hystrix africae Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Hystricidae Herb 4.23045 2.22783 (Corbet and van Aarde 1996) Hystrix indica Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Hystricidae Herb 4.17609 2.14983 (Saltz and Alkon 1989) Coendou prehensilis Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Erethizontidae Herb 3.62839 1.27107 (Montgomery and Lubin 1978) Erethizon dorsatum Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Erethizontidae Herb 3.93542 1.55811 (Roze 1987) Lagostomus maximus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Chinchillidae Herb 3.71517 0 (Branch 1993) Dolichotis patagonus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Caviidae (Dolichotinae) Herb 3.90309 1.98989 (Taber and MacDonald 1992) Spalacopus cyanus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Octodontidae Herb 2.00372 -2.39469 (Torres-Mura 1990) Proechimys cuvieri Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Echimyidae Herb 2.54407 -0.23746 (Guillotin 1982) Proechimys semispinosus Rodentia (Hystricomorpha) Echimyidae Herb 2.63144 -0.98359 (Seamon and Adler 1999) Ochotona curzoniae Lagomorpha Ochotonidae Herb 2.19117 -0.86138 (Smith et al. 1986) Ochotona princeps Lagomorpha Ochotonidae Herb 2.16584 -0.72901 (Kawamichi 1976, Smith and Ivins 1984) Brachylagus idahoensis Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 2.53173 -0.31347 (Katzner and Parker 1997) Lepus americanus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.13379 0.51477 (Boutin 1979, Ferron and Ouellet 1992) Lepus arcticus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.60746 2.4624 (Hearn et al. 1987) Lepus californicus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.35564 2.20215 (Smith 1990) Lepus capensis Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.55012 1.72428 (Parkes 1984) Lepus europaeus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.72016 1.4573 (Broekhuizen and Maaskamp 1982) Lepus nigricollis Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.49554 0.14301 (Kirk and Bathe 1994) Lepus timidus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.45102 1.65633 (Flux 1970, Hewson and Hinge 1990, Hulbert et al. 1996) Oryctolagus cuniculus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.20412 0.79934 (Hulbert et al. 1996) Sylvilagus aquaticus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.33244 0.26245 (Kjolhaug and Woolf 1988) Sylvilagus floridanus Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.13379 0.4612 (Allen et al. 1982, Althoff and Storm 1989, Anderson and Pelton 1976, Trent and Rongstad 1974) Sylvilagus palustris Lagomorpha Leporidae Herb 3.13033 0.5977 (Forys and Humphrey 1996) Erinaceus europaeus Erinaceomorpha Erinaceidae (Erinaceinae) Carn 2.90309 1.28833 (Boitani and Reggiani 1984, Morris 1988, Reeve 1982, Schoenfeld and Yom-Tov 1985) Hemiechinus auritus Erinaceomorpha Erinaceidae (Erinaceinae) Carn 2.47129 0.60614 (Schoenfeld and Yom-Tov 1985) Scalopus aquaticus Soricomorpha Talpidae (Scalopinae) Carn 2.01494 -0.12909 (Harvey 1976) Talpa europaeus Soricomorpha Talpidae (Talpinae) Carn 1.98453 -0.52225 (Macdonald et al. 1997) Talpa romana Soricomorpha Talpidae (Talpinae) Carn 1.91073 -0.54843 (Loy et al. 1994) Manis temminckii Pholidota Manidae Carn 4.09691 3.11727 (Heath and Coulson 1997) Acinonyx jubatus Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.69897 4.91119 (Caro 1994) Caracal caracal Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.11394 4.57592 (Avenant and Nel 1998, Bothma and le Riche 1994, Norton and Lawson 1985, van Heezik and Seddon 1998) Felis catus Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.53078 2.16804 (Apps 1986, Fitzgerald and Karl 1986, Genovesi et al. 1995, Hall et al. 2000, Jones