S. Paula, M. Arianoutsou, D. Kazanis, Ç. Tavsanoglu, F. Lloret, C. Buhk, F. Ojeda, B. Luna, J. M. Moreno, A. Rodrigo, J. M. Espelta, S. Palacio, B. Fernández-Santos, P. M. Fernandes, and J. G. Pausas. 2009. Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology 90:1420.
INTRODUCTION
The performance of any species is determined by their life history traits. The combination of current knowledge on life history traits, with recent phylogenetic techniques, allows us to understand plant evolution (Schwilk and Ackerly 2001, Reich et al. 2003, Pausas and Verd� 2005), trade-offs between functional characteristics (Reich et al. 1997, Paula and Pausas 2006), and the different evolutionary pathways between different ecosystems and regions (Vesk and Westoby 2004, Pausas et al. 2004, 2006). Furthermore, with the help of simulation models, life history traits can be used to predict compositional changes due to alternative land uses and land management options, and climatic scenarios (Pausas 1999, 2006, Franklin et al. 2001, Pausas and Lloret 2007, Arianoutsou 2007). This latter point is especially important for fire-related plant traits because, in fire-prone ecosystems, fire regime changes may be more relevant than direct climatic changes (Flannigan et al. 2000, Bond et al. 2005). Additionally, fire regime changes are driven not only by climatic changes but also by land-use changes (Arianoutsou 2001, Pausas 2004). In fact, the lack of plant disturbance responses in the current global vegetation simulation models limits their applicability for predicting future scenarios (Bond and Keeley 2005). For these reasons, great effort is now being made in different regions and ecosystems to compile plant trait information in a systematic way using standard protocols (Weither et al. 1999, Cornelissen et al. 2003, Kleyer et al. 2008). However, such compilations are still lacking in the Mediterranean Basin, one of the world biodiversity hotspots (Cowling et al. 1996, Myers et al. 2000).
The objective of this data paper is to provide the most updated and comprehensive information on fire-related traits for vascular plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. By fire-related traits we refer to traits relevant for plant persistence, regeneration and dynamics in ecosystems subject to recurrent fires. The compilation is based on a large literature review, including grey literature and field and experimental observations. The database is designed to gather as much information as possible, including qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative data. Thus, for any given species and trait, different resolutions and degrees of knowledge may be available. One of the challenges in compiling life history information is that the data may vary regionally or with the environmental conditions. Here we create a general life history data set by compiling for each species the information from all available sources, without aggregating the information by species. This allows the user to detect trait variability with species. Data sources are fully documented, that is, for each single value we include a reference or responsible person. When compiling information, a great effort has been made into standardising traits definitions and attributes, and thus the metadata can also be used as a guide for compiling information from other areas.
The scope of this data set is ambitious (14 traits for plants from the Mediterranean Basin). It, of course, does not include all the plants in the Mediterranean Basin, but it does include the most common species, especially the woody species from the northern rim of the Mediterranean Basin. Furthermore, for many species, some traits are not reported in the data set because they are unknown. However, because of the importance of resprouting ability for persisting in fire-prone environments (Bond and Midgley 2003, Pausas et al. 2004), we have considered it a core trait (Weiher et al. 1999); thus, any species with an unknown resprouting ability was not included in the data set. Similarly, the data set also includes the life form for all plant species, which has proved to be a fundamental criterion towards the hierarchical classification of species into functional groups (Lavorel et al. 1997, Kazanis and Arianoutsou 2004). In addition, the compilation reflects the knowledge gaps on fire traits and thus can be used for addressing further research.
CLASS I. DATA SET DESCRIPTORS
A. Data set identity: Fire-related traits for vascular plant species of the Mediterranean Basin (the BROT database)
B. Data set identification code: BROT_2008.11.txt
C. Data set description:
Principal Investigator: Juli G. Pausas, CIDE, CSIC, Apartado Oficial, 46470 Albal, Valencia, SPAIN (www.uv.es/jgpausas).
Abstract: Plant trait information is essential for understanding plant evolution, vegetation dynamics and vegetation responses to disturbance and management. Furthermore, in Mediterranean ecosystems, changes in fire regime may be more relevant than direct changes in climatic conditions, making the knowledge of fire-related traits specially relevant. Thus the purpose of this data set was to compile the most updated and comprehensive information on fire-related traits for vascular plant species of the Mediterranean Basin, that is, traits related to plant persistence and regeneration after fire. Data were collected from an extensive literature review and from field and experimental observations. The data source is documented for each value. Since life history traits may vary spatially or with environmental conditions, we did not aggregate them by species; i.e., traits and species are repeated in different records if they were observed by different researchers. Life history traits included in the data set are: life form, resprouting ability (after fire, after clipping or after other disturbances that remove all the aboveground biomass), resprouting bud source, heat-stimulated germination, other germination cues, seed bank location and longevity, post-fire seedling emergence and survival, maturity age of resprouts and saplings, and seed mass. Several traits are unknown for many species; consequently, the data set reflects the state of the knowledge on the topic. However, since the ability to resprout is a trait of paramount relevance in fire-prone environments, it was considered a core trait in the data set, and thus species whose resprouting capacity was unknown were not included. Life form is also provided for all taxa. The structure of the database allows different levels of information (and accuracy) for each entry, and thus some traits may include different types of data (quantitative, semiquantitative or categorical) from different sources.
The data set is structured in 8263 records and 11 columns, obtained from 301 published and unpublished sources of information. It includes 952 taxa determined at specific or infraspecific level, that comprise 859 species, 384 genera and 79 families. Although this is the most comprehensive datasets of fire-relevant plant traits for Mediterranean species, there is still a considerable need for observations and experiments, especially in little-studied Mediterranean areas, such as northern Africa.
D. Key words: database; fire ecology; fire-stimulated germination; fire traits; functional traits; Mediterranean Basin; Mediterranean ecosystems; post-fire response; resprouters; resprouting ability; seeders; traitbase.
CLASS II. RESEARCH ORIGIN DESCRIPTORS
A. Overall project description
Identity: Fire-related traits for vascular plant species of the Mediterranean Basin (the BROT database)
Originators: Juli G. Pausas, CIDE, CSIC, Apartado Oficial, 46470 Albal, Valencia, SPAIN
Period of study: 2003–2007
Objectives:
1. to understand plant responses to fire in the Mediterranean Basin
2. to detect knowledge gaps on fire traits and plant responses to fire in the Mediterranean Basin
3. to understand the evolutionary pathways of plant traits in the Mediterranean Basin
Abstract: same as above. This data is not a subset of a large program of study
Sources of funding: EUFIRELAB project (European Commission EVR1- 2001-00054), SINREG project (Spanish Government, REN2003-07198-C02-02/GLO), PERSIST project (Spanish Government, CGL2006-07126/BOS) and CIRCE project (European Commission IP 036961)
B. Specific subproject description
Site description: Data were obtained for species from a variety of habitats, geologies, hydrologies, etc. The spatial extent of this data set is the Mediterranean Basin; it includes data from the following countries: Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey.
