Ecological Archives E096-038-A1
Lee A. Fuiman, Tara L. Connelly, Susan K. Lowerre-Barbieri, and James W. McClelland. 2015. Egg boons: central components of marine fatty acid food webs. Ecology 96:362–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0571.1
Appendi × A. The data, data sources, and details of the methods used in the meta-analyses of fatty acid content, egg production, and egg mortality rates.
Fatty Acid Content
We conducted a meta-analysis of fatty acid content (mg ind-1) in marine organisms by assembling a data set from published values, supplemented with unpublished data provided by colleagues and our own measurements. Data that were included for animals were selected because they were representative of wild (not captive) samples. Data included for single celled organisms (phytoplankton and microzooplankton) were from cultures. When literature values were reported on a weight basis (e.g., mg g-1 dry mass), they were multiplied by body weight (from separate sources, if necessary) to obtain the content per individual for each of the three selected fatty acids (DHA, EPA, and ARA). Literature that reported individual fatty acids as a percentage of total fatty acids was not used. The final data set for fatty acid data content (Table A1) describes whole body content of DHA, EPA, and ARA for pelagic marine organisms, ranging from phytoplankton to fishes. A few records for demersal eggs of anadromous fishes were included for comparative purposes. In the data set, fatty acid content spanned 17 orders of magnitude for organisms that spanned 6 orders of magnitude in length, with fish eggs occupying the center of the size spectrum.
The fatty acid data set was used to generate empirical scaling relationships to determine whether EFA content of marine eggs was greater than that of other marine organisms of comparable size and how EFA content of marine eggs compares to that of other components of the marine food web. Length was used as the measure of organism size because of its demonstrated power for explaining processes ranging from physiological responses of individuals, to vital rates of populations, and trophic interactions (Miller et al. 1988, Andersen and Beyer 2006, Shin et al. 2010). Scaling relationships were obtained by fitting a log-transformed power function (log10 Y = a + b log10 X, where Y is whole-body fatty acid content, in mg individual-1 and X is organism length, in cm). These regressions excluded data for organisms bearing yolk or oil globules (eggs and yolked larvae). Regression statistics for the scaling relationships for the three essential fatty acids are shown in Table A2.
Fish egg production and mortality
Plankton surveys conducted in fish spawning areas worldwide are used to estimate the total number of eggs produced by fish populations and, from that, the size of spawning populations using approaches such as the daily egg production method, the annual egg production method, and the fecundity reduction method. These studies yield quantitative estimates of daily or annual egg production by a species within a geographic area, primarily for abundant, small bodied forage species, such as anchovies and sardines, but also larger, commercially exploited species, such as cod, plaice, and mackerel. In cases where an individual publication reported egg production for a single population over multiple years, a mean value was calculated for all years. When an individual publication reported egg production for multiple subregions, total egg production for all subregions was calculated.
Egg mortality rate is an important component of the calculations and it is also quantified from the plankton survey data as the decline in abundance of eggs with time. Egg mortality rate is most often expressed as a daily rate (Z, in units of d-1) or cumulative mortality rate over the entire egg stage (fertilization to hatching). In cases where an individual publication reported mortality rates for a single population over multiple years or for multiple subregions, a mean mortality rate was calculated for all years or all regions.
Raw data for egg production and egg mortality rates of fish populations are provided in Table A3. The summary of these data (Fig. 2) demonstrates the superabundance of eggs produced by pelagic spawners. Median egg production by individual fish populations is commonly about 1012 eggs per day and 1013 eggs per year. Median egg mortality rate is 33% per day and about 88% between fertilization and hatching.
Table A1. Whole-body content of three essential fatty acids in marine organisms derived from published values or original data.