and Coman 1982, Konecny 1987, Norbury et al. 1998, Page et al. 1992, Weber and Dailly 1998) Felis sylvestris Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.6835 2.44638 (Stahl et al. 1988) Leopardus geoffroyi Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.55509 2.85289 (Johnson and Franklin 1991) Leopardus pardalis Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.99955 2.83565 (Crawshaw and Quigley 1989, Emmons 1988, Konecny 1989, Lopez 1985, Ludlow and Sunquist 1987, Sunquist et al. 1989) Leopardus wiedii Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.55976 3.03941 (Konecny 1989) Leptailurus serval Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.07918 2.3784 (van Aarde and Skinner 1986) Lynx canadensis Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.00885 3.91776 (Bailey et al. 1986, Koehler 1990, Poole 1994, Slough and Mowat 1996) Lynx lynx Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.47712 4.25778 (Haller and Breitenmoser 1986, Schmidt et al. 1997) Lynx pardinus Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.04336 2.97772 (Ferreras et al. 1997) Lynx rufus Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.05461 3.60073 (Bailey 1974, Berg 1981, Bradley and Fagre 1988, Buie et al. 1979, Conner et al. 1992, Fuller et al. 1985, Knick 1990, Koehler and Hornocker 1989, Litvaitis et al. 1987, Lovallo and Anderson 1996, Major and Sherburne 1987, Rolley 1983, Rucker et al. 1989, Whitaker et al. 1987, Witmer and deCalesta 1986, Zezulak and Schwab 1979, Zwank et al. 1985) Prionailurus bengalensis Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.39794 2.38145 (Rabinowitz 1990) Puma concolor Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 4.95424 4.49416 (Belden et al. 1988, Hemker et al. 1984, Logan et al. 1986, Maehr et al. 1991, Pittman et al. 1995, Ross and Jalkotzy 1992, Seidensticker et al. 1973, Spreadbury et al. 1996) Puma yagouarundi Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Felinae) Carn 3.83276 3.82659 (Konecny 1989) Panthera leo Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Pantherinae) Carn 5.31175 4.30776 (Schaller 1972) Panthera onca Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Pantherinae) Carn 4.92449 3.91769 (Crawshaw and Quigley 1991, Rabinowitz and Nottingham 1986) Panthera pardus Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Pantherinae) Carn 4.68462 4.70324 (Bailey 1993, Bothma et al. 1997, Jenny 1996, Norton and Lawson 1985, Stander et al. 1997) Panthera tigris Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Pantherinae) Carn 5.04922 3.72903 (McDougal 1977, Schaller 1967, Sunquist 1981) Uncia uncia Carnivora (Feliformia) Felidae (Pantherinae) Carn 4.4843 3.23938 (Jackson and Ahlborn 1989, Oli 1997, Schaller et al. 1994) Paguma larvata Carnivora (Feliformia) Viverridae (Paradoxurinae) Omn 3.47712 2.5682 (Rabinowitz 1991) Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Carnivora (Feliformia) Viverridae (Paradoxurinae) Omn 3.54407 2.72579 (Dhungel and Edge 1985, Rabinowitz 1991) Genetta genetta Carnivora (Feliformia) Viverridae (Viverrinae) Carn 3.24304 2.89265 (Palomares and Delibes 1994) Genetta tigrina Carnivora (Feliformia) Viverridae (Viverrinae) Carn 3.33244 0.75967 (Ikeda et al. 1982) Viverra zibetha Carnivora (Feliformia) Viverridae (Viverrinae) Carn 3.90309 3.07918 (Rabinowitz 1991) Atilax paludinosus Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Carn 3.5563 2.34635 (Ray 1997) Cynictis penicillata Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Carn 2.79239 1.77274 (Cavallini 1993) Galerella pulverulenta Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Omn 2.76716 1.76641 (Cavallini and Nel 1990) Herpestes edwardsi Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Omn 3.53148 