Experimental or sampling design: Data were obtained from published sources and from many experiments and observations made by the authors. See Research Methods below.
Research Methods: Data were obtained from published sources and from many experiments and observations carried out by the authors. The source, that is, the full reference (for published information) and the site characteristics and responsible researcher (for unpublished references) is given for each single data value. The source information is coded in the column SourceCode and the full references are given below (Class IV.B.5).
In order to standardise the diverse information into a common format, we have established and defined a number of categories for each trait (see Class IV.B.2). In addition, to minimise the loss of information from the references, we have designed the database to admit qualitative, quantitative, or semi-quantitative data (see Class IV.B.3) on a given trait. This also reflects the state of our knowledge regarding each trait. For instance, the data on resprouting capacity (RespFire) may be quantitative (e.g., proportion of adults resprouting), semi-quantitative (e.g., no, low, high) or categorical (no, yes), depending on the available information.
Each data value has also an associated parameter (Method) that reflects the general methodology of data; this can be considered an indicator of the accuracy of the data. Method has been classified as: measure, experience, compilation, general reference (Class IV.B.4). The first and second are considered the most accurate information, while the others are less accurate. General references are usually local floras.
Taxonomy: species names were homogenised following the European Science Foundation - European Documentation System (ESFEDS 1996), which is largely based on Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964-1980). When some important taxonomical updates had been carried out or when some species were missing in the ESFEDS database, the following criteria were used: Talavera et al. (1999) for Genisteae; Greuter et al. (1984-1989) for Cistaceae, Dipsaceae, Pinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Echium, Thymus and Coridothymus; Pankhurst et al. (2007) for Rosaceae; and Grovaert and Frodin (1998) for Fagales (Fagaceae, Betulaceae). Family names follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group standards (Bremer et al. 2003).
Project personnel:
Principal investigator: Juli G. Pausas
Main associated investigator: Susana Paula
Contributors: Margarita Arianoutsou, Dimitris Kazanis, �agatay Tavsanoglu, Francisco Lloret, Constanze Buhk, Fernando Ojeda, Bel�n Luna, Jose Manuel Moreno, Anselm Rodrigo, Josep M. Espelta, Sara Palacio, Bel�n Fern�ndez-Santos, Paulo M. Fernandes.
CLASS III. DATA SET STATUS AND ACCESSIBILITY
A. Status
Latest Update: July 2008
Latest Archive data: November 2008
Metadata status: The metadata are complete and up to date.
Data verification: The quality of the data has been carefully reviewed by the authors. Data has undergone substantial checking throughout the initial analysis. All data values present the associated source (a reference or a researcher responsible).
B. Accessibility
Storage location and medium: Ecological Society of America data archives. An original data file exists on the author�s personal computers.
Contact person: Juli G. Pausas, CIDE, CSIC, Apartado Oficial, 46470 Albal, Valencia, SPAIN.
Phone: +34 96 122 0540, Fax: +34 96 127 0967,
E-mail: juli.g.pausas@uv.es,
URL: www.uv.es/jgpausas/
Copyright restrictions: None
Proprietary restrictions: None
Costs: None
CLASS IV. DATA STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data Set File
Identity: BROT_2008.11.txt
Size: 11 columns and 8263 records (not including header row)
Format and storage mode: ASCII text, records delimited by newlines, columns delimited by tabs. No compression scheme was used.
Header information: Headers describe the content of each column and are: ID, Family, Taxa, Trait, Data, DataType, Method, SourceCode, Region, Redundancy and Comments.
Alphanumeric attributes: mixed
Special characters/fields: The column Taxa includes the authority of each taxon, and in some cases it contains an apostrophe (').
Authentication procedure:
. The sum of column Data for DataType = quantitative is 87225.
. The number of characters in the whole dataset is 792567 (excluding separations between columns and headers).
B. Variable information
1. Column definition| Column name |
Brief definition |
Storage type |
| ID | Unique identifier | Alphanumeric |
| Family | Taxonomic family of species, following the APG II (APG 2003) | Character string |
| Taxa | Full name of the species (or subspecies), including authority | Character string |
| Trait | Name of the traits considered (traits list and definition described below). | Character string |
| Data | The actual data, corresponding to the life history trait. Units and categories for each trait are described below. | Mixed. Numeric for DataType = quantitative, Character string otherwise. |
| DataType | Type of data (categorical, semi-quantitative, quantitative, range) as defined below. | Character string |
| Method | Measure, experience, compilation, general reference (defined below) | Character string |
| SourceCode | Code for the source (published or unpublished references) from which the data have been obtained. See below for the complete list. | Character string |
| Region | Region of the Mediterranean Basin where the observation/experiment has been performed. Codes described below. | Character string |
| Redundancy | Code indicating possible redundancy (see below) | Character string |
| Comments | Additional comments in free format (see below) | Character string |
Only Redundancy and Comments include empty entries; the other columns have entries for all rows.
2. Traits: units and categories
The traits and the corresponding attributes and units are defined as follows (trait code in brackets):Life Form (LifeForm): morphology of the whole plant, which is related to its size. The categories considered are:
- Tree: very tall woody plant, frequently with one main primary stem and the canopy rarely reaching the ground.
- Large shrub: large shrub or small tree. Tall woody plant that under optimal conditions may reach arborescence structure.
- Shrub: woody plant (typically less than 1.5 m tall), frequently multi-stemmed and/or the canopy reaching the ground.
- Liana: woody (or slightly ligneous at the base) climber.
- Scrub: dwarf woody plant (typically less than 50 cm in height).
- Perennial forb: perennial broad-leaved herbaceous plant.
- Perennial graminoid: perennial grass-like plant.
- Annual forb: annual broad-leaved herbaceous.
- Annual graminoid: annual grass-like plant.
- Variable forb: annual, biennial or short-perennial forb.
- Variable graminoid: annual, biennial or short-perennial graminoid.
- Geophyte: herb that persists during the unfavourable period as bulb, rhizome or other subterranean storage organ.
Resprouting Ability after Fire (RespFire): resprouting ability one year after being ca. 100% scorched or burned by fire. For quantitative information, it represents the average proportion of adult plants that resprout (%). For qualitative information, the following categories are used:
- No: with no resprouting ability.
- Low: resprouting capacity only after low fire severity; in general, low resprouting vigour and/or high mortality.
- High: resprouting capacity at low and high fire severity; in general, high resprouting vigour and/or nil or low mortality.
- Yes: with some resprouting capacity (non-quantified).
- Variable: high variability observed between populations or sampled areas (at local or regional scale).
Resprouting Ability after Clipping (RespClip): resprouting ability one year after being ca. 100% clipped. For quantitative information, it represents the average proportion of adult plants that resprout (%). For qualitative information, the following categories are used:
- No: with no resprouting ability.
- Low: few and/or weak sprouts.
- High: abundant and/or vigorous sprouts.