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|
|
|
Fatty acid content (mg ind-1) |
|
||
Group |
Taxon |
Species |
Size cm |
DHA |
EPA |
ARA |
Source |
Stages bearing yolk or oil globules |
|||||||
zooplankton eggs |
Copepoda |
Calanus finmarchicus |
1.47 × 10-02 |
3.50 × 10-06 |
4.50 × 10-06 |
Mayor et al. 2009a |
|
Calanus helgolandicus |
9.00 × 10-03 |
1.02 × 10-05 |
8.90 × 10-06 |
2.00 × 10-07 |
Pond et al. 1996 |
||
macrocrustacean larvae |
Decapoda |
Paralithodes platypus |
1.37 × 10-01 |
9.40 × 10-04 |
1.46 × 10-03 |
1.40 × 10-04 |
Copeman et al. 2014 |
fish eggs |
Osteichthyes |
Centropomis undecimalis |
7.50 × 10-02 |
4.23 × 10-04 |
9.96 × 10-05 |
1.77 × 10-04 |
M. Resley and K. Main unpublished data |
7.50 × 10-02 |
5.53 × 10-04 |
8.82 × 10-05 |
2.09 × 10-04 |
M. Resley and K. Main unpublished data |
|||
Gadus macrocephalus |
1.00 × 10-01 |
1.69 × 10-03 |
1.12 × 10-03 |
1.40 × 10-04 |
Laurel et al. 2010 |
||
Gadus morhua |
1.40 × 10-01 |
2.48 × 10-03 |
1.40 × 10-03 |
2.70 × 10-04 |
Salze et al. 2005, Ouellet 2001 |
||
1.50 × 10-01 |
2.44 × 10-03 |
1.38 × 10-03 |
1.80 × 10-04 |
Laurel et al. 2010 |
|||
Morone saxatilis |
1.18 × 10-01 |
1.64 × 10-02 |
1.02 × 10-02 |
1.47 × 10-03 |
Harrell and Woods 1995 |
||
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha |
7.08 × 10-01 |
7.30 × 10+00 |
5.85 × 10+00 |
4.91 × 10-01 |
Ashton et al. 1993 |
||
7.74 × 10-01 |
7.49 × 10+00 |
6.33 × 10+00 |
4.29 × 10-01 |
Ashton et al. 1993 |
|||
Sarda sarda |
9.40 × 10-02 |
1.61 × 10-03 |
5.93 × 10-04 |
7.77 × 10-05 |
Ortega and Mourente 2010 |
||
Sciaenops ocellatus |
9.50 × 10-02 |
8.68 × 10-04 |
3.12 × 10-04 |
2.64 × 10-04 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Scophthalmus maximus |
1.09 × 10-01 |
1.54 × 10-03 |
5.04 × 10-04 |
1.94 × 10-04 |
Silversand et al. 1996 |
||
Solea solea |
1.30 × 10-01 |
2.45 × 10-03 |
3.58 × 10-04 |
2.41 × 10-04 |
Lund et al. 2008 |
||
Thunnus thynnus |
9.80 × 10-02 |
2.93 × 10-03 |
7.87 × 10-04 |
1.59 × 10-04 |
Ortega and Mourente 2010 |
||
Trachinotus carolinus |
9.90 × 10-02 |
1.18 × 10-03 |
1.98 × 10-04 |
2.25 × 10-04 |
M. Resley and K. Main unpublished data |
||
Stages lacking yolk and oil globules |
|||||||
phytoplankton |
Bacillariophyceae |
Asterionella glacialis |
7.00 × 10-03 |
1.36 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Chaetoceros affinis |
2.00 × 10-03 |
1.07 × 10-11 |
6.42 × 10-11 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Chaetoceros calcitrans |
2.12 × 10-04 |
5.92 × 10-12 |
8.21 × 10-11 |
4.22 × 10-11 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Chaetoceros gracilis |
4.17 × 10-04 |
8.05 × 10-12 |
1.15 × 10-10 |
1.23 × 10-10 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Nitzschia closterium |
4.80 × 10-04 |
2.45 × 10-10 |
3.35 × 10-10 |
1.81 × 10-10 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
3.00 × 10-04 |
2.56 × 10-11 |
4.00 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Skeletonema costatum |
6.65 × 10-04 |
3.00 × 10-11 |
9.00 × 10-11 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Thallasiosira pseudonana |
3.94 × 10-04 |
3.90 × 10-11 |
1.93 × 10-10 |
3.00 × 10-12 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Thallasiosira weissflogii |
1.22 × 10-03 |
8.20 × 10-13 |
4.80 × 10-12 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Chen et al. 2012 |
||
1.50 × 10-03 |
1.00 × 10-11 |
3.80 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|||
Chlorophyceae |
Dunaliella bioculata |
6.70 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Dunaliella minuta |
7.70 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
1.53 × 10-11 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Dunaliella primolecta |
8.70 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
4.81 × 10-11 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Dunaliella sp. |
6.70 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Chen et al. 2012 |