2.49136 (Rabinowitz 1991) Reported as Viverricula malaccensis by Rabinowitz (1991); this species allocated to Herpestes edwardsi in Wilson & Reeder, so actual species unclear. Herpestes ichneumon Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Omn 3.47422 2.44716 (Delibes and Beltran 1985) Herpestes javanicicus Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Omn 2.63749 0.49946 (Nellis and Everard 1983) Herpestes naso Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Omn 3.5563 1.71834 (Ray 1997) Ichneumia albicauda Carnivora (Feliformia) Herpestidae Carn 3.5563 1.58801 (Ikeda et al. 1982, Waser and Waser 1985) Crocuta crocuta Carnivora (Feliformia) Hyaenidae Carn 4.81291 4.24178 (Gasaway et al. 1989, Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1992) Hyaena brunnea Carnivora (Feliformia) Hyaenidae Carn 4.67669 3.3236 (Skinner and van Aarde 1987) Hyaena hyaena Carnivora (Feliformia) Hyaenidae Carn 4.60206 3.77415 (Kruuk 1976, van Aarde et al. 1988) Proteles cristatus Carnivora (Feliformia) Hyaenidae Carn 4 2.57978 (Skinner and van Aarde 1986) Alopex lagopus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 3.69806 3.45483 (Anthony 1997, Eberhardt et al. 1982, Landa et al. 1998, Prestrud 1992) Canis adustus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.98453 2.04139 (Fuller et al. 1989) Canis aureus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.9577 2.16879 (Fuller et al. 1989, Poche et al. 1987) Canis familiaris Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 4.15229 3.46078 (Daniels and Bekoff 1989, Gipson 1983, Harden 1985, Nakada et al. 1996, Scott and Causey 1973, Thomson 1992) Canis latrans Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 4.20074 3.45613 (Althoff 1978, Andelt 1985, Andelt and Gipson 1979, Babb and Kennedy 1988, Berg and Chesness 1978, Bowen 1982, Bradley and Fagre 1988, Danner and Smith 1980, Fuller and Keith 1981, Gese et al. 1988, Harrison et al. 1989, Hibler 1977, Holzman et al. 1992, Laundre and Keller 1983, Litvaitis and Shaw 1980, Major and Sherburne 1987, Mills and Knowlton 1991, Person and Hirth 1991, Pyrah 1984, Roy and Dorrance 1985, Sargeant et al. 1987, Servin and Huxley 1995, Springer 1982, Sumner et al. 1984, White et al. 1994, Windberg and Knowlton 1988, Windberg et al. 1997, Witmer and deCalesta 1986, Woodruff and Keller 1982) Canis lupus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 4.63317 4.67028 (Ballard et al. 1997, Bjorge and Gunson 1989, Carbyn 1983, Ciucci et al. 1997, Fritts and Mech 1981, Fuller 1989, Messier 1985, Okarma et al. 1998, Peterson et al. 1984, Potvin 1987, Van Ballenberghe et al. 1975) Canis mesomelas Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 4 3.19853 (Ferguson et al. 1983, Fuller et al. 1989) Canis simensi Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 4.44326 2.73189 (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995) Cerdocyon thous Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.75967 2.47784 (Macdonald and Courtenay 1996, Sunquist et al. 1989) Chrysocyon brachyurus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 4.37566 3.4319 (Dietz 1984) Cuon alpinus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 4.20276 3.83727 (Venkataraman et al. 1995) Lycaon pictus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 4.43136 4.64217 (Anderka et al. 1999, Fuller and Kat 1990) Nyctereutes procyonoides Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.81291 2.40217 (Ikeda et al. 1979, Kauhala et al. 1993, Ward and Wurster Hill 1989) Otocyon megalotus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 3.61805 2.54808 (Malcolm 1986) Pseudalopex culpaeus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 3.86747 2.69273 (Johnson and Franklin 1994, Salvatori