- Yes: with some resprouting capacity (non-quantified).
- Variable: high variability observed between populations or sampled areas (at local or regional scale).
Resprouting Ability after Disturbance (RespDist): resprouting ability after an undefined disturbance that remove most of the aboveground biomass. See RespClip for units and categories.
Bud Source (BudSource): location of bud bank for resprouting. Categories considered are:
- Epicormic buds: stem buds (protected by the bark).
- Apex: apex on stems protected from fire by leaf bases.
- Root crown: transition point between main stem and root.
- Lignotuber: ontogenetically programmed (i.e., inherited character) woody swelling at or below ground level. Based on embryological and/or anatomical features.
- Burl: non-ontogenetically programmed (e.g. stem coalescence) woody swelling at or below ground level.
- Lignotuber or burl: woody swelling at or below ground level with unspecified origin (no distinction between lignotuber and burl is reported).
- Rhizomes: non-swollen horizontal stem growing near the soil surface and including below-ground (rhizome sensu stricto) and aboveground (stolons) stems.
- Roots.
- Rhizomes or roots: rhizomes, roots or both (specific bud source is unknown).
- Storage organs: non-woody storage organs, normally modified stems as bulbs, corms or tubers.
- Others: other bud sources, including those not clearly specified (e.g., stump).
Heat-Stimulated Germination (HeatStimGerm): the most intense heat treatment (i.e., seed exposition to dry heat >= 50�C), of those tested, that significantly increases seed germination versus the control.
For studies where differences were not statistically tested, the criteria in Paula and Pausas (2008) is used. Three heat intensities are considered: Low (L: <100�C for <= 5min), Moderate (M: <100�C for > 5min or >= 100�C for <= 5min), High (H: >= 100�C for >5min) or unknown (unk). The heat intensities tested in each experiment are indicated after the slash (/LMH), with an underscore when the corresponding heat intensity is not tested (e.g., M not tested: /L_H). Note that in many studies, post-treatment seed viability is not considered or not specified in the original reference, and thus it can lead to misinterpretation of treatment effects. Categories and corresponding notation as follows:
- yes/unk: stimulated germination is produced after exposure to heat of unspecified intensity.
- high/###: stimulated germination after exposure to High heat intensity when ### treatments were applied (### refers to L, M and H respectively).
- moderate/###: the highest heat intensity that stimulates germination is Moderate after testing for ### (### refers to L, M and H respectively).
- low/###: the highest heat intensity that stimulates germination is Low after testing for ### (### refers to L, M and H respectively).
- unaffected/###: germination is not stimulated after any heat intensity tested and at least one of the treatments does not affect seed germination (### refers to L, M and H respectively; unk, if unknown).
- inhibition/###: inhibited germination (i.e., lower germination than in the control) in all heat treatments tested (### refers to L, M and H respectively; unk, if unknown).
Other Cues (OtherCues): germinative response after exposure to boiling water (blw), smoke (smk), ash (ash), charcoal (cha) or nitrogenous compounds: KNO3 (NC1), NaNO2 (NC2), NH4Cl (NC3), NH4HOC3 (NC4), NH4NO3 (NC5). The fire cue tested is indicated in the abbreviated form (three characters) after the slash (/#). Thus, the categories and corresponding notation are as follows:
- Stimulation/#: germination of the treated seeds is significantly higher than the control (# refers to the treatment codes indicated above).
- Unaffected/#: germination of treated seeds equals the control (# refers to the treatment codes indicated above).
- Inhibition/#: germination of the treated seeds is lower than the control (# refers to the treatment codes indicated above). For studies where differences were not statistically tested, the criteria in Paula and Pausas (2008) is used.
Average Seed Bank Longevity (SeedBankLong): period during which seeds remain viable in the (soil or canopy) seed bank as inferred from: vegetation and soil seed bank comparison (veg), experimental seed burial (bur), age of serotinous cones (ser), seed dormancy (dor) or unknown methods (unk). The method used is indicated after the slash (/#). When this trait is inferred from the presence of the species in the vegetation and in the soil seed bank (veg), the following key is used (based on Thompson et al. 1997):
| Plants in the vegetation | Seeds in the soil | Maximum depth | SeedBankLong |
| Absent | Present | Any | persistent/veg |
| Present | Present | 0-2 | transient/veg |
| Present | Present | 2-5 | persistent/veg |
| Present | Present | >5 | long-term/veg |
The categories and notation are as follows:
- transient/#: seeds germinate in the first favourable season after dispersal. Generally, seed bank longevity is <= 1 yr (no persistent seed bank).
- persistent/#: seeds do not germinate in the first favourable season after dispersal. Generally seed bank longevity is > 1 yr (could be longer but it is unknown).
- short-persistent/#: > 1 and <= 5 yr.
- at least short-persistent/#: longevity at least > 1 and at least <= 5 yr (could be longer but it is unknown).
- mid-persistent/#: at least > 5 yr (could be longer but it is unknown).
- long-persistent/#: at least > 15 yr.
- very long-persistent/#: at least >= 30 yr.
Seed Bank (SeedBank): location of persistent seed bank (longevity > 1 yr). Categories are:
- Soil: soil persistent seed bank.
- Canopy: canopy persistent seed bank (serotiny).
Post-fire Seedling Emergence (SeedlEmerg): average seedling density per pre-fire mature individuals emerging during the first year after fire (seedlings/mature), or alternatively, one of the following categories:
- No: no post-fire seedling emergence.
- Low: number of seedling lower than the number of pre-fire mature individuals.
- High: number of seedlings higher than the number of pre-fire mature individuals.
- Yes: seedling emergence (quantitative data not available).
- Variable: high variability observed between populations or sampled areas (at local or regional scale).
Post-fire Seedling Survival (SeedlSurv): proportion of seedlings surviving first dry season after fire (%), or alternatively, one of the following categories:
- No: no post-fire seedling survival.
- Low: survival < 25%.
- High: survival >= 25%.
Age at Maturity of Resprouts (MatResp): average age of resprouts at first successful reproduction (in years), i.e., when most of the resprouting plants produce the first seed crop, or alternatively, one of the following categories:
- Early: <5 yr.
- Medium: 5-10 yr.
- Late: >10 yr.
Age at Maturity of Saplings (MatSap): average age of saplings at the first successful reproduction (in years), i.e., when most of the saplings produce the first seed crop (excluding saplings from plantations), or alternatively, one of the following categories:
- Early: <5 yr.
- Medium: 5-10 yr.
- Late: >10 yr.
Seed Mass (SeedMass): average dry weight of seeds (including some single-fruited seeds such as achenes or caryopsis) in mg, or alternatively, one of the following categories:
- Very light: < 3 mg.
- Light: >= 3 and < 30 mg.
- Medium: >= 30 and <300 mg.
- Heavy: > 300 mg.
- Quantitative: a number (integer or floating).
- Semi-quantitative: ordered qualitative variable (e.g., low, medium, high).
- Range: two quantitative values, indicating the range observed .
