Ecological Archives E096-022-A1

Nina Sletvold, Kim K. Moritz, and Jon Ågren. 2015. Additive effects of pollinators and herbivores result in both conflicting and reinforcing selection on floral traits. Ecology 96:214–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0119.1

Appendix A. Table of trait means ± SD (Table A1) and phenotypic linear selection gradients (± SE) (Table A2) for all four treatment groups in the Gymnadenia conopsea population at Sølendet.

Table A1. Trait means ± SD for open-pollinated control plants with natural herbivory (C+H) and with herbivores excluded (C+E), and for plants receiving supplemental hand-pollination with natural herbivory (HP+H), and with herbivores excluded (HP+E) in the Gymnadenia conopsea population at Sølendet.

Trait

C+H
n = 146

C+E
n = 112

HP+H
n = 117

HP+E
n = 110

Plant height (cm)

24.3 ± 3.8

23.7 ± 3.8

23.7 ± 3.7

24.0 ± 3.9

No. flowers

25.7 ± 7.6

26.1 ± 7.1

25.5 ± 7.1

25.9 ± 7.4

Corolla size (mm2)

112.5 ± 19.8

112.9 ± 20.1

109.2 ± 20.1

111.9 ± 20.3

Spur length (mm)

12.4 ± 1.4

11.9 ± 1.4

12.3 ± 1.3

12.3 ± 1.5

Flowering start (DOY)

199.3 ± 3.2

199.0 ± 3.8

199.1 ± 3.2

198.6 ± 3.2

Fruit set

0.85 ± 0.18

0.86 ± 0.18

0.95 ± 0.07

0.96 ± 0.05

No. fruits

19.1 ± 11.1

22.4 ± 9.1

21.2 ± 10.6

24.8 ± 7.4

Fruit mass (mg)

5.34 ± 1.97

5.19 ± 1.80

6.55 ± 1.90

6.74 ± 1.78

Female fitness

108.7 ± 90.3

121.8 ± 75.7

141.8 ± 91.5

172.1 ± 84.3

 

Table A2. Phenotypic linear selection gradients (± SE) for plant height, number of flowers, corolla size, spur length and flowering start (day of the year) in the four treatments (open-pollinated control plants with natural herbivory [C+H] and with herbivores excluded [C+E], and plants receiving supplemental hand-pollination with natural herbivory [HP+H], and with herbivores excluded [HP+E]) in the Gymnadenia conopsea population at Sølendet. The strength of pollinator-mediated selection (Δβpoll = βCβHP) was quantified in the presence (Δβpoll-H) and in the absence of herbivory (Δβpoll-E), respectively. The strength of herbivore-mediated selection (Δβherb = βHβE) was quantified in the presence (Δβherb-C) and in the absence of pollen limitation (Δβherb-HP), respectively.

Treatment

Plant height

No. flowers

Corolla size

Spur length

Flowering start

C+H

0.087 ± 0.060

0.44 ± 0.061***

0.055 ± 0.058

0.18 ± 0.057**

-0.0042 ± 0.054

C+E

0.087 ± 0.041*

0.41 ± 0.041***

0.067 ± 0.035(*)

0.077 ± 0.035*

0.094 ± 0.031**

HP+H

0.013 ± 0.060

0.34 ± 0.061***

-0.023± 0.057

0.083 ± 0.053

-0.16 ± 0.056**

HP+E

0.024 ± 0.030

0.37 ± 0.031***

0.032 ± 0.030

-0.042 ± 0.029

-0.066 ± 0.028*

Δβpoll-H

0.074

0.10

0.078

0.10

0.16

Δβpoll-E

0.063

0.040

0.035

0.12

0.16

Δβherb-C

0.00

0.030

-0.012

0.10

-0.098

Δβherb-HP

-0.011

-0.030

-0.055

0.13

-0.094

*** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, (*) P = 0.057


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