et al. 1999) Pseudalopex griseus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 3.60097 2.30103 (Johnson and Franklin 1994) Urocyon cinereoargeneus Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.65667 2.43761 (Fuller 1978, Hallberg 1973, Haroldson and Fritzell 1984) Urocyon littoralis Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.2878 1.29003 (Crooks and Van Vuren 1995) Vulpes macroti Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 3.65321 2.94314 (O'Neal et al. 1987, Spiegel and Bradbury 1992, White and Ralls 1993, Zoellick and Smith 1992) Vulpes ruppelli Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Carn 3.51188 3.48287 (Lindsay and Macdonald 1986) Vulpes vulpes Carnivora (Caniformia) Canidae Omn 3.81445 2.6916 (Ables 1969, Adkins and Stott 1998, Blanco 1986, Boitani et al. 1984, Cavallini 1992, Cavallini and Lovari 1994, Coman et al. 1991, Goszczynski 1989, Harrison et al. 1989, Jones and Theberge 1982, Kolb 1986, Lindsay and Macdonald 1986, Lovari et al. 1994, Major and Sherburne 1987, Meia and Weber 1995, Pandolfi et al. 1997, Phillips and Catling 1991, Poulle et al. 1994, Sargeant et al. 1987, Servin et al. 1991, Travaini et al. 1993b, White et al. 1996, Woollard and Harris 1990) Ailuropoda melanoleuca Carnivora (Caniformia) Ursidae Herb 4.94201 2.61648 (Schaller et al. 1985) Melursus ursinus Carnivora (Caniformia) Ursidae Carn 4.99012 3 (Melquist 1982) Ursus americanus Carnivora (Caniformia) Ursidae Omn 5.18494 3.59407 (Amstrup and Beecham 1976, Garshelis and Pelton 1981, Hellgren and Vaughan 1989, Hellgren and Vaughan 1990, Lindzey and Meslow 1977, Novick and Stewart 1982, Piekielek and Burton 1975, Warburton and Powell 1985, Young and Ruff 1982, Blanchard and Knight 1991, Huber and Roth 1993, Mace and Waller 1998, Servheen 1983, Wielgus et al. 1994) Ursus arctos Carnivora (Caniformia) Ursidae Omn 5.33745 4.90873 (Blanchard and Knight 1991, Huber and Roth 1993, Mace and Waller 1998, Servheen 1983, Wielgus et al. 1994) Enhydra lutris Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Lutrinae) Carn 4.41634 2.90982 (Garshelis and Garshelis 1984) Eira barbata Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 3.64994 3.16487 (Konecny 1989, Sunquist et al. 1989) Galictis vittata Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 3.24304 2.61805 (Sunquist et al. 1989) Gulo gulo Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 4.33336 4.55861 (Banci and Harestad 1990, Gardner 1985, Hornocker and Hash 1981, Landa et al. 1998, Magoun 1985, Whitman et al. 1986) Martes americana Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 2.9462 2.84918 (Archibald and Jessup 1984, Bateman 1986, Burnett 1981, Buskirk 1983, Clark et al. 1989, Davis 1983, Katnik et al. 1994, Major 1979, Mech and Rogers 1977, Simon 1980, Slough 1989, Spencer 1981, Steventon 1979, Steventon and Major 1982, Thompson and Colgan 1987, Wynne and Sherburne 1984) Martes foina Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 3.25527 2.63914 (Genovesi et al. 1997) Martes martes Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 3.39358 2.95873 (Clevenger 1993, Pulliainen 1984, Schropfer et al. 1997, Zalewski et al. 1995) Martes pennanti Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 3.50177 3.22416 (Arthur et al. 1989, Garant and Crete 1997) Meles meles Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Omn 4.08547 2.33898 (Broseth et al. 1997, Kruuk 1987) Mustela erminea Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 2.43223 2.12164 (Alterio 1998, Murphy and Dowding 1994, Murphy and Dowding 1995) Mustela frenata Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 2.17663 1.24736 (DeVan 1982) Mustela furo Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 2.90781 1.95424 (Norbury et al. 1998) Mustela nivalis Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 1.94498 1.81215 (Jedrzejewski et al. 1995) Taxidea taxus Carnivora (Caniformia) Mustelidae (Mustelinae) Carn 3.93542 2.58079 (Lindzey 1978, Messick and Hornocker 1981, Minta 1990) Conepatus humboldti Carnivora (Caniformia) Mephitidae Omn 3.12156 1.21484 (Fuller et al. 1987) Conepatus semistriatus Carnivora (Caniformia) Mephitidae Omn 3.38021 1.55023 (Sunquist et al. 1989) Mephitis mephitis Carnivora (Caniformia) Mephitidae Omn 3.65667 2.47432 (Lariviere and Messier 1998, Shirer and Fitch 1970, Storm 1972) Spilogale putorius Carnivora (Caniformia) Mephitidae Omn 2.77477 1.36549 (Crooks and Van Vuren 1995) Bassariscus astutus Carnivora (Caniformia) Procyonidae Omn 3.00885 1.91787 (Toweill and Teer 1981, Trapp 1978) Nasua narica Carnivora (Caniformia) Procyonidae Omn 3.6721 2.23763 (Gompper 1997, Lanning 1976, Ratnayeke et al. 1994) Potos flavus Carnivora (Caniformia) Procyonidae Herb 3.46054 1.44599 (Julien-LaFerriere 1993, Kays and Gittleman 1995) Procyon lotor Carnivora (Caniformia) Procyonidae Omn 4.02774 2.51911 (Fritzell 1978, Gehrt and Fritzell 1997, Hoffman and Gottschang 1977, Sherfy and Chapman 1980, Shirer and Fitch 1970, Urban 1970) Ailurus fulgens Carnivora (Caniformia) Ailuridae Herb 3.73239 2.01072 (Reid et al. 1991) Equus burchellus Perissodactyla Equidae Herb 5.38337 4.21484 (Smuts 1975) Equus caballus Perissodactyla Equidae Herb 5.63144 3.34821 (Berger 1987) Equus zebra Perissodactyla Equidae Herb 5.45864 2.97313 (Penzhorn 1982) Ceratotherium simum Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Herb 6.35218 3.20174 (Pienaar et al. 1993) Diceros bicornis Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Herb 6.02119 3.62393 (Frame 1980, Goddard 1967, Kiwia 1989, Mukinya 1973) Phacochoerus aethiopicus Artiodactyla Suidae (Suinae) Herb 4.90587 2.24105 (Cumming 1975) Sus scrofa Artiodactyla Suidae (Suinae) Omn 4.92493 2.89911 (Baber and Coblentz 1986, Boitani et al. 1994, Caley 1997, Coblentz and Baber 1987, Ilse and Hellgren 1995, Massei et al. 1997, Saunders and Kay 1996, Van Vuren and Coblentz 1989, Wood and Brenneman 1980) Catagonus wagneri Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Herb 4.54033 3.0406 (Taber et al. 1994) Pecari tajacu Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Herb 4.3656 2.39554 (Bellantoni and Krausman 1993, Ilse and Hellgren 1995, Schweinsburg 1971, Taber et al. 1994) Tayassu pecari Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Herb 4.30643 3.16435 (Fragoso 1998) Hyemoschus aquaticus Artiodactyla Tragulidae Herb 4.03543 1.2833 (Dubost 1978) Alces alces Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 5.48746 3.97232 (Addison et al. 1980, Ballard et al. 1991, Bangs and Bailey 1980b, Bangs et al. 1984, Cederlund and Okarma 1988, Cederlund and Sand 1994, Doerr 1983, Grauvogel 1984, Hauge and Keith 1981, Leptich and Gilbert 1989, MacCracken et al. 1997, Stenhouse et al. 1994, Van Dyke et al. 1995) Capreolus capreolus Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 4.38112 1.82907 (Bideau et al. 1993, Cederlund 1983, Chapman et al. 1993, Guillet et al. 1996) Odocoileus hemionus Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 4.7313 3.54497 (Dickinson and Garner 1979, Eberhardt et al. 1984, Hayes and Krausman 1993, Kohl et al. 1987, Kufeld et al. 1989, Leach and Edge 1994, Livesey 1991, Loft et al. 1989, Nicholson et al. 1997, Schoen and Kirchhoff 1985, Stephenson et al. 1996) Odocoileus virginianus Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 4.94391 2.39591 (Beier and McCullough 1990, Holzenbein and Marchinton 1992, Hoskinson and Mech 1976, Ivey and Causey 1981, McShea and Schwede 1993, Mooty et al. 1987, Nelson and Mech 1981, Sargent