||
Dunaliella tertiolecta |
3.81 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Nannochloris atomus |
4.78 × 10-04 |
4.00 × 10-14 |
1.31 × 10-11 |
2.05 × 10-12 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Nannochloris sp. |
2.00 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
2.20 × 10-10 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Cryptophyceae |
Chroomonas fragarioides |
9.00 × 10-04 |
4.46 × 10-10 |
9.12 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Chroomonas salina |
8.66 × 10-04 |
4.36 × 10-10 |
9.12 × 10-10 |
7.60 × 10-11 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Rhodomonas baltica |
1.00 × 10-03 |
1.87 × 10-10 |
1.87 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Rhodomonas sp. |
7.10 × 10-04 |
3.90 × 10-13 |
8.10 × 10-13 |
4.00 × 10-14 |
Chen et al. 2012 |
||
Dinophyceae |
Amphidinium sp. |
2.00 × 10-03 |
2.61 × 10-09 |
1.20 × 10-09 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Procentrum micans |
6.00 × 10-03 |
3.06 × 10-09 |
1.09 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Prorocentrum dentatum |
1.21 × 10-03 |
7.41 × 10-12 |
5.90 × 10-13 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Chen et al. 2012 |
||
Scrippsiella trochoidea |
2.50 × 10-03 |
7.88 × 10-09 |
1.88 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Prasinophyceae |
Tetraselmis marina |
1.20 × 10-03 |
5.39 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Tetraselmis suecica |
4.15 × 10-04 |
2.64 × 10-11 |
1.39 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
1.07 × 10-03 |
3.60 × 10-13 |
1.73 × 10-10 |
6.48 × 10-11 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
|||
Prymnesiophyceae |
Chrysotila lamellosa |
4.50 × 10-04 |
1.00 × 10-11 |
6.00 × 10-12 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Chrysotila stipitata |
7.78 × 10-04 |
4.50 × 10-12 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Emiliania huxleyi |
7.00 × 10-04 |
1.38 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Hymenomonas elongata |
6.25 × 10-04 |
6.00 × 10-11 |
6.50 × 10-11 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Isochrysis sp. |
4.60 × 10-04 |
9.96 × 10-11 |
2.40 × 10-12 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Pavlova lutheri |
5.58 × 10-04 |
3.01 × 10-10 |
6.30 × 10-10 |
3.20 × 10-13 |
Volkman et al. 1989 |
||
Pavlova pinguis |
4.50 × 10-04 |
5.20 × 10-12 |
8.06 × 10-11 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
||
Raphidophyceae |
Heterosigma akashiwo |
2.60 × 10-03 |
3.84 × 10-10 |
4.60 × 10-09 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Rhodophyceae |
Porphyridium cruentum |
7.00 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
2.66 × 10-10 |
7.97 × 10-10 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
Xanthophyceae |
Heterothrix sp. |
9.00 × 10-04 |
7.10 × 10-12 |
2.91 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Viso and Marty 1993 |
|
microzooplankton |
Ciliata |
Strombidium sulcatum |
2.48 × 10-03 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Chen et al. 2012 |
Uronema sp. |
1.20 × 10-03 |
7.12 × 10-10 |
6.71 × 10-10 |
2.33 × 10-10 |
Chu et al. 2009 |
||
Dinophyceae |
Luciella mosanensis |
1.26 × 10-03 |
4.45 × 10-10 |
2.88 × 10-11 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Chu et al. 2009 |
|
Pfiesteria piscicida |
3.00 × 10-03 |
2.86 × 10-09 |
2.17 × 10-10 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Chu et al. 2009 |
||
zooplankton |
Cladocera |
Evadne nordmanni |
1.00 × 10-01 |
8.31 × 10-05 |
8.64 × 10-05 |
2.70 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
1.00 × 10-01 |
7.00 × 10-05 |
1.10 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Gonçalves et al. 2012 |
|||
Podon sp. |
6.00 × 10-02 |
7.65 × 10-05 |
1.12 × 10-04 |
3.30 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
Copepoda |
Acartia clausi |
1.20 × 10-01 |
1.78 × 10-04 |
6.88 × 10-05 |