- Categorical: non-ordered qualitative variable.
The above types may also, in turn, be conditional (quantitative conditional, semi-quantitative conditional, etc.) and indicate that the data entry has the value and a condition. Here are two examples:
. HeatStimGerm = �low/L_H�: germination stimulated by low heat in an experiment where only Low and High heat intensities were tested (as defined in the Data definition, IV.B.2, above). That is, it is unknown whether it would be stimulated by a moderate heat intensity treatment; it was not stimulated by a high heat shock.
. OtherCues = �Stimulation/smk�: germination stimulated by smoke treatments (i.e., germination after smoke treatment was significantly higher than the germination in control conditions).
The 7th column describes the general methods of gathering the information, and it is related to the accuracy of the data. It has the four following possible values:
- Measure: published or unpublished data obtained from an experimental design in which the data is, at least, one of the objectives of the study.
- Experience: published or unpublished data from visual (rough) estimation or personal experience.
- Compilation: published data compiled from different sources (including experience, published data, ...)
- General reference: published data obtained from a general publication such as a Flora.
The 8th column provides a code that refers to the data source (SourceCode). Complete references are listed below. Note that the references include published articles, grey literature and personal communications; in the latter, the e-mail of the data provider and a brief description of the study area are also included.
| SourceCode | Full reference |
| Abad1996 | Abad, N., R. N. Caturla, J. Baeza, C. Blad�, F. Vieira, E. Carb�, A. Valdecantos, A. Bonet, I. Serrasolsas, R. Gu�rdia, J. Ravent�s, J. A. Alloza, A. Escarr�, J. Bellot, and V. R. Vallejo. 1996. Regeneraci�n de los montes quemados. Pages 51-148 in R. Vallejo, editor. La restauraci�n de la cubierta vegetal en la Comunidad Valenciana. Fundaci�n Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterr�neo, Valencia, Spain. |
| Albarracin | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Albarrac�n (SE spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)1. |
| Alberdi2002 | Alberdi, L., and Y. Cavero. 2002. Effect of fire on the understorey species of a Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. forest in Navarra, Spain. Pages 25-32 in L. Trabaud and R. Prodon, editors. Fire and biological processes. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. |
| Alonso1992 | Alonso, I., E. Luis, and R. T�rrega. 1992. First phases of regeneration of Cistus laurifolius and Cistus ladanifer after burning and cutting in experimental plots. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2:7-17. |
| Alvarez2005 | Alvarez, R., L. Valbuena, and L. Calvo. 2005. Influence of tree age on seed germination response to environmental factors and inhibitory substances in Pinus pinaster. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14:277-284. |
| Alvarez2007 | Alvarez, R., L. Valbuena, and L. Calvo. 2007. Effect of high temperatures on seed germination and seedling survival in three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. sylvestris and P. nigra). International Journal of Wildland Fire 16:63-70. |
| Andres2002 | Andr�s, C., and F. Ojeda. 2002. Effects of afforestation with pines on woody plant diversity of mediterranean heathlands in southern Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation 11:1511-1520. |
| Anorbe1990 | A�orbe, M., J. M. G�mez-Guti�rrez, M. A. P�rez-Fern�ndez, and B. Fern�ndez-Santos. 1990. Influencia de la temperatura sobre la germinaci�n de semillas de Cytisus multiflorus (L�H�r) Sweet y Cytisus oromediterraneus Riv. Mart. Studia Oecologica 7:86-100. |
| Arianoutsou1979 | Arianoutsou, M. 1979. Biological activity after fire in a phryganic ecosystem. PhD thesis (in Greek with an English summary). University of Thessaloniki, Greece. |
| Arianoutsou1980 | Arianoutsou, M., J. Diamantopoulus, and N. S. Margaris. 1980. Fire behaviour of Ceratonia siliqua. Portugaliae Acta Biologica. S�rie A XVI:67-74. |
| Arianoutsou1981a | Arianoutsou, M., and N. S. Margaris. 1981. Early stages of regeneration after fire in a phryganic ecosystem (East Mediterranean). I. Regeneration by seed germination. Biologie - Ecologie m�diterran�enne 8:119-128. |
| Arianoutsou1981b | Arianoutsou, M., and N. S. Margaris. 1981. Producers and the fire cycle in a phryganic ecosystem. Pages 181-190 in N. S. Margaris, and H. A. Mooney, editors. Components of productivity of Mediterranean climate regions: basic and applied aspects. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. |
| Arianoutsou1982 | Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki, M., and N. S. Margaris. 1982. Phryganic (east Mediterranean) ecosystems and fire. Ecologia Mediterranea VIII:473-480. |
| Arianoutsou2000 | Arianoutsou, M., and G. Ne'eman. 2000. Post-fire regeneration of natural Pinus halepensis forest in the east Mediterranean basin. Pages 269-289 in G. Ne'eman and L. Trabaud, editors. Ecology, biogeography and management of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean basin. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. |
| Arnan2007 | Arnan, X., A. Rodrigo, and J. Retana. 2007. Vegetation type and dryness drive the post-fire regeneration of Mediterranean plant communities at regional scale. Journal of Vegetation Science 18:111-122. |
| Arroyo1990 | Arroyo, J., and T. Mara��n. 1990. Community ecology and distributional spectra of Mediterranean shrublands and heathlands in Southern Spain. Journal of Biogeography 17:163-176. |
| Attica | Kazanis, D., M. Arianoutsou, and P. Andriopoulos ([email protected]) - Hilly and mountainous areas in Attica (Greece). Primarily Pinus halepensis Mill. communities and secodary phryganic srublands. Altitude of the study sites varies from 170 to 660m asl. Typical Mediterranean climate with annual precipitation varrying from xerothermic conditions (ca. 300 mm) to 500 mm. Typical fire regime with fire frequency >50 years for P. halepensis forests and >20 for phrygana has changed within the last 15 years. Several cases of fire interval less than 15 years have been encountered (even 3 years in one case!). |
| Azcarate2002 | Azc�rate, F. M., A. M. S�nchez, L. Arqueros, and B. Peco. 2002. Abundance and habitat segregation in Mediterranean grassland species: the importance of seed weight. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:159-166. |
| Baeza2001 | Baeza, M. J. 2001. Aspecto ecol�gicos y t�cnicas de control del combustible (roza y quema controlada) en matorrales con alto riesgo de incendio dominados por Ulex parviflorus (Pourr.). PhD Thesis. Universidad de Alicante, Spain. http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=5920. |
| Baeza2002 | Baeza, M. J., M. De Lu�s, J. Ravent�s, and A. Escarr�. 2002. Factors influencing fire behaviour in shrublands of different stand ages and the implications for using prescribed burning to reduce wildfire risk. Journal of Environmental Management 65:199-208. |
