Ecological Archives E096-093-A1
John L. Orrock, Humberto P. Dutra, Robert J. Marquis, and Nicholas Barber. 2015. Apparent competition and native consumers exacerbate the strong competitive effect of an exotic plant species. Ecology 96:1052–1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0732.1
Appendix A. Results of additional analyses and data regarding plant origin and relative frequency.
Table A1. Summary of mixed-model analysis of variance to evaluate the effects of L. maackii vegetation treatment (cover left intact or removed), L. maackii fruit treatment (fruits left intact or removed), and consumer exclosure on the abundance and richness of rare native plant species, defined as species with relative abundance < 0.02. Species classified as rare were the majority of native species (over 87%, i.e., 50 of 57 native morphospecies). F ratios are presented with numerator degrees of freedom (NDF) and denominator degrees of freedom (DDF) as subscripts.
|
Rare native abundance |
|
Rare native richness |
||
|
FNDF,DDF |
P |
|
FNDF,DDF |
P |
Veg. Treatment |
19.631,6 |
0.004 |
|
16.461,6 |
0.007 |
Fruit Treatment |
1.741,6 |
0.236 |
|
0.061,6 |
0.808 |
Veg. × Fruit |
1.281,6 |
0.301 |
|
0.591,6 |
0.473 |
Consumer Excl |
17.722,16 |
<0.001 |
|
22.032,16 |
<0.001 |
Veg. × ConExcl |
1.861,16 |
0.187 |
|
0.061,16 |
0.939 |
Fruit × ConExcl |
5.851,16 |
0.012 |
|
6.741,16 |
0.008 |
Veg × Fruit × ConExcl |
1.691,16 |
0.215 |
|
0.831,16 |
0.455 |
Table A2. Summary of plants quantified during this study. For individuals that were not identifiable to species (e.g., Geum spp.), plant origin was determined by using the Flora of Missouri (www.mobot.org/missouri) and assigning a taxon to a particular origin if 100% of the species in the state were of that origin. For two cases where there were a mix of native and exotic taxa in the state, we assigned an origin if >95% of the species in the state were of that origin: Carex was assigned a native origin because 132 of 138 Carex spp. in Missouri are native and Juncus spp. was assigned a native origin because 22 of 23 species were native. For cases where a taxon was not >95% of a particular origin, a conservative assignment of "unknown" was given.
Taxonomic name |
Family |
Origin |
Number of seedlings |
Proportion of total |
Carex spp. |
Poaceae |
Native |
427 |
0.1809 |
Geum spp. |
Rosaceae |
Native |
249 |
0.1055 |
Ageratina altissima |
Asteraceae |
Native |
225 |
0.0953 |
Sanicula spp. |
Apiaceae |
Native |
177 |
0.0750 |
Cardamine pensylvanica |
Brassicaceae |
Native |
123 |
0.0521 |
Morphospecies 13 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
105 |
0.0445 |
Taraxacum spp |
Asteraceae |
Exotic |
101 |
0.0428 |
Morphospecies 14 |
Poaceae |
Unknown |
62 |
0.0263 |
Viola sororia |
Violacae |
Native |
62 |
0.0263 |
Plantago rugelii |
Plantaginaceae |
Native |
52 |
0.0220 |
Poa compressa |
Poaceae |
Exotic |
52 |
0.0220 |
Lonicera maackii |
Caprifoliaceae |
Exotic |
48 |
0.0203 |
Poa spp. |
Poaceae |
Unknown |
44 |
0.0186 |
Morphospecies 5 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
41 |
0.0174 |
Acalypha spp |
Euphorbiaceae |
Unknown |
40 |
0.0169 |
Lamium purpureum |
Lamiaceae |
Exotic |
39 |
0.0165 |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia |
Vitaceae |
Native |
36 |
0.0152 |
Elymus villosus |
Poaceae |
Native |
33 |
0.0140 |
Vitis spp |
Vitaceae |
Native |
31 |
0.0131 |
Amphicarpa bracteata |
Fabaceae |
Native |
27 |
0.0114 |
Eupatorium serotinum |
Asteraceae |
Native |
27 |
0.0114 |
Oxalis spp |
Oxiladaceae |
Native |
24 |
0.0102 |
Celtis occidentalis |
Cannabaceae |
Native |
21 |
0.0089 |
Panicum acuminatum |
Poaceae |
Native |
20 |
0.0085 |
Phryma leptostachya |
Verbenaceae |
Native |
20 |
0.0085 |
Solanum carolinense |
Solanaceae |
Native |
20 |
0.0085 |
Galium aparine |
Rubiaceae |
Native |
19 |
0.0080 |
Polygonum virginianum |
Polygonaceae |
Native |
17 |
0.0072 |
Leersia virginica |
Poaceae |
Native |
16 |
0.0068 |
Chenopodium album |
Amaranthaceae |
Exotic |
15 |
0.0064 |
Leersia oryzoides |
Poaceae |
Native |
14 |
0.0059 |
Phacelia purshii |
