Ecological Archives E096-076-A1
Aarón González-Castro, María Calviño-Cancela, and Manuel Nogales. 2015. Comparing seed dispersal effectiveness by frugivores at the community level. Ecology 96:808–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0655.1
Appendix A. Characteristics of the study plant species and model parameterization.
Table A1. Characteristics of the study plant species, with their fruit production per m² in the study area, and % of the total fruit production in the study area in brakets, number of seeds per fruit (mean ± SE), life form, fruit color and fruit size (mm).
Plant species |
Family |
Fruit production (%) |
Seeds per fruit |
Life form |
Fruit color |
Fruit diameter |
Asparagus plocamoides |
Convallariaceae |
3.7 (0.22) |
1 ± 0 |
Shrub |
Reddish |
5.12 ± 0.29 |
Bosea yervamora |
Amaranthaceae |
224.8 (13.42) |
1 ± 0 |
Shrub |
Red |
4.62 ± 0.07 |
Canarina canariensis |
Campanulaceae |
1.3 (0.08) |
337.5 ± 56.12 |
Geophyte |
Black |
36.49 ± 2.85 |
Heberdenia excelsa |
Myrsinaceae |
896.09 (53.49) |
1 ± 0 |
Tree |
Purple |
7.97 ± 0.16 |
Jasminum odoratissimum |
Oleaceae |
210.5 (12.56) |
1.7 ± 0.09 |
Shrub |
Translucent |
6.91 ± 0.10 |
Rhamnus crenulata |
Rhamnaceae |
21.7 (1.29) |
1.85 ± 0.83 |
Shrub |
Black |
5.86 ± 0.71 |
Rubia fruticosa |
Rubiaceae |
172.0 (10.27) |
1.3 ± 0.10 |
Shrub |
Translucent |
4.28 ± 0.11 |
Ruta pinnata |
Rutaceae |
63.3 (3.78) |
3.06 ± 0.50 |
Shrub |
Orange |
5.08 ± 0.11 |
Scilla haemorrhoidalis |
Hyacinthaceae |
0.9 (0.06) |
4.8 ± 1.35 |
Geophyte |
Orange |
8.67 ± 1.21 |
Tamus edulis |
Dioscoreaceae |
5.6 (0.33) |
4.7 ± 0.29 |
Geophyte |
Reddish-Orange |
9.09 ± 0.13 |
Withania aristata |
Solanaceae |
74.8 (4.47) |
13.3 ± 0.99 |
Shrub |
Orange |
8.38 ± 0.18 |
Table A2. Model parameterization. Average values of the parameters used in the simulation model for each plant species (mean, median and range, in brackets). Cover = beneath canopies, Shr. = Shrubland, and Woodl. = Woodland.
Parameter |
Asparagus |
Bosea |
Canarina |
Heberdenia |
Jasminum |
Rhamnus |
Seeds dispersed |
||||||
Birds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shr., cover |
0.85, 1 (0-2) |
6.15, 6 (0-25) |
3.55, 0 (0-25) |
3.5, 4 (0-8) |
4.1, 4 (1-9) |
1, 1 (0-4) |
Shr., open |
0.35, 0 (0-2) |
0.45, 0 (0-3) |
0.15, 0 (0-1) |
1.05, 0.5 (0-3) |
0.6, 0.5 (0-2) |
0.15, 0 (0-1) |
Woodl., cover |
1.05, 1 (1-3) |
1.3, 1 (0-6) |
2.25, 0 (0-15) |
15.85, 16 (0-40) |
8.3, 7.5 (0-18) |
2.05, 2 (0-6) |
Woodl., open |
0.35, 0 (0-2) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
5.15, 2 (0-20) |
1.3, 1 (0-4) |
0.05, 0 (0-1) |
Lizards |
||||||
Shr., cover |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
4.35, 0 (0-23) |
0.1, 0 (0-1) |
0.6, 0 (0-3) |
0.5, 0 (0-1) |
Shr., open |
0.7, 1 (0-2) |
0.6, 0.5 (0-2) |
28.6, 27 (0-75) |
1.15, 1 (0-4) |
4.35, 4 (0-10) |
0.5, 0.5 (0-1) |
Woodl., cover |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.15, 0 (0-2) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.1, 0 (0-1) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Woodl., open |
0.2, 0 (0-1) |
0.2, 0 (0-1) |
15.8, 16.5 (0-44) |
0.6, 1 (0-2) |
2.8, 3 (0-6) |
0.2, 0 (0-1) |
Seed damage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Birds |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.025, 0 (0-0.1) |
0.03, 0 (0-0.2) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.06, 0 (0-0.2) |
Lizards |
0.39, 0.4 (0.1-0.8) |
0.09, 0.1 (0-0.3) |
0.01, 0 (0-0.1) |
0.05, 0.05 (0-0.1) |
0.065, 0.05 (0-0.2) |
0.11, 0.1 (0-0.4) |
Seedling emergence; effect of site |
