Ecological Archives E096-076-A1

Aarón González-Castro, María Calviño-Cancela, and Manuel Nogales. 2015. Comparing seed dispersal effectiveness by frugivores at the community level. Ecology 96:808–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0655.1

Appendix A. Characteristics of the study plant species and model parameterization.

Table A1. Characteristics of the study plant species, with their fruit production per m² in the study area, and % of the total fruit production in the study area in brakets, number of seeds per fruit (mean ± SE), life form, fruit color and fruit size (mm).

Plant species

Family

Fruit production (%)

Seeds per fruit

Life form

Fruit color

Fruit diameter

Asparagus plocamoides

Convallariaceae

3.7 (0.22)

1 ± 0

Shrub

Reddish

5.12 ± 0.29

Bosea yervamora

Amaranthaceae

224.8 (13.42)

1 ± 0

Shrub

Red

4.62 ± 0.07

Canarina canariensis

Campanulaceae

1.3 (0.08)

337.5 ± 56.12

Geophyte

Black

36.49 ± 2.85

Heberdenia excelsa

Myrsinaceae

896.09 (53.49)

1 ± 0

Tree

Purple

7.97 ± 0.16

Jasminum odoratissimum

Oleaceae

210.5 (12.56)

1.7 ± 0.09

Shrub

Translucent

6.91 ± 0.10

Rhamnus crenulata

Rhamnaceae

21.7 (1.29)

1.85 ± 0.83

Shrub

Black

5.86 ± 0.71

Rubia fruticosa

Rubiaceae

172.0 (10.27)

1.3 ± 0.10

Shrub

Translucent

4.28 ± 0.11

Ruta pinnata

Rutaceae

63.3 (3.78)

3.06 ± 0.50

Shrub

Orange

5.08 ± 0.11

Scilla haemorrhoidalis

Hyacinthaceae

0.9 (0.06)

4.8 ± 1.35

Geophyte

Orange

8.67 ± 1.21

Tamus edulis

Dioscoreaceae

5.6 (0.33)

4.7 ± 0.29

Geophyte

Reddish-Orange

9.09 ± 0.13

Withania aristata

Solanaceae

74.8 (4.47)

13.3 ± 0.99

Shrub

Orange

8.38 ± 0.18

 

Table A2. Model parameterization. Average values of the parameters used in the simulation model for each plant species (mean, median and range, in brackets). Cover = beneath canopies, Shr. = Shrubland, and Woodl. = Woodland.

Parameter

Asparagus

Bosea

Canarina

Heberdenia

Jasminum

Rhamnus

Seeds dispersed

    Birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

         Shr., cover

0.85, 1 (0-2)

6.15, 6 (0-25)

3.55, 0 (0-25)

3.5, 4 (0-8)

4.1, 4 (1-9)

1, 1 (0-4)

         Shr., open

0.35, 0 (0-2)

0.45, 0 (0-3)

0.15, 0 (0-1)

1.05, 0.5 (0-3)

0.6, 0.5 (0-2)

0.15, 0 (0-1)

         Woodl., cover

1.05, 1 (1-3)

1.3, 1 (0-6)

2.25, 0 (0-15)

15.85, 16 (0-40)

8.3, 7.5 (0-18)

2.05, 2 (0-6)

         Woodl., open

0.35, 0 (0-2)

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

5.15, 2 (0-20)

1.3, 1 (0-4)

0.05, 0 (0-1)

    Lizards

         Shr., cover

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

4.35, 0 (0-23)

0.1, 0 (0-1)

0.6, 0 (0-3)

0.5, 0 (0-1)

         Shr., open

0.7, 1 (0-2)

0.6, 0.5 (0-2)

28.6, 27 (0-75)

1.15, 1 (0-4)

4.35, 4 (0-10)

0.5, 0.5 (0-1)

         Woodl., cover

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

0.15, 0 (0-2)

0, 0 (0-0)

0.1, 0 (0-1)

0, 0 (0-0)

         Woodl., open

0.2, 0 (0-1)

0.2, 0 (0-1)

15.8, 16.5 (0-44)

0.6, 1 (0-2)

2.8, 3 (0-6)

0.2, 0 (0-1)

Seed damage

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Birds

0, 0 (0-0)

0.025, 0 (0-0.1)

0.03, 0 (0-0.2)

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

0.06, 0 (0-0.2)

    Lizards

0.39, 0.4 (0.1-0.8)

0.09, 0.1 (0-0.3)

0.01, 0 (0-0.1)

0.05, 0.05 (0-0.1)

0.065, 0.05 (0-0.2)

0.11, 0.1 (0-0.4)

Seedling emergence; effect of site

         Shr., cover

0. 91, 0.93 (0.73-1)

0.38, 0.34 (0.21-0.74)

0.17, 0.16 (0-0.45)

0.27, 0.24 (0-0.63)

0.64, 0.61 (0.51-0.85)

0.71, 0.73 (0.41-0.96)

         Shr., open

0.53, 0.57 (0.2-0.8)

0.11, 0.11 (0-0.32)