2.40 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
|
1.20 × 10-01 |
6.00 × 10-05 |
6.00 × 10-05 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Gonçalves et al. 2012 |
|||
Acartia tonsa |
1.50 × 10-01 |
5.10 × 10-04 |
5.10 × 10-04 |
3.00 × 10-05 |
Gonçalves et al. 2012 |
||
1.50 × 10-01 |
6.25 × 10-03 |
1.30 × 10-02 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Hazzard and Kleppel 2003 |
|||
Calanus finmarchicus |
3.00 × 10-01 |
1.30 × 10-03 |
1.05 × 10-03 |
Mayor et al. 2009b |
|||
Calanus helgolandicus |
3.20 × 10-01 |
2.12 × 10-03 |
1.40 × 10-03 |
4.50 × 10-05 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
Centropages hamatus |
1.30 × 10-01 |
4.00 × 10-04 |
1.23 × 10-04 |
2.80 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
Centropages typicus |
1.80 × 10-01 |
7.29 × 10-04 |
1.94 × 10-04 |
5.20 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
1.80 × 10-01 |
3.63 × 10-03 |
2.14 × 10-03 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Gonçalves et al. 2012 |
|||
Eurytemora velox |
1.20 × 10-01 |
1.10 × 10-04 |
8.00 × 10-05 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Gonçalves et al. 2012 |
||
Paracalanus parvus |
1.00 × 10-01 |
1.46 × 10-04 |
4.92 × 10-05 |
1.80 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
Pseudocalanus sp. |
2.10 × 10-01 |
2.94 × 10-04 |
3.55 × 10-04 |
3.90 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
Temora longicornis |
1.50 × 10-01 |
2.92 × 10-04 |
1.28 × 10-04 |
3.60 × 10-06 |
Tiselius et al. 2012 |
||
1.50 × 10-01 |
1.60 × 10-04 |
1.00 × 10-04 |
0.00 × 10+00 |
Gonçalves et al. 2012 |
|||
macrocrustaceans |
Decapoda |
Callinectes sapidus |
1.35 × 10+01 |
4.67 × 10+01 |
5.74 × 10+01 |
2.88 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
Callinectes sapidus ♀ |
1.35 × 10+01 |
2.02 × 10+01 |
2.53 × 10+01 |
1.48 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Callinectes sapidus gravid ♀ |
1.35 × 10+01 |
7.02 × 10+01 |
6.68 × 10+01 |
2.92 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Callinectes similis ♀ |
6.95 × 10+00 |
1.52 × 10+01 |
1.86 × 10+01 |
1.09 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Callinectes similis ♂ |
4.04 × 10+00 |
2.48 × 10+00 |
4.14 × 10+00 |
1.12 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Farfantepenaeus aztecus |
1.25 × 10+01 |
1.19 × 10+01 |
1.15 × 10+01 |
5.04 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Litopenaeus setiferus |
1.25 × 10+01 |
9.89 × 10+00 |
1.33 × 10+01 |
7.10 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Panulirus cygnus |
1.50 × 10+00 |
1.18 × 10-01 |
7.88 × 10-02 |
Saunders et al. 2012 |
|||
1.60 × 10+00 |
1.73 × 10-01 |
1.13 × 10-01 |
1.95 × 10-02 |
Wang 2013 |
|||
1.60 × 10+00 |
3.03 × 10-01 |
1.82 × 10-01 |
2.93 × 10-02 |
Wang 2013 |
|||
1.80 × 10+00 |
2.99 × 10-01 |
1.82 × 10-01 |
3.14 × 10-02 |
Wang 2013 |
|||
1.80 × 10+00 |
2.92 × 10-01 |
1.71 × 10-01 |
2.71 × 10-02 |
Wang 2013 |
|||
2.10 × 10+00 |
2.76 × 10-01 |
1.77 × 10-01 |
3.34 × 10-02 |
Wang 2013 |
|||
2.10 × 10+00 |
4.56 × 10-01 |
2.69 × 10-01 |
4.60 × 10-02 |
Wang 2013 |
|||
Euphausiacea |
Euphausia superba |
3.00 × 10+00 |
2.85 × 10+00 |
2.31 × 10+01 |
1.90 × 10+00 |
Cripps et al. 1999 |
|
3.64 × 10+00 |
3.37 × 10+00 |
3.08 × 10+01 |
1.60 × 10+00 |
Cripps et al. 1999 |
|||
4.16 × 10+00 |
7.12 × 10+00 |
5.38 × 10+01 |
2.73 × 10+00 |
Cripps et al. 1999 |
|||
cephalopods |
Octopoda |
Octopus vulgaris |
9.40 × 10-01 |
1.90 × 10-01 |
1.21 × 10-01 |
3.09 × 10-02 |
Navarro and Villanueva 2003 |
2.27 × 10+00 |
1.72 × 10+00 |
1.21 × 10+00 |
6.64 × 10-01 |
Navarro and Villanueva 2003 |
|||
3.07 × 10+00 |
3.30 × 10+00 |
2.38 × 10+00 |
8.20 × 10-01 |
Navarro and Villanueva 2003 |
|||
Teuthida |
Loligo opalescens |
2.38 × 10+01 |
1.44 × 10+02 |
6.55 × 10+01 |
7.30 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
|
fishes |
Osteichthyes |
Brevoortia patronus |
1.28 × 10+01 |
2.13 × 10+01 |