and Labisky 1995, Scanlon and Vaughan 1985, Tierson et al. 1985, Vanderhoof and Jacobson 1993, Vercauteren and Hygnstrom 1998, Wiles and Weeks 1986) Ozotoceros bezoarticus Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 4.54407 2.89763 (Leeuwenberg et al. 1997) Pudu puda Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 3.87506 1.29593 (Eldridge et al. 1987) Rangifer tarandus Artiodactyla Cervidae (Capreolinae) Herb 5.00885 5.55033 (Bradshaw et al. 1995, Edmonds 1988, Stuart-Smith et al. 1997) Axis axis Artiodactyla Cervidae (Cervinae) Herb 4.79812 2.56202 (Ables et al. 1977, Moe and Wegge 1994) Cervus elaphus Artiodactyla Cervidae (Cervinae) Herb 5.37062 3.87428 (Catt and Staines 1987, Cole et al. 1997, Craighead et al. 1973, Edge et al. 1985, Franklin and Lieb 1979, Georgii 1980, Irwin and Peek 1983, Jenkins and Starkey 1982, McCorquodale et al. 1989, Strohmeyer and Peek 1996, Waldrip and Shaw 1979) Cervus nippon Artiodactyla Cervidae (Cervinae) Herb 4.46909 1.93018 (Borkowsky and Furubayashi 1998, Feldhamer et al. 1982) Dama dama Artiodactyla Cervidae (Cervinae) Herb 4.854 1.99344 (Nugent 1994) Muntiacus reevesi Artiodactyla Cervidae (Cervinae) Herb 4.13033 1.20966 (Chapman et al. 1993) Antilocapra americana Artiodactyla Antilocapridae Herb 4.6637 3.00541 (Bayless 1969, Reynolds 1984) Giraffa camelopardus Artiodactyla Giraffidae Herb 6.1271 4.13525 (Berry 1978, duToit 1990, Langman 1973, Leuthold and Leuthold 1978) Okapia johnstoni Artiodactyla Giraffidae Herb 5.36173 2.77085 (Hart and Hart 1989) Aepyceros melampus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Aepycerotinae) Herb 4.8028 2.50846 (duToit 1990, Murray 1982) Alcelaphus buselaphus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Alcephalinae) Herb 5.13354 2.33783 (Ables and Ables 1971) Gazella gazella Artiodactyla Bovidae (Antilopinae) Herb 4.33193 2.2725 (Dunham 1998) Madoqua guentheri Artiodactyla Bovidae (Antilopinae) Herb 3.66276 0.43669 (Ono et al. 1988) Raphicerus campestris Artiodactyla Bovidae (Antilopinae) Herb 4.05308 1.79239 (duToit 1990) Bison bison Artiodactyla Bovidae (Bovinae) Herb 5.79934 4.42452 (Larter and Gates 1994, Lott and Minta 1983, Van Vuren 1983) Bison bonasus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Bovinae) Herb 5.79796 3.00606 (Krasinska and Krasinski 1995) Syncerus caffer Artiodactyla Bovidae (Bovinae) Herb 5.77281 3.91204 (Funston et al. 1994, Leuthold 1972, Stark 1986) Taurotragus oryx Artiodactyla Bovidae (Bovinae) Herb 5.8028 3.71933 (Hillman 1988) Tragelaphus scriptus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Bovinae) Herb 4.73585 0.56948 (Allsopp 1978) Tragelaphus strepsiceros Artiodactyla Bovidae (Bovinae) Herb 5.29516 5.0294 (Allen Rowlandson 1980, duToit 1990) Ammotragus lervia Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 5.22401 2.95665 (Hampy 1978) Capra hircus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 4.70757 3.80975 (King 1992, O'Brien 1984) Capra pyrenaica Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 4.84198 1.8451 (Escos and Alados 1992) Oreamnos americanus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 5.79934 3.36709 (Rideout 1975) Ovis ammon Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 5.0569 2.76956 (DuBois et al. 1993) Ovis canadensis Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 4.9577 3.44004 (Bissonette and Steinkamp 1996, Bristow et al. 1996, Krausman et al. 1989, Leslie and Douglas 1979, Payer and Coblentz 1997) Rupicapra rupicapra Artiodactyla Bovidae (Caprinae) Herb 4.49136 2.5325 (Clarke and Henderson 1984) Cephalophus callipygus Artiodactyla Bovidae (Cephalophinae) Herb 4.25873 1.61927 (Feer 1989) Cephalophus dorsalis Artiodactyla Bovidae (Cephalophinae) Herb 4.30988 1.55267 (Feer 1989)