| Baeza2003 | Baeza, M. J., J. Ravent�s, A. Escarr�, and V. R. Vallejo. 2003. The effect of shrub clearing on the control of the fire-prone species Ulex parviflorus. Forest Ecology and Management 186:47-59. |
| Baeza2004 | Baeza, J. 2004. Mejora de pastizales y control del combustible con gran acumulaci�n de necromasa en �reas cortafuegos. Ecolog�a de la germinaci�n de Ulex parviflorus y gesti�n de aulagares. Bases para la gesti�n del matorral en el ZAU de Biar mediante pastoreo controlado. Pages 81-88 in Programa de I+D sobre restauraci�n de la cubierta vegetal. Reuni�n de coordinaci�n 2004 (technical report). |
| Baeza2006a | Baeza, M. J., and V. R. Vallejo. 2006. Ecological mechanisms involved in dormancy breakage in Ulex parviflorus seeds. Plant Ecology 183:191-205. |
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| Bermeja | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Sierra Bermeja (Spain). Typically Mediterranean phytoclimate; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: IV4. |
| BLlavors2001 | Data from Banc de Llavors - Generalitat Valenciana (germoplasm bank of the regional goverment) for the period 1995-2001 and analised by the compilers (J.G. Pausas and S. Paula). |
| Bolos1984 | Bol�s, O., and J. Vigo. 1984-2001. Flora dels Pa�sos Catalans. Ed. Barcino, Barcelona, Spain. |
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| Buhk2005b | Buhk, C., and I. Hensen. 2005. Lack of hard-seeded species in pre-fire and post-fire seed banks in the region of Murcia (south-eastern Spain). Anales de Biolog�a 27:29-37. |
| Buhk2006a | Buhk, C., and I. Hensen. 2006. "Fire seeders" during early post-fire succession and their quantitative importance in south-eastern Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 66:193-209. |
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| Cabezudo1995 | Cabezudo, B., A. P�rez Latorre, and J. M. Nieto. 1995. Regeneraci�n de un alcornocal incendiado en el sur de Espa�a (Ist�n. M�laga). Acta Botanica Malacitana 20:143-151. |
| Calvo1998a | Calvo, L., R. T�rrega, and E. de Luis. 1998. Space-time distribution patterns of Erica australis L. subsp. aragonensis (Willk) after experimental burning, cutting, and ploughing. Plant Ecology 137:1-12. |
| Calvo1998b | Calvo, L., R. T�rrega, and E. de Luis. 1998. Twelve years of vegetation changes after fire in an Erica australis community. Pages 123-136 in L. Trabaud, editor. Fire management and landscape ecology. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Washington, USA. |
| Calvo1999 | Calvo, L., B. Herrero, and F. Bravo. 1999. The influence of fire on the seed bank in the soil of a Quercus faginea forest (NW Spain). Annals of Forest Science 56:249-258. |
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| Canadell1998 | Canadell, J., and L. L�pez-Soria. 1998. Lignotuber reserves support regrowth following clipping of two mediterranean shrubs. Functional Ecology 12:31-38. |
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| Casals2005 | Casals, P., J. Romanya, and V. R. Vallejo. 2005. Short-term nitrogen fixation by legume seedlings and resprouts after fire in Mediterranean old-fields. Biogeochemistry 76:477-501. |
| Castro1999 | Castro, J., and A. T. Romero-Garc�a. 1999. Dormancy and germination in Cistus clusii (Cistaceae): Effect of biotic and abiotic factors. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 54:19-28. |
| Catalonia | Rodrigo, A., and J. M. Espelta ([email protected]) - Catalonia (NE Spain). Various sites dominated by Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris and P. halepensis forests. Climate in the different areas inlcuded in this data base corresponds to subhumid Mediterranean (according to the Thornwaite index), with mean annual temperature between 10-13 �C and mean annual precipitation between 595-853 mm. Altidude ranges from 360 to 1513 m a.s.l.. |
| Catry2006 | Catry, F. X., F. C. Rego, M. N. Bugalho, T. Lopes, J. S. Silva, and F. Moreira. 2006. Effects of fire on tree survival and regeneration in a Mediterranean Ecosystem. CD-rom in D. X. Viegas, editor. 5th International Conference on Forest Fire Research. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Figueira da Foz, Portugal. |
| Caturla2000 | Caturla, R. N., J. Ravent�s, R. Gu�rdia, and V. R. Vallejo. 2000. Early post-fire regeneration dynamics of Brachypodium retusum Pers. (Beauv.) in old fields of the Valencia region (eastern Spain). Acta Oecologica 21:1-12. |
| CCatalonia | Espelta, J. M., and A. Rodrigo ([email protected]) - Central Catalonia (NE Spain). Climate in this area is subhumid Mediterranean (according on Thornwaite index). Two parts could be differenced according on temperature and precipitation. Inland part varies from dry-subhumid to subhumid Mediterranean, with mean annual temperature between 10-13 �C and mean annual precipitation between 550-900 mm. The area closest to the coast has temperatures higher, between 13-16 �C and mean annual preciptiation between 600-750 mm. Four large wildfires occurred recently, three in 1994 and one in 1998 (one of them). |
| Cengiz1993 | Cengiz, Y. 1993. Heat and ash effect on germination ability and subsequent seedling growth of Pinus brutia Ten. Seeds. Pages 90-98 in Proceedings of International Symposium on Pinus brutia Ten., Ministry of Forestry of Turkey, October 18th-23th, Marmaris, Turkey. |
| Cerabolini2003 | Cerabolini, B., R. M. Ceriani, M. Caccianiga, R. D. Andreis, and B. Raimondi. 2003. Seed size, shape and persistence in soil: a test on Italian flora from Alps to Mediterranean coasts. Seed Science Research 13:75-85. |
| Cerda2002 | Cerd�, A., and P. Garc�a-Fayos. 2002. The influence of seed size and shape on their removal by water erosion. Catena 48:293-301. |
| Charco1999 | Charco, J. 1999. El bosque mediterr�neo en el norte de �frica. Agencia Espa�ola de Cooperaci�n Internacional, Madrid, Spain. |
| Clement1990 | Cl�ment, B., and J. Touffet. 1990. Plant strategies and secondary succession on Brittany heathlands after severe fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:195-202. |
| Clemente1996 | Clemente, A. S., F. C. Rego, and O. A. Correia. 1996. Demographic patterns and productivity of post-fire regeneration in Portuguese Mediterranean maquis. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6:5-12. |
| Clemente2004 | Clemente, A. S., F. C. Rego, and O. Correia. 2004. Padr�es de sobreviv�ncia de sementes em grupos funcionais de resposta ao fogo. Revista de Biologia, Lisboa 22:123-132. |
| Consensus2008 | Pausas, J. G., and S. Paula (juli.g.pausas@uv.es). Consensus reached after the revision of different references, mainly floras. |
| Corral1990 | Corral, R., J. M. Pita, and F. P�rez-Garc�a. 1990. Some aspects of seed germination in four species of Cistus L. Seed Science and Technology 18:321-325. |
| Correia2002 | Correia, E., and H. Freitas. 2002. Drosophyllum lusitanicum, an endangered West Mediterranean endemic carnivorous plant: threats and its ability to control available resources. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 140:383-390. |