8.57 × 10+00 |
2.69 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
Champsocephalus gunnari |
3.12 × 10+01 |
4.77 × 10+02 |
7.35 × 10+02 |
4.01 × 10+01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
Chloroscombrus chrysurus |
8.30 × 10+00 |
1.15 × 10+01 |
4.10 × 10+00 |
1.67 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Electrona carlsbergi |
9.00 × 10+00 |
1.46 × 10+02 |
1.58 × 10+02 |
1.24 × 10+01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
Electrona subaspera |
7.20 × 10+00 |
6.38 × 10+01 |
4.93 × 10+01 |
2.90 × 10+00 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
Gadus macrocephalus |
5.20 × 10-01 |
1.47 × 10-03 |
9.60 × 10-04 |
1.40 × 10-04 |
Laurel et al. 2010 |
||
Gadus morhua |
4.50 × 10-01 |
1.62 × 10-03 |
8.10 × 10-04 |
5.00 × 10-05 |
Laurel et al. 2010 |
||
Gymnoscopelus fraseri |
5.10 × 10+00 |
7.38 × 10+00 |
3.53 × 10+00 |
3.24 × 10-01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
7.20 × 10+00 |
4.49 × 10+01 |
4.39 × 10+01 |
2.55 × 10+00 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
|||
Gymnoscopelus nicholsi |
1.23 × 10+01 |
2.33 × 10+02 |
2.83 × 10+02 |
1.69 × 10+01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
Gymnoscopelus piabilis |
1.04 × 10+01 |
8.64 × 10+01 |
7.28 × 10+01 |
6.24 × 10+00 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
Harengula jaguana |
6.60 × 10+00 |
8.65 × 10+00 |
3.27 × 10+00 |
1.06 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
1.41 × 10+01 |
6.15 × 10+01 |
4.83 × 10+01 |
8.70 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
|||
Lagodon rhomboides |
1.04 × 10+01 |
1.80 × 10+01 |
9.76 × 10+00 |
1.39 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Limanda ferruginea |
3.00 × 10-01 |
3.50 × 10-04 |
2.30 × 10-04 |
4.00 × 10-05 |
Copeman et al. 2002 |
||
Micropogonias undulatus |
1.46 × 10+01 |
5.52 × 10+01 |
4.68 × 10+01 |
3.70 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Mugil cephalus |
2.58 × 10+01 |
4.01 × 10+02 |
8.09 × 10+02 |
1.46 × 10+02 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Mugil curema |
1.28 × 10+01 |
4.13 × 10+01 |
9.16 × 10+01 |
2.66 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Opisthonema oglinum |
7.50 × 10+00 |
7.58 × 10+00 |
2.44 × 10+00 |
6.80 × 10-01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
1.77 × 10+01 |
1.94 × 10+02 |
5.64 × 10+01 |
3.13 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
|||
Orthopristis chrysoptera |
1.15 × 10+01 |
1.73 × 10+01 |
1.06 × 10+01 |
8.79 × 10+00 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Protomyctophum tenisoni |
4.10 × 10+00 |
6.66 × 10+00 |
4.31 × 10+00 |
2.73 × 10-01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
4.90 × 10+00 |
1.38 × 10+01 |
6.99 × 10+00 |
5.10 × 10-01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
|||
Sardinella aurita |
1.97 × 10+01 |
1.91 × 10+02 |
6.63 × 10+01 |
2.81 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Scomber scombrus |
3.19 × 10+01 |
2.28 × 10+03 |
7.36 × 10+02 |
4.04 × 10+02 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
Protomyctophum tenisoni |
4.10 × 10+00 |
6.66 × 10+00 |
4.31 × 10+00 |
2.73 × 10-01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
||
4.90 × 10+00 |
1.38 × 10+01 |
6.99 × 10+00 |
5.10 × 10-01 |
Lea et al. 2002 |
|||
Sardinella aurita |
1.97 × 10+01 |
1.91 × 10+02 |
6.63 × 10+01 |
2.81 × 10+01 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
||
|
|
Scomber scombrus |
3.19 × 10+01 |
2.28 × 10+03 |
7.36 × 10+02 |
4.04 × 10+02 |
L.A. Fuiman unpublished data |
Table A2. Regression statistics for scaling relationships for three essential fatty acids. Data were fitted to a log-transformed power function (log10 Y = a + b log10 X, where Y is whole-body fatty acid content and X is organism length). Regressions use data in Table A1, e × cluding yolk-bearing stages (eggs and early larvae) of zooplankton and fishes and are depicted in Fig. 1.
