Ecological Archives E096-099-A3
James T. Cronin, Ganesh P. Bhattarai, Warwick J. Allen, and Laura A. Meyerson. 2015. Biogeography of a plant invasion: plant–herbivore interactions. Ecology 96:1115–1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1091.1
Appendix C. Tables of model selection results based on Akaike Information Criteria corrected for finite sample size (AICc). Candidate models with a Δi value (= AICci - AICcmin) of ≤ 2 and the AICc weights (wi) are reported.
Table C1. Model selection results for the full data set.
Native and Invasive Genotypes in North America |
||||
Trait |
Model |
AICc |
ΔAIC |
Akaiki Wt |
% Carbon |
Y, [L]§, Y*L |
211.4 |
0.0 |
0.46 |
Y, [L], S, Y*L |
212.2 |
0.8 |
0.31 |
|
Y, ]L], G, S, Y*L |
212.9 |
1.5 |
0.22 |
|
% Nitrogen |
Y, G, L, L*G, Y*G, Y*L |
65.7 |
0.0 |
0.62 |
CN ratio |
Y, G, L, S, Y*G, Y*L |
269.4 |
0.0 |
0.52 |
Y, G, L, Y*G, Y*L |
271 |
1.6 |
0.23 |
|
Y, G, L, S, L*G, Y*G, Y*L |
271.4 |
2.0 |
0.19 |
|
Total phenolics |
Y, G, L |
103.2 |
0.0 |
0.37 |
Y, G |
103.4 |
0.2 |
0.33 |
|
Leaf toughness |
Y, G, [L], S, Y*G, Y*L |
241.5 |
0.0 |
0.56 |
Prop. leaf area chewed |
[Y], G, L, S, G*L |
9.7 |
0.0 |
0.30 |
[Y], G, [L], P, S, G*L, L*P |
9.7 |
0.0 |
0.30 |
|
Prop. stems with internal feeders |
Y, G, L, S, C, G*L, G*Y, Y*S |
147.6 |
0.0 |
0.09 |
Y, G, L, S, G*L, G*Y, Y*S |
147.7 |
0.1 |
0.09 |
|
Y, G, L, P, S, C, G*L, G*Y, Y*S |
147.7 |
0.1 |
0.09 |
|
Y, G, L, C, G*L |
147.8 |
0.2 |
0.08 |
|
Y, G, L, P, C, G*L |
147.8 |
0.2 |
0.08 |
|
Y, G, L, P, S, G*L, G*Y, Y*S |
148.5 |
0.9 |
0.06 |
|
Y, G, L, P, S, C, G*L, Y*S |
148.7 |
1.1 |
0.05 |
|
Y, G, L, S, G*L, Y*S |
148.8 |
1.2 |
0.05 |
|
Y, G, L, S, C, G*L, Y*S |
148.9 |
1.3 |
0.05 |
|
Y, G, L, S, G*L |
149 |
1.4 |
0.05 |
|
Y, G, L, P, S, G*L, Y*S |
149.3 |
1.7 |
0.04 |
|
Y, G, L, P, S, G*L |
149.4 |
1.8 |
0.04 |
|
Aphids per stem |
G, T |
123.4 |
0.0 |
0.20 |
G, [L], P, T, G*P, L*P |
124.7 |
1.3 |
0.10 |
|
G, P, T |
124.8 |
1.4 |
0.10 |
|
G, L, T |
125.2 |
1.8 |
0.08 |
|
European Genotypes in their Native and Invasive Range |
||||
% Carbon |
Y, R, L, S, Y*R, Y*L, Y*S, L*S |
256.1 |
0.0 |
0.89 |
% Nitrogen |
[Y], R, L, S, Y*L, L*S |
103.5 |
0.0 |
0.54 |
CN ratio |
[Y], R, L, S, Y*L, L*S |
407.7 |
0.0 |
0.47 |
Total phenolics |
Y, R, [L], R*L, R*Y |
129.7 |
0.0 |
0.92 |
Leaf toughness |
Y, R, [L], S, R*Y, L*Y |
295 |
0.0 |
0.46 |
Y, R, [L], S, R*L, R*Y, L*Y |
295.2 |
0.2 |
0.42 |
|
Prop. leaf area chewed |
[Y], L, S, T, L*Y |
-26.1 |
0.0 |
0.11 |
[Y], L, S, T |
-25.6 |
0.5 |
0.09 |
|
[Y], L, S |
-25.5 |
0.6 |
0.08 |
|
[Y], S |
-25.1 |
1.0 |
0.07 |
|
[Y], L |
-24.5 |
1.6 |
0.05 |
|
[Y], R, L, S |
-24.4 |
1.7 |
0.05 |
|
[Y], L, S, L*Y |
-24.4 |
1.7 |
0.05 |
|
[Y], R, L, R*L |
-24.3 |
1.8 |
0.05 |
|
[Y], S, T |
-24.2 |
1.9 |
0.04 |
|
[Y], R, L, S, T, L*Y |
-24.1 |
2.0 |
0.04 |
|
Prop. stems with internal feeders |
Y, R, L, S, C, T, F, R*S, S*Y |
167.8 |
0.0 |
0.92 |
Aphids per stem |
R, L, P, S, T, F, L*S |
125.5 |
0.0 |
0.23 |
L, P, S, T, F, L*S |
126.2 |
0.7 |
0.16 |
|
R, S, T, F |
127.1 |
1.6 |
0.11 |
|
L, S, T, F, L*S |
127.4 |
1.9 |
0.09 |
|
H, L, S, T, F, L*S |
127.5 |
2.0 |
0.09 |
|
Notes: Y = year or census period (repeated measure), G = genotype, R = provenance (range; Europe or North America), L = latitude, P = patch size (ln transformed), S = stem density (no./m2; ln transformed), C = percent carbon, N = percent nitrogen, T = leaf toughness (kg), F = total phenolics (ln transformed).