| Crosti2006 | Crosti, R., P. G. Ladd, K. W. Dixon, and B. Piotto. 2006. Post-fire germination: The effect of smoke on seeds of selected species from the central Mediterranean basin. Forest Ecology and Management 221:306-312. |
| Cruz2003a | Cruz, A., B. Perez, A. Velasco, and J. M. Moreno. 2003. Variability in seed germination at the interpopulation, intrapopulation and intraindividual levels of the shrub Erica australis in response to fire-related cues. Plant Ecology 169:93-103. |
| Cruz2003b | Cruz, A., B. P�rez, and J. M. Moreno. 2003. Resprouting of the mediterranean-type shrub Erica australis with modified lignotuber carbohydrate content. Journal of Ecology 91:348-356. |
| Cuco1987 | Cuc�, M. L. 1987. Mecanismes de regeneraci�. Pages 45-62 in J. Terradas, editor. Ecosistemes terrestres. La resposta als incendis i a d'altres pertorbacions. Diputaci� de Barcelona - Servei del Medi ambient, Barcelona, Spain. |
| Cuenca | Luna B., and J. M. Moreno ([email protected]) - Cuenca (central Spain; 1�20�-1�35�W and 39�45�-39�-54�N). Altitude ranges between 900-1400 m. Climate is tipically Mediterranean, with an annual mean temperature of 11.5-12.5 �C and the total rainfall 400-600 mm. A naturally ignited large fire took place during July 1994, affecting Pinus pinaster, P. halepensis and P. nigra woodland, shrublands and woody crops. It seems that no important fires have occurred in the area since 1956. |
| Daskalakou1996 | Daskalakou, E. N., and C. A. Thanos. 1996. Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) postfire regeneration: the role of canopy and soil seed banks. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6:59-66. |
| Daskalakou2004 | Daskalakou, E. N., and C. A. Thanos. 2004. Postfire regeneration of Aleppo pine - the temporal pattern of seedling recruitment. Plant Ecology 171:81-89. |
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| Delitti2005 | Delitti, W., A. Ferran, L. Trabaud, and V. R. Vallejo. 2005. Effects of fire recurrence in Quercus coccifera L. shrublands of the Valencia Region (Spain): I. plant composition and productivity. Plant Ecology 177:57-70. |
| DeLuis2001 | De Lu�s, M., M. P. Garc�a-Cano, J. Cortina, J. Ravent�s, J. C. Gonz�lez-Hidalgo, and J. R. S�nchez. 2001. Climatic trends, disturbances and short-term vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean shrubland. Forest Ecology and Management 147:25-37. |
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| DeLuis2005 | De Lu�s, M., J. Ravent�s, and J. C. Gonz�lez-Hidalgo. 2005. Factors controlling seedling germination after fire in Mediterranean gorse shrublands. Implications for fire prescription. Journal of Environmental Management 76:159-166. |
| DiazVilla2003 | D�az-Villa, M. D., T. Mara��n, J. Arroyo, and B. Garrido. 2003. Soil seed bank and floristic diversity in a forest-grassland mosaic in southern Spain. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:701-709. |
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| Espadan | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Serra d'Espad� (E Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)1. |
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| FdezAles1993 | Fern�ndez Al�s, R., J. M. Laffarga, and F. Ortega. 1993. Strategies in Mediterranean grassland annuals in relation to stress and disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:313-322. |
| FdezSantos1986 | Fern�ndez-Santos, B., J. M. G�mez-Guti�rrez, and M. S. Moreiro-Clemente. 1986. Intensa variabilidad interpoblacional en el piornal serrano (formaciones de Cytisus balansae (Boiss.) Ball). Anales de Edafolog�a y Agrobiolog�a XLV:531-546. |
| FdezSantos1991 | Fern�ndez-Santos, B. 1991. Estudio autoecol�gico de Cytisus balansae (Boiss.) Ball y Cytisus multiflorus (L�H�r.) Sweet. Regeneraci�n. Degree thesis. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. |
| FdezSantos1994a | Fern�ndez-Santos, B., and J. M. G�mez-Guti�rrez. 1994. Changes in Cytisus balansae populations after fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:463-472. |
| FdezSantos1998 | Fern�ndez-Santos, B., J. M. G�mez-Guti�rrez, C. Mart�nez-Ru�z, and C. S�nchez. 1998. Utilizaci�n del matorral como fuente de energ�a renovable en zonas representativas de Castilla y Le�n. Biomasa entrante y potencial productivo (regeneraci�n). Consejer�a de Cultura y Turismo - Junta de Castilla y Le�n, Valladolid, Spain. |
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| Ferran1998 | Ferran, A., and R. Vallejo. 1998. Long-term plant regeneration after wildfires in Mediterranean ecosystems of NE Spain. Pages 155-166 in L. Trabaud, editor. Fire management and landscape ecology. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Washington, USA. |
| Ferrandis1996a | Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herranz, and J. J. Mart�nez-S�nchez. 1996. The role of soil seed bank in the early stages of plant recovery after fire in a Pinus pinaster forest in SE Spain. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6:31-35. |
| Ferrandis1999a | Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herranz, and J. J. Mart�nez-S�nchez. 1999. Effect of fire on hard-coated Cistaceae seed banks and its influence on techniques for quantifying seed banks. Plant Ecology 144:103-114. |
| Ferrandis1999b | Ferrandis, P., J. J. Mart�nez-S�nchez, A. Agudo, A. L. Cano, J. J. Gallar, and J. M. Herranz. 1999. Presencia de especies del g�nero Cistus L. (Cistaceae) en el banco de semillas del suelo en el pastizal de la Ra�a del Parque Nacional de Caba�eros. Investigaci�n Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 8:361-376. |
| Ferrandis1999c | Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herranz, and J. J. Mart�nez-S�nchez. 1999. Fire impact on a maquis soil seed bank in Caba�eros National Park (central Spain). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 47:17-26. |
| Gallego2004 | Gallego-Fern�ndez, J. B., M. R. Garc�a-Mora, and F. Garc�a-Novo. 2004. Vegetation dynamics of Mediterranean shrublands in former cultural landscape at Grazalema Mountains, South Spain. Plant Ecology 172:83-94. |
| Gallegos2003 | Gallegos-P�rula, V., R. M. Navarro-Cerrillo, P. Fern�ndez-Rebollo, and G. Del Valle-Murillo. 2003. Postfire regeneration in Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Aiton in Andalucia (Spain). Environmental Management 31:86-99. |
| Gasque2003 | Gasque, M., and P. Garc�a-Fayos. 2003. Seed dormancy and longevity in Stipa tenacissima L. (Poaceae). Plant Ecology 168:279-290. |
| Gata | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Sierra de Gata-Hurdes (Spain). Typically Mediterranean phytoclimate; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: IV4 |
| GciaFayos1997 | Garc�a-Fayos, P., and A. Cerd�. 1997. Seed losses by surface wash in degraded Mediterranean environments. Catena 29:73-83. |
| GciaFayos1998 | Garc�a-Fayos, P., and M. Verd�. 1998. Soil seed bank, factors controlling germination and establishment of a Mediterranean shrub: Pistacia lentiscus L. Acta Oecologica 19:357-366. |