Fatty acid |
a |
b |
95% confidence interval for b |
n |
Adjusted R² |
P |
DHA |
-1.29 |
2.84 |
2.76 – 2.91 |
91 |
0.985 |
< 0.001 |
EPA |
-1.37 |
2.76 |
2.67 – 2.86 |
94 |
0.974 |
< 0.001 |
ARA |
-2.05 |
2.66 |
2.52 – 2.75 |
67 |
0.970 |
< 0.001 |
Table A3. Egg production and egg mortality rate for fish populations with planktonic eggs. Egg production is the estimated number of eggs produced by the sampled population per day (daily) or per year (annual). Mortality rate is the instantaneous rate (Z) per day (daily) or from fertilization until hatching (cumulative).
Egg production |
Mortality rate |
||||||
Family |
Species |
Daily |
Annual |
Daily |
Cumulative |
Source |
|
Clupeidae |
Etrumeus sadina |
2.45 × 10+11 |
6.29 × 10+13 |
5.52 × 10-01 |
1.10 × 10+00 |
Houde 1977 |
|
Harengula jaguana |
2.98 × 10+11 |
4.87 × 10+13 |
2.60 × 10+00 |
2.10 × 10+00 |
Houde 1977 |
||
Opisthonema oglinum |
3.28 × 10+11 |
5.24 × 10+13 |
4.39 × 10-01 |
3.68 × 10-01 |
Houde 1977 |
||
Sardina pilchardus |
6.90 × 10+12 |
Bernal et al. 2011 |
|||||
4.79 × 10+12 |
ICES 2004 |
||||||
Sardinella brasiliensis |
1.50 × 10+12 |
Matsuura 1998 |
|||||
Sardinops melanostictus |
7.95 × 10+13 |
Ishida 2006 |
|||||
4.89 × 10+13 |
5.00 × 10-01 |
Tanaka 1974 |
|||||
2.08 × 10+14 |
3.35 × 10+00 |
Nakai and Hattori 1962 |
|||||
Sardinops sagax |
1.28 × 10+12 |
1.20 × 10-01 |
4.50 × 10-01 |
Lo et al. 1996 |
|||
2.12 × 10+00 |
Smith et al. 1989 |
||||||
3.10 × 10-01 |
9.30 × 10-01 |
Smith 1973 |
|||||
2.82 × 10+12 |
van der Lingen et al. 2001 |
||||||
Sprattus sprattus |
6.10 × 10+11 |
Kraus and Koster 2004 |
|||||
3.16 × 10-01 |
Voss et al. 2011 |
||||||
Engraulidae |
Anchoa mitchilli |
6.90 × 10-01 |
6.90 × 10-01 |
Houde 1987 |
|||
1.48 × 10+00 |
Purcell et al. 1994 |
||||||
Encrasicholina devisi |
9.50 × 10+06 |
Milton et al. 1995 |
|||||
Encrasicholina heterolobus |
9.75 × 10+06 |
Milton et al. 1995 |
|||||
Encrasicholina purpurea |
1.68 × 10+08 |
Somerton et al. 1993 |
|||||
Engraulis anchoita |
1.86 × 10+13 |
8.68 × 10-01 |
Krautz et al. 2007 |
||||
3.16 × 10+15 |
2.30 × 10+00 |
Ciechomski and Capezzani 1973 |
|||||
2.76 × 10-01 |
Pajáro et al. 2007 |
||||||
Engraulis capensis |
4.33 × 10+13 |
1.74 × 10-01 |
Armstrong et al. 1988 |
||||
3.98 × 10+13 |
1.97 × 10-01 |
3.93 × 10-01 |
Shelton et al. 1993 |
||||
2.27 × 10+13 |
van der Lingen et al. 2001 |
||||||
Engraulis encrasicolus |
1.12 × 10+00 |
2.81 × 10+00 |
Dahlberg 1979 |
||||
1.24 × 10+12 |
7.45 × 10-01 |
Garcia and Palomera 1996 |
|||||
4.63 × 10+11 |
5.65 × 10-01 |
1.13 × 10+00 |
Palomera and Pertierra 1993 |
||||
Santiago and Sanz 1992 |
