Ecological Archives E096-022-A1
Nina Sletvold, Kim K. Moritz, and Jon Ågren. 2015. Additive effects of pollinators and herbivores result in both conflicting and reinforcing selection on floral traits. Ecology 96:214–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0119.1
Appendix A. Table of trait means ± SD (Table A1) and phenotypic linear selection gradients (± SE) (Table A2) for all four treatment groups in the Gymnadenia conopsea population at Sølendet.
Table A1. Trait means ± SD for open-pollinated control plants with natural herbivory (C+H) and with herbivores excluded (C+E), and for plants receiving supplemental hand-pollination with natural herbivory (HP+H), and with herbivores excluded (HP+E) in the Gymnadenia conopsea population at Sølendet.
Trait |
C+H |
C+E |
HP+H |
HP+E |
Plant height (cm) |
24.3 ± 3.8 |
23.7 ± 3.8 |
23.7 ± 3.7 |
24.0 ± 3.9 |
No. flowers |
25.7 ± 7.6 |
26.1 ± 7.1 |
25.5 ± 7.1 |
25.9 ± 7.4 |
Corolla size (mm2) |
112.5 ± 19.8 |
112.9 ± 20.1 |
109.2 ± 20.1 |
111.9 ± 20.3 |
Spur length (mm) |
12.4 ± 1.4 |
11.9 ± 1.4 |
12.3 ± 1.3 |
12.3 ± 1.5 |
Flowering start (DOY) |
199.3 ± 3.2 |
199.0 ± 3.8 |
199.1 ± 3.2 |
198.6 ± 3.2 |
Fruit set |
0.85 ± 0.18 |
0.86 ± 0.18 |
0.95 ± 0.07 |
0.96 ± 0.05 |
No. fruits |
19.1 ± 11.1 |
22.4 ± 9.1 |
21.2 ± 10.6 |
24.8 ± 7.4 |
Fruit mass (mg) |
5.34 ± 1.97 |
5.19 ± 1.80 |
6.55 ± 1.90 |
6.74 ± 1.78 |
Female fitness |
108.7 ± 90.3 |
121.8 ± 75.7 |
141.8 ± 91.5 |
172.1 ± 84.3 |
Table A2. Phenotypic linear selection gradients (± SE) for plant height, number of flowers, corolla size, spur length and flowering start (day of the year) in the four treatments (open-pollinated control plants with natural herbivory [C+H] and with herbivores excluded [C+E], and plants receiving supplemental hand-pollination with natural herbivory [HP+H], and with herbivores excluded [HP+E]) in the Gymnadenia conopsea population at Sølendet. The strength of pollinator-mediated selection (Δβpoll = βC – βHP) was quantified in the presence (Δβpoll-H) and in the absence of herbivory (Δβpoll-E), respectively. The strength of herbivore-mediated selection (Δβherb = βH– βE) was quantified in the presence (Δβherb-C) and in the absence of pollen limitation (Δβherb-HP), respectively.
Treatment |
Plant height |
No. flowers |
Corolla size |
Spur length |
Flowering start |
C+H |
0.087 ± 0.060 |
0.44 ± 0.061*** |
0.055 ± 0.058 |
0.18 ± 0.057** |
-0.0042 ± 0.054 |
C+E |
0.087 ± 0.041* |
0.41 ± 0.041*** |
0.067 ± 0.035(*) |
0.077 ± 0.035* |
0.094 ± 0.031** |
HP+H |
0.013 ± 0.060 |
0.34 ± 0.061*** |
-0.023± 0.057 |
0.083 ± 0.053 |
-0.16 ± 0.056** |
HP+E |
0.024 ± 0.030 |
0.37 ± 0.031*** |
0.032 ± 0.030 |
-0.042 ± 0.029 |
-0.066 ± 0.028* |
Δβpoll-H |
0.074 |
0.10 |
0.078 |
0.10 |
0.16 |
Δβpoll-E |
0.063 |
0.040 |
0.035 |
0.12 |
0.16 |
Δβherb-C |
0.00 |
0.030 |
-0.012 |
0.10 |
-0.098 |
Δβherb-HP |
-0.011 |
-0.030 |
-0.055 |
0.13 |
-0.094 |
*** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, (*) P = 0.057