| GciaFayos2001 | Garc�a-Fayos, P. C. 2001. Bases ecol�gicas para la recolecci�n, almacenamiento y germinaci�n de semillas de especies de uso forestal de la Comunidad Valenciana. Banc de Llavors Forestals (Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Generalitat Valenciana), Valencia, Spain. |
| Gibraltar | Ojeda, F. ([email protected]) - North side of the Strait of Gibraltar (S Spain). Ca. 3000 Km² area, mainly on Oligo-Miocene sandstone mountains dominated by evergreen Quercus suber woodlands, open heathlands become abundant on summits and exposed ridges and semideciduous Quercus canariensis forests occupy valley bottoms. Mild Mediterranean climate (oceanica influence and frequent humid easterly winds; Ibarra 1993). Mean annual rainfall 600-1700 mm (locally, up to 2200 mm). Mean fire return interval is 20-25 years (locally up to 5 years). Most data on heathland species come from specific experimental studies carried out in Sierra del Ni�o and Monte Murta. |
| GlezRabanal1994 | Gonz�lez-Rabanal, F., M. Casal, and L. Trabaud. 1994. Effects of high temperatures, ash and seed position in the inflorescence on the germination of three Spanish grasses. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:289-294. |
| GlezRabanal1995 | Gonz�lez-Rabanal, F., and M. Casal. 1995. Effect of high temperatures and ash on germination of ten species from gorse shrubland. Vegetatio 116:123-131. |
| GomezGrez1988 | G�mez-Guti�rrez, J. M., R. Gonz�lez-Bartolom�, B. Fern�ndez-Santos, and P. Galindo-Villardon. 1988. Regeneraci�n post-fuego del piornal serrano. Formaciones de Cytisus balansae (Boiss.) Ball. Anuario. Centro de Edafolog�a y Biolog�a Aplicada XIII:261-277. |
| Gotzenberger2003 | G�tzenberger, L., C. Ohl, I. Hensen, P. S�nchez G�mez, and K. Wesche. 2003. Postfire regeneration of a thermomediterranean shrubland area in south-eastern Spain. Anales de Biolog�a 25:21-28. |
| Gratani1991 | Gratani, L., and M. Amadori. 1991. Postfire resprouting of shrubby species in Mediterranean maquis. Vegetatio 96:137-143. |
| Gredos | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Sierra de Gredos (central Spain). Typically Mediterranean phytoclimate; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: IV4. |
| Guadarrama | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Sierra Guadarrama (central Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)2. |
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| GuerreroCampo2006 | Guerrero-Campo, J., S. Palacio, C. P�rez-Rontom�, and G. Montserrat-Mart�. 2006. Effect of root system morphology on root-sprouting and shoot-rooting abilities in 123 plant species from eroded lands in north-east Spain. Annals of Botany 98:439-447. |
| Habrouk1999 | Habrouk, A., J. Retana, and J. M. Espelta. 1999. Role of heat tolerance and cone protection of seeds in the response of three pine species to wildfires. Plant Ecology 145:91-99. |
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| Hanley2001 | Hanley, M. E., M. Fenner, and G. Ne'eman. 2001. Pregermination heat shock and seedling growth of fire-following Fabaceae from four Mediterranean-climate regions. Acta Oecologica 22:315-320. |
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| Herranz1998 | Herranz, J. M., P. Ferrandis, and J. J. Mart�nez-S�nchez. 1998. Influence of heat on seed germination of seven Mediterranean Leguminosae species. Plant Ecology 136:95-103. |
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| Maestrazgo | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Maestrazgo (E Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)1. |
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| Marmaris | Tavsanoglu, �. ([email protected]) - Marmaris region, southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. The study sites are on ophiolithic rocks (serpentine area). Altitude ranges from sea level up to 300 m. Climate is a typical Mediterranean, with wet winters and dry summers. Mean annual temperature is 18.7 �C, and mean annual precipitation is 1211.7 mm. Mean precipitation during the dry period from May to September is only 56.8 mm. Original dominant vegetation is Pinus brutia Ten. forests. Evergreen shrubs and phyrgana subshrubs are found at the understory of these forests. The area subjected to frequent fires in recent 30 years, constituting a fire mosaic with nearby areas burned in different years. |
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| Molina | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Rodenales de Molina (Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)1. |
| Molinas1993 | Molinas, M. L., and D. Verdaguer. 1993. Lignotuber ontogeny in the cork oak (Quercus suber, Fagaceae) .2. Germination and young seedling. American Journal of Botany 80:182-191. |
| Montserrat1984 | Montserrat-Recorder, P., J. M. Montserrat-Mart�, and G. Montserrat-Mart�. 1984. Estudio de las comunidades de Echinospartum horridum en el Pirineo espa�ol. Acta Biologica Montana 4:249-257. |
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| Murcia | Buhk, C. ([email protected]) - Murcia (SE Spain). Coastal area (50-200 m a.s.l.; ca. 300 ha) and mountainous zone not so far from the coast (500-1000 m a.s.l.; ca. 400 ha). In the coast, mean annual temperature of 18�C, minimal temperatures above 0 �C, and a mean annual rainfall of about 300 mm. In the mountainous area mean annual temperature is 14-16 �C and a mean annual precipitation 350-600 mm. Most of the annual total precipitation occurs in autumn and spring; the summer months are almost without rain. None of the investigated fire sites had been burnt already before as far as fire statistics reach. Estimated fire return intervals to be above 50 years, perhaps even longer (200-500 years). In the mountainous zone, this is certainly the case at south-facing slopes, where vegetation is very patchy but fires might be more frequent in the densely vegetated pine stands facing north. The data was gained from various fire sites and surrounding unburnt vegetation in the area. Traits refer to the whole study area as long as the species occured in several sites. |
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| Nevada | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Sierra Nevada-Almijara (S Spain). Typically Mediterranean phytoclimate; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: IV4. |
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| Portugal | Fernandes, P. ([email protected]) - Northern and Central Portugal mountains. Above 400 m elevation. Communities dominated by Erica umbellata and Pterospartium tridentatum are quite important in the landscape and occupy poor, acidic, siliceous soils. They are also prevalent in the understorey of pine forests and occur with various degrees of importance in Ulex shrubland and other types of heathland. Data of Quercus suber collected in Q. suber stands (never exploited for cork) with a Cistus ladanifer dominated understorey. Sub-atlantic and Mediterranean-Iberian-Atlantic, annual rainfall >700 mm, mean annual temperature 10-16 �C. Meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterranean zones. Mean fire size in shrub-dominated landscapes is 7 ha, fire density is 0.45/km²/year. Fire return interval typically varies in the range of 5-20 years. Where grazing pressure is higher fire returns every 3-5 years (approximatelly 5% of the landscape), Erica umbellata declines and herbs increase. Prevailing season of the fires: July-October and February-April. |