|||||||
1.33 × 10+12 |
3.97 × 10-01 |
Somarakis et al. 2012 |
|||||
1.12 × 10+11 |
5.27 × 10-01 |
Somarakis et al. 2002 |
|||||
Engraulis encrasicolus |
3.77 × 10+12 |
ICES 2004 |
|||||
2.34 × 10+12 |
ICES 2004 |
||||||
3.94 × 10+13 |
Palomera 1992 |
||||||
Engraulis japonicus |
3.57 × 10-01 |
Hayasi 1966 |
|||||
5.32 × 10+12 |
6.57 × 10-01 |
2.05 × 10+00 |
Kim and Lo 2001 |
||||
2.31 × 10+13 |
1.11 × 10+00 |
3.41 × 10+00 |
Kim and Lo 2001 |
||||
5.77 × 10+14 |
Kono and Zenitani 2008 |
||||||
Engraulis mordax |
1.80 × 10+13 |
2.40 × 10-01 |
Fiedler et al. 1986 |
||||
1.82 × 10+13 |
Picquelle and Stauffer 1985 |
||||||
1.70 × 10+13 |
2.90 × 10-01 |
2.50 × 10+00 |
Bindman 1986 |
||||
7.49 × 10+12 |
3.50 × 10-01 |
CoteroAltamirano and GreenRuiz 1997 |
|||||
1.81 × 10+13 |
Hewitt 1985 |
||||||
Engraulis ringens |
3.86 × 10-01 |
Alheit 1987 |
|||||
6.74 × 10-01 |
Braun et al. 2004 in Krautz et al. 2007 |
||||||
9.10 × 10-01 |
Santander et al. 1983 |
||||||
1.12 × 10+00 |
Smith et al. 1989 |
||||||
Spratteloides delicatulus |
2.93 × 10+07 |
Milton et al. 1995 |
|||||
Spratteloides lewisi |
1.68 × 10+08 |
Milton et al. 1995 |
|||||
Gadidae |
Gadus morhua |
3.60 × 10+12 |
2.49 × 10-01 |
Armstrong et al. 2001 |
|||
1.33 × 10+14 |
Bondarenko et al. 2003 |
||||||
4.67 × 10+12 |
Daan 1981 |
||||||
3.70 × 10+13 |
Daan et al. 1985 |
||||||
2.50 × 10+11 |
1.10 × 10-01 |
Fossum 1988 |
|||||
1.50 × 10+13 |
Sundby and Bratland 1987 |
||||||
9.85 × 10+12 |
3.18 × 10+00 |
Heessen and Rijnsdorp 1989 |
|||||
5.00 × 10-02 |
7.00 × 10-01 |
Houde 1987 |
|||||
6.08 × 10+11 |
2.42 × 10+13 |
Kraus et al. 2012 |
|||||
1.55 × 10+12 |
Maxwell et al. 2012 |
||||||
1.39 × 10-01 |
Mountain et al. 2003 |
||||||
2.40 × 10-01 |
Voss et al. 2011 |
||||||
Melanogrammus aeglefinus |
5.58 × 10+12 |
Blanchard et al. 2003 |
|||||
3.25 × 10+13 |
Bondarenko et al. 2003 |
||||||
1.27 × 10+13 |
3.80 × 10-01 |
Koslow et al. 1985 |
|||||
2.50 × 10+12 |
Maxwell et al. 2012 |
||||||
1.22 × 10-01 |
Mountain et al. 2003 |
||||||
1.00 × 10-01 |
Saville 1956 |
||||||
Merluccius merluccius |
1.36 × 10+12 |
3.80 × 10-01 |
Murua et al. 2010 |
||||
Theragra chalcogramma |
6.90 × 10+14 |
4.00 × 10-01 |
Kim and Gunderson 1989 |
||||
Haemulidae |
Haemulon flavolineatum |
2.00 × 10-01 |
2.00 × 10-01 |
Houde 1987 |
|||
Labridae |
Tautogolabrus adspersus |
3.00 × 10+00 |
Williams et al. 1973 |
||||
Merlucciidae |
Macruronus novaezelandiae |
6.85 × 10+12 |
Zeldis et al. 1998 |
||||
Percichthyidae |
Morone saxatilis |
1.00 × 10-01 |
2.00 × 10-01 |
Houde 1987 |
|||
2.35 × 10+00 |
4.71 × 10+00 |
