Ecological Archives E095-204-A2

Masato Yamamichi, Takehito Yoshida, and Akira Sasaki. 2014. Timing and propagule size of invasion determine its success by a time-varying threshold of demographic regime shift. Ecology 95:2303–2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1527.1

Appendix B. Effects of the trade-off between defense and growth in defended prey on bistability.

Fig. B1. A phase diagram of the capturing efficiency for defended prey to get nutrient (c₂) and that for predator to get defended prey (s₂) when R_I = 80 and δ = 1.5. Capturing efficiencies of undefended prey are fixed as (c₁, s₁) = (1.0, 0.2) (black point). Region O₁(N₁ oscillation): undefended prey and predator coexist in a limit cycle. Region O₂ (N₂ oscillation): defended prey and predator coexist in a limit cycle. Region E₂ (N₂ equilibrium): defended prey and predator coexist in a stable equilibrium. Region E₁₂ (N₁ and N₂ equilibrium): three species coexist in a stable equilibrium. Region O₁₂ (N₁ and N₂ oscillation): three species coexist in a limit cycle.

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