||||||
Shr., cover |
0. 91, 0.93 (0.73-1) |
0.38, 0.34 (0.21-0.74) |
0.17, 0.16 (0-0.45) |
0.27, 0.24 (0-0.63) |
0.64, 0.61 (0.51-0.85) |
0.71, 0.73 (0.41-0.96) |
Shr., open |
0.53, 0.57 (0.2-0.8) |
0.11, 0.11 (0-0.32) |
0.45, 0.46 (0.05-0.73) |
0.09, 0.08 (0-0.21) |
0.56, 0.55 (0.42-0.78) |
0.52, 0.54 (0.22-0.78) |
Woodl., cover |
0.91, 0.93 (0.79-1) |
0.26, 0.25 (0-0.56) |
0.51, 0.5 (0.32-0.77) |
0.35, 0.37 (0-53) |
0.72, 0.70 (0.60-0.88) |
0.75, 0.79 (0.407-1) |
Woodl., open |
0.82, 0.79 (0.71-1) |
0.09, 0.08 (0-0.17) |
0.56, 0.57 (0.32-0.77) |
0.05, 0.05 (0-0.16) |
0.54, 0.55 (0.42-0.64) |
0.68, 0.74 (0.30-0.93) |
Seedling emergence; effect of ingestion |
||||||
Birds |
0.472 |
0.870 |
0.333 |
0.118 |
0.820 |
0.581 |
Lizards |
0.083 |
0.230 |
0.909 |
0.256 |
0.980 |
0.862 |
Seedling survival |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shr., cover |
0.17, 0.16 (0-0.5) |
0.051, 0 (0-0.15) |
- |
0.18, 0 (0-1) |
0.69, 0.67 (0.42-0.91) |
0.21, 0.18 (0-0.67) |
Shr., open |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
- |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.34, 0.33 (0-1) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Woodl., cover |
0.10, 0 (0-0.5) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
- |
0.29, 0.29 (0-0.5) |
0.58, 0.57 (0.24-0.85) |
0.08, 0 (0-0.5) |
Woodl., open |
0.05, 0 (0-0.27) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
- |
0.56, 0 (0-0.5) |
0.26, 0.13 (0-1) |
0.03, 0 (0-0.33) |
Table A2 cont'd.
Parameter |
Rubia |
Ruta |
Scilla |
Tamus |
Whitania |
Seeds dispersed |
|||||
Birds |
|
|
|
|
|
Shr., cover |
9.3, 12 (0-18) |
- |
- |
- |
0.45, 0 (0-2) |
Shr., open |
1, 1 (0-4) |
- |
- |
- |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Woodl., cover |
9.25, 8.5 (2-23) |
- |
- |
- |
0.35, 0 (0-2) |
Woodl., open |
1.4, 1 (0-4) |
- |
- |
- |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Lizards |
|||||
Shr., cover |
4.05, 4 (0-12) |
0.05, 0 (0-1) |
0.05, 0 (0-1) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.3, 0 (0-2) |
Shr., open |
19.2, 18 (3-44) |
1.3, 1 (0-3) |
1.25, 1 (0-4) |
0.95, 0.5 (0-3) |
2.2, 2 (0-6) |
Woodl., cover |
0.7, 1 (0-3) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Woodl., open |
12.6, 12 (0-31) |
0.6, 1 (0,2) |
0.65, 1 (0-2) |
0.4, 0 (0-1) |
1.55, 1.5 (0-4) |
Seed damage |
|||||
Birds |
0, 0 (0-0) |
- |
- |
- |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Lizards |
0.005, 0 (0-0.1) |
0.005, 0 (0-0.1) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
0.09, 0.1 (0-0.4) |
0.06, 0.1 (0-0.1) |
Seedling emergence; effect of site |
|||||
Shr., cover |
0.82, 0.85 (0.46-1) |
0.16, 0.16 (0-0.43) |
0.82, 0.83 (0.56-1) |
0.67, 0.73 (0.39-0.89) |
0.73, 0.67 (0.56-1) |
Shr., open |
0.46, 0.46 (0.23-0.77) |
0.34, 0.27 (0-0.79) |
0.51, 0.67 (0.11-0.89) |
0.18, 0.12 (0-0.5) |
0.64, 0.67 (0.39-0.82) |
Woodl., cover |
0.82, 0.84 (0.62-0.92) |
0.14, 0.14 (0-0.25) |
0.8, 0.89 (0.44-1) |
0.71, 0.73 (0.5-0.89) |
0.72, 0.75 (0.44-1) |
Woodl., open |
0.67, 0.73 (0.23-0.85) |
0.20, 0.21 (0.07-0.36) |
0.84, 0.89 (0.44-1) |
0.49, 0.40 (0.23-0.81) |
0.64, 0.64 (0.28-0.89) |
Seedling emergence; effect of ingestion |
|||||
Birds |
0.472 |
- |
- |
- |
0.495 |
Lizards |
0.807 |
0.952 |
0.441 |
0.935 |
0.885 |
Seedling survival |
|
|
|
|
|
Shr., cover |
0.20, 0.13 (0-0.6) |
0, 0 (0-0) |
- |
- |
0.09, 0 (0-0.5) |
Shr., open |
0.07, 0 (0-0.4) |
0.17, 0.07 (0-0.5) |
- |
- |
0.17, 0 (0-1) |
Woodl., cover |
0.50, 0.5 (0-1) |
- |
- |
- |
0, 0 (0-0) |
Woodl., open |
0.10, 0 (0-0.5) |
0.12, 0 (0-0.5) |
- |
- |
0, 0 (0-0) |