Polgar 1977 in Dahlberg 1979 |
|||||
2.90 × 10+00 |
5.80 × 10+00 |
Polgar 1977 in Dahlberg 1979 |
|||||
9.21 × 10-01 |
2.30 × 10+00 |
Portner 1975 in Dahlberg 1979 |
|||||
1.02 × 10+00 |
2.30 × 10+00 |
Swartzman et al. 1977 in Dahlberg 1979 |
|||||
Pleuronectidae |
Microstomus pacificus |
2.98 × 10+09 |
6.30 × 10-01 |
2.16 × 10+00 |
Lo et al. 1993 |
||
Pleuronectes platessa |
1.73 × 10+12 |
1.87 × 10-01 |
Armstrong et al. 2001 |
||||
4.48 × 10+12 |
7.46 × 10-02 |
Harding et al. 1978 |
|||||
4.05 × 10+12 |
1.28 × 10-01 |
Harding et al. 1978 |
|||||
3.36 × 10+10 |
1.24 × 10-01 |
3.22 × 10+00 |
Coombs et al. 1990 |
||||
3.70 × 10+13 |
Daan et al. 1985 |
||||||
1.87 × 10+13 |
2.10 × 10+00 |
Heessen and Rijnsdorp 1989 |
|||||
1.71 × 10+12 |
Maxwell et al. 2012 |
||||||
4.06 × 10+12 |
7.30 × 10-02 |
1.18 × 10+00 |
Harding and Talbot 1973 |
||||
1.40 × 10+13 |
9.60 × 10-02 |
van der Land 1991 |
|||||
3.39 × 10+12 |
7.28 × 10-02 |
Bannister et al. 1974 |
|||||
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides |
2.17 × 10+11 |
Bondarenko et al. 2003 |
|||||
Scombridae |
Scomber japonicus |
3.02 × 10+11 |
Watanabe et al. 1999 |
||||
5.00 × 10+14 |
Tanaka 1974 |
||||||
Scomber scombrus |
3.03 × 10+14 |
Berrien et al. 1981 |
|||||
1.98 × 10+15 |
Lockwood et al. 1981 |
||||||
1.23 × 10+00 |
Portilla et al. 2007 |
||||||
2.22 × 10+13 |
1.50 × 10+15 |
Priede and Watson 1993 |
|||||
6.40 × 10+13 |
1.34 × 10-01 |
1.20 × 10+00 |
Sette 1943 |
||||
1.04 × 10-01 |
Thompson 1989 |
||||||
1.69 × 10+14 |
Solá et al. 1998 |
||||||
5.28 × 10-01 |
Ware and Lambert 1985 |
||||||
6.00 × 10+14 |
Lockwood 1988 |
||||||
1.37 × 10+15 |
Lockwood 1988 |
||||||
3.60 × 10+13 |
Lockwood 1988 |
||||||
1.43 × 10+00 |
1.57 × 10+00 |
Dekhnik 1964 in Dahlberg 1979 |
|||||
Trachurus symmetricus |
6.66 × 10+14 |
8.45 × 10-01 |
3.04 × 10+00 |
Farris 1961 |
|||
Trachurus trachurus |
1.75 × 10+14 |
Solá et al. 1998 |
|||||
1.42 × 10+15 |
Lockwood 1988 |
||||||
Soleidae |
Solea solea |
2.77 × 10+12 |
3.90 × 10-01 |
Armstrong et al. 2001 |
|||
5.45 × 10-01 |
3.13 × 10+00 |
Riley 1974 |
|||||
1.05 × 10+00 |
7.60 × 10+00 |
Riley 1974 |
|||||
2.84 × 10+13 |
4.95 × 10-01 |
3.85 × 10+00 |
van der Land 1991 |
||||
Sparidae |
Pagrus auratus |
2.99 × 10+09 |
1.86 × 10+00 |
2.19 × 10+00 |
Jackson and Cheng 2001 |
||
4.50 × 10+11 |
7.10 × 10-01 |
1.42 × 10+00 |
Zeldis and Francis 1998 |
||||
Sternoptychidae |
Maurolicus muelleri |
1.84 × 10+12 |
Okiyama 1981 |
||||
Trachichthyidae |
Hoplostethus atlanticus |
1.07 × 10+10 |
3.75 × 10+11 |
Koslow et al. 1995 |
|||
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