| Puentes1985 | Puentes, M. A., J. Pereiras, and M. Casal. 1985. Din�mica de la poblaci�n de pl�ntulas de Ulex europaeus L. tras incendio, y su relaci�n con la microtopograf�a. Studia Oecologica VI:135-148. |
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| Reyes1998 | Reyes, O., and M. Casal. 1998. Are the dominant species in N.W. Spain fire-prone? Pages 177-188 in L. Trabaud, editor. Fire management and landscape ecology. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Washington, USA. |
| Reyes2001a | Reyes, O., and M. Casal. 2001. The influence of seed age on germinative response to the effects of fire in Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus. Annals of Forest Science 58:439-447. |
| Reyes2001b | Reyes, O., and M. Boedo. 2001. El fuego como controlador de la germinaci�n de Cytisus striatus y de C. multiflorus y su aplicaci�n agron�mica. Pages 15-21 in III Congreso Forestal Espa�ol. Montes para la sociedad del nuevo milenio, Granada, Spain. |
| Reyes2002a | Reyes, O., and M. Casal. 2002. Quercus rotundifolia germination related to forest fires: the effect of high temperatures, ash, smoke and charcoal. Pages 158-164 in C. A. Thanos, T. L. Bearmore, K. F. Connor, and E. L. Tolentino, editors. Annual Meeting of IUFRO 2.09.00 'Research Group for Seed Physiology and Technology' Tree Seeds 2002, Chania, Crete. |
| Reyes2004 | Reyes, O., and M. Casal. 2004. Effects of forest fire ash on germination and early growth of four Pinus species. Plant Ecology 175:81-89. |
| Reyes2006a | Reyes, O., and M. Casal. 2006. Seed germination of Quercus robur, Q. pyrenaica and Q. ilex and the effects of smoke, heat, ash and charcoal. Annals of Forest Science 63:205-212. |
| Reyes2006b | Reyes, O., and M. Casal. 2006. Can smoke affect the germination of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, P. uncinata and P. pinaster?. CD-rom in D. X. Viegas, editor. 5th International Conference on Forest Fire Research. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Figueira da Foz, Portugal. |
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| Riba1997 | Riba, M. 1997. Effects of cutting and rainfall pattern on resprouting vigour and growth of Erica arborea L. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:401-404. |
| Riba2002 | Riba, M., A. Rodrigo, B. Colas, and J. Retana. 2002. Fire and species range in Mediterranean landscapes: an experimental comparison of seed and seedling performance among Centaurea taxa. Journal of Biogeography 29:135-146. |
| Riera1997 | Riera, J., J. Estruch, R. Cuevas, and A. M. Verd�. 1997. Etude des populations de Genista scorpius (L.) DC. et de leur capacite de resistance au feu dans une zone forestiere et pastorale du Bergueda (Barcelone): caracterisation et germination des graines. Lagascalia 19:685-690. |
| Rivas2006a | Rivas, M., O. Reyes, and M. Casal. 2006. Do high temperatures and smoke modify the germination response of Gramineae species?. CD-rom in D. X. Viegas, editor. 5th International Conference on Forest Fire Research. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Figueira da Foz, Portugal. |
| Rivas2006b | Rivas, M., O. Reyes, and M. Casal. 2006. Influence of heat and smoke treatments on the germination of six leguminous shrubby species. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15:73-80. |
| Rodrigo2004 | Rodrigo, A., J. Retana, and F. X. Pic�. 2004. Direct regeneration is not the only response of Mediterranean forests to large fires. Ecology 85:716-729. |
| Rodrigo2007 | Rodrigo, A., V. Quintana, and J. Retana. 2007. Fire reduces Pinus pinea L. distribution in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula. �coscience 14:23-30 |
| Roy1985 | Roy, J., and M. Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki. 1985. Light quality as the environmental trigger for the germination of the fire-promoted species Sarcopoterium spinosum L. Flora 177:345-349. |
| Roy1992 | Roy, J., and L. Sonie. 1992. Germination and population dynamics of Cistus species in relation to fire. Journal of Applied Ecology 29:647-655. |
| Ruiz1979 | Ru�z de la Torre, J., and L. Ceballos. 1979. �rboles y arbustos de la Espa�a peninsular. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Escuela T�cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Madrid, Spain. |
| Salamanca | Fern�ndez-Santos, B. ([email protected]) - Various sites with matorral in the province of Salamanca. (1) Above 1400 m. Cytisus balansae forming dense monospecific stands occuping vast areas. The climate is Mediterranean mountainous, hyperhumid and cold. The soils overlay granitic bedrock and are shallow and acid. Traditionally the matorral is periodically burned (now every 5-8 years) in order to facilitate the growth of grasses. The mainly study area is Sierra de Bejar (W of Central System). (2) Various sites with matorral dominated by Cytisus multiflorus, mainly in the NW of the provice. Climate is subhumid Mediterranean, with mean annual precipitation between 600-750 mm and a pronounced summer drought. Soils are sandy and acid. These areas are extensive open holm-oak woodlands and set-aside agricultural land, where C. multiflorus constitutes monospecific matorral formations. The matorral is periodically burned, every 6-10 yr. Altitude ranges from 680 to 850m a.s.l. (3) Climate is humid Mediterranean, with mean annual precipitation >1000 mm and a pronounced summer drought. Soils are sandy and acid. These areas are extensive open oak woodlands, with matorral species. The matorral is frequently burned. Altitude ranges from 800 to 1200 m a.s.l. |
| Salvador1995 | Salvador, R., and F. Lloret. 1995. Germinaci�n en el laboratorio de varias especies arbustivas mediterr�neas: efecto de la temperatura. Orsis 10:25-34. |
| Santiesteban1993 | Santiesteban, E., C. Garc�a, and M. Morey. 1993. Dynamics of Cistus monspeliensis seedlings after fire. Pages 193-199 in L. Trabaud, and R. Prodon, editors. Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems. European Comission, Brussels. |
| Santos2003 | Santos, M. F. V., E. Guti�rrez, R. Vallejo, I. J. Meunier, and D. Cillero. 2003. Diversity of post-fire vegetation on abandoned terraces and outcroup slopes in Valencia, Spain. Revista �rbore 27:399-405. |
| Saracino1998 | Saracino, A., H. Dinel, F. Fidanza, G. Ruggiero, and S. Dumontet. 1998. Factors affecting post-fire regeneration under large Pinus halepensis trees. II. Influence of ashes and lipids on seed germination patterns. Pages 213-222 in L. Trabaud, editor. Fire management and landscape ecology. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Washington, USA. |
| SBarcelona | Lloret, F. ([email protected]) - Shrublands and Pinus halepensis woodlands in the coastal area between Barcelona and Tarragona cities