§Factors in brackets were not statistically significant but were retained in the model because of the underlying structure (i.e., the repeated measure, Y) or because of its interaction with another factor was an important source of variation in the model (an interaction term in the model must be accompanied by the main factors in the model).
Table C2. Model-selection results after controlling for differences in latitudinal ranges of the different P. australis phylogeographic groups.
Native and Invasive Genotypes in North America |
||||
Trait |
Model |
AICc |
ΔAIC |
Akaiki Wt |
% Carbon |
Y, G, [L]§, Y*L |
186.8 |
0.0 |
0.30 |
% Nitrogen |
Y, G, L, Y*G, Y*L |
39.8 |
0.0 |
0.52 |
|
Y, G, L, Y*G, Y*L, S |
41.3 |
1.5 |
0.25 |
CN ratio |
Y, G, L, G*L, Y*G, S |
208.4 |
0.0 |
0.65 |
Total phenolics |
Y, G |
84.3 |
0.0 |
0.33 |
Y, G, L |
103.4 |
0.2 |
0.25 |
|
Leaf toughness |
Y, G, [L], G*L, Y*G, Y*L |
205.9 |
0.0 |
0.17 |
|
Y, G, [L], Y*L, S |
206.2 |
0.3 |
0.15 |
Y, G, [L], Y*G, L*Y, S |
206.7 |
0.8 |
0.11 |
|
|
Y, G,[ L], Y*G, Y*L |
206.9 |
1.0 |
0.10 |
|
Y, G, [L], Y*L |
207.6 |
1.7 |
0.07 |
|
Y, G, [Y*G] |
207.8 |
1.9 |
0.07 |
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. leaf area chewed |
Y, G, L, G*L, Y*L, S |
-6.4 |
0.0 |
0.58 |
Y, G, L, G*L, S |
-4.6 |
1.8 |
0.24 |
|
Prop. stems with internal feeders |
|
|
|
|
Y, G, L, S |
154.7 |
0.0 |
0.24 |
|
Y, G, L, G*L, S |
154.7 |
0.0 |
0.24 |
|
Y, L, S |
156.0 |
1.3 |
0.13 |
|
Aphids per stem |
G, L, S |
96.7 |
0.0 |
0.62 |
European Genotypes in their Native and Invasive Range |
||||
% Carbon |
Y, L, Y*L, S |
154.5 |
0.0 |
0.30 |
|
Y, R, L, Y*R, Y*L, S |
155.9 |
1.4 |
0.15 |
% Nitrogen |
Y, R, L |
52.2 |
0.0 |
0.18 |
|
Y, L |
52.8 |
0.6 |
0.13 |
|
Y, L, S |
53.0 |
0.8 |
0.12 |
|
Y, R, L, S |
53.0 |
0.8 |
0.12 |
|
[Y], R, L, Y*L |
53.4 |
1.2 |
0.10 |
|
[Y], L, Y*L |
53.8 |
1.6 |
0.08 |
CN ratio |
Y, R, L, S |
227.3 |
0.0 |
0.34 |
|
[Y], L, Y*L, S |
228.1 |
0.8 |
0.23 |
|
Y, L, S |
228.8 |
1.5 |
0.16 |
Total phenolics |
Y, R, Y*R |
86.1 |
0.0 |
0.38 |
|
Y, R, [L], R*L, Y*R |
87.7 |
1.6 |
0.17 |
Leaf toughness |
Y, R, Y*R |
174.5 |
0.0 |
0.36 |
Y, R, Y*R, S |
175.0 |
0.5 |
0.28 |
|
Prop. leaf area chewed |
[Y], L |
-8.4 |
0.0 |
0.32 |
[Y], R, L |
-6.4 |
2.0 |
0.12 |
|
Prop. stems with internal feeders |
Y, R, L |
172.1 |
0.0 |
0.40 |
Aphids per stem |
L, S |
134.2 |
0.0 |
0.59 |