Boraginaceae |
Native |
14 |
0.0059 |
Cinna arundinacea |
Poaceae |
Native |
11 |
0.0047 |
Circaea canadensis |
Onagraceae |
Native |
10 |
0.0042 |
Conyza canadensis |
Asteraceae |
Native |
10 |
0.0042 |
Phytolacca americana |
Phytolaccaceae |
Native |
9 |
0.0038 |
Desmodium spp |
Fabaceae |
Native |
7 |
0.0030 |
Morphospecies 8 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
7 |
0.0030 |
Erigeron annuus |
Asteraceae |
Native |
6 |
0.0025 |
Impatiens capensis |
Balsaminaceae |
Native |
6 |
0.0025 |
Asplenium spp. |
Aspleniaceae |
Native |
5 |
0.0021 |
Erigeron philadelphicus |
Asteraceae |
Native |
5 |
0.0021 |
Pilea pumila |
Urticaceae |
Native |
5 |
0.0021 |
Poa annua |
Poaceae |
Exotic |
5 |
0.0021 |
Polygonum hydropiperoides |
Polygonaceae |
Native |
4 |
0.0017 |
Rubus spp. |
Rosaceae |
Native |
4 |
0.0017 |
Arenaria serpyllifolia |
Caryophyllaceae |
Exotic |
3 |
0.0013 |
Carya ovata |
Juglandaceae |
Native |
3 |
0.0013 |
Fraxinus pennsylvanica |
Oleaceae |
Native |
3 |
0.0013 |
Morus alba |
Moraceae |
Exotic |
3 |
0.0013 |
Polygonum scandens |
Polygonaceae |
Native |
3 |
0.0013 |
Symphoricarpos occidentalis |
Caprifoliaceae |
Native |
3 |
0.0013 |
Morphospecies 11 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
3 |
0.0013 |
Morphospecies 6 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
3 |
0.0013 |
Acalypha rhomboidea |
Euphorbiaceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Elephantopus carolinianus |
Asteraceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Juncus spp. |
Juncaceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Lobelia inflata |
Campanulaecae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Muhlenbergia schreberi |
Poaceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Rosa multiflora |
Rosaceae |
Exotic |
2 |
0.0008 |
Smilax hispida |
Smilacaceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Ulmus rubra |
Ulmaceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Zanthoxylum americanum |
Rutaceae |
Native |
2 |
0.0008 |
Agrimonia pubescens |
Rosaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Carduus nutans |
Asteraceae |
Exotic |
1 |
0.0004 |
Desmodium paniculatum |
Fabaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Dicentra cucullaria |
Fumaricaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Erechtites hieracifolia |
Asteraceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Gleditsia triacanthos |
Fabaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Hypericum punctatum |
Hypericaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Lonicera japonica |
Caprifoliaceae |
Exotic |
1 |
0.0004 |
Menispermum canadense |
Menispermaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Physalis spp. |
Solanaceae |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Prunus serotina |
Rosaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Ribes missouriense |
Grossulariaceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Rosaceae spp. |
Rosaceae |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Sassafras albidum |
Lauraceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Solidago altissima |
Asteraceae |
Native |
1 |
0.0004 |
Sonchus oleraceus |
Asteraceae |
Exotic |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 9 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 1 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 10 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 12 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 2 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 3 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 4 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Morphospecies 7 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
1 |
0.0004 |
Fig. A1. The effect of experimental manipulation of L. maackii fruit manipulation and consumer exclosure on the number of seedlings of rare native species (defined as species with relative abundance of <0.02) and the species richness of rare native seedlings. Means are presented ± 1 SE; Bars that do not share a letter are significantly different (P < 0.05).