0.45, 0.46 (0.05-0.73)

0.09, 0.08 (0-0.21)

0.56, 0.55 (0.42-0.78)

0.52, 0.54 (0.22-0.78)

         Woodl., cover

0.91, 0.93 (0.79-1)

0.26, 0.25 (0-0.56)

0.51, 0.5 (0.32-0.77)

0.35, 0.37 (0-53)

0.72, 0.70 (0.60-0.88)

0.75, 0.79 (0.407-1)

         Woodl., open

0.82, 0.79 (0.71-1)

0.09, 0.08 (0-0.17)

0.56, 0.57 (0.32-0.77)

0.05, 0.05 (0-0.16)

0.54, 0.55 (0.42-0.64)

0.68, 0.74 (0.30-0.93)

Seedling emergence; effect of ingestion

    Birds

0.472

0.870

0.333

0.118

0.820

0.581

    Lizards

0.083

0.230

0.909

0.256

0.980

0.862

Seedling survival

 

 

 

 

 

 

         Shr., cover

0.17, 0.16 (0-0.5)

0.051, 0 (0-0.15)

-

0.18, 0 (0-1)

0.69, 0.67 (0.42-0.91)

0.21, 0.18 (0-0.67)

         Shr., open

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

-

0, 0 (0-0)

0.34, 0.33 (0-1)

0, 0 (0-0)

         Woodl., cover

0.10, 0 (0-0.5)

0, 0 (0-0)

-

0.29, 0.29 (0-0.5)

0.58, 0.57 (0.24-0.85)

0.08, 0 (0-0.5)

         Woodl., open

0.05, 0 (0-0.27)

0, 0 (0-0)

-

0.56, 0 (0-0.5)

0.26, 0.13 (0-1)

0.03, 0 (0-0.33)

Table A2 cont'd.

Parameter

Rubia

Ruta

Scilla

Tamus

Whitania

Seeds dispersed

    Birds

 

 

 

 

 

         Shr., cover

9.3, 12 (0-18)

-

-

-

0.45, 0 (0-2)

         Shr., open

1, 1 (0-4)

-

-

-

0, 0 (0-0)

         Woodl., cover

9.25, 8.5 (2-23)

-

-

-

0.35, 0 (0-2)

         Woodl., open

1.4, 1 (0-4)

-

-

-

0, 0 (0-0)

    Lizards

         Shr., cover

4.05, 4 (0-12)

0.05, 0 (0-1)

0.05, 0 (0-1)

0, 0 (0-0)

0.3, 0 (0-2)

         Shr., open

19.2, 18 (3-44)

1.3, 1 (0-3)

1.25, 1 (0-4)

0.95, 0.5 (0-3)

2.2, 2 (0-6)

         Woodl., cover

0.7, 1 (0-3)

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

0, 0 (0-0)

         Woodl., open

12.6, 12 (0-31)

0.6, 1 (0,2)

0.65, 1 (0-2)

0.4, 0 (0-1)

1.55, 1.5 (0-4)

Seed damage

    Birds

0, 0 (0-0)

-

-

-

0, 0 (0-0)

    Lizards

0.005, 0 (0-0.1)

0.005, 0 (0-0.1)

0, 0 (0-0)

0.09, 0.1 (0-0.4)

0.06, 0.1 (0-0.1)

Seedling emergence; effect of site

         Shr., cover

0.82, 0.85 (0.46-1)

0.16, 0.16 (0-0.43)

0.82, 0.83 (0.56-1)

0.67, 0.73 (0.39-0.89)

0.73, 0.67 (0.56-1)

         Shr., open

0.46, 0.46 (0.23-0.77)

0.34, 0.27 (0-0.79)

0.51, 0.67 (0.11-0.89)

0.18, 0.12 (0-0.5)

0.64, 0.67 (0.39-0.82)

         Woodl., cover

0.82, 0.84 (0.62-0.92)

0.14, 0.14 (0-0.25)

0.8, 0.89 (0.44-1)

0.71, 0.73 (0.5-0.89)

0.72, 0.75 (0.44-1)

         Woodl., open

0.67, 0.73 (0.23-0.85)

0.20, 0.21 (0.07-0.36)

0.84, 0.89 (0.44-1)

0.49, 0.40 (0.23-0.81)

0.64, 0.64 (0.28-0.89)

Seedling emergence; effect of ingestion

    Birds

0.472

-

-

-

0.495

    Lizards

0.807

0.952

0.441

0.935

0.885

Seedling survival

 

 

 

 

 

         Shr., cover

0.20, 0.13 (0-0.6)

0, 0 (0-0)

-

-

0.09, 0 (0-0.5)

         Shr., open

0.07, 0 (0-0.4)

0.17, 0.07 (0-0.5)

-

-

0.17, 0 (0-1)

         Woodl., cover

0.50, 0.5 (0-1)

-

-

-

0, 0 (0-0)

         Woodl., open

0.10, 0 (0-0.5)

0.12, 0 (0-0.5)

-

-

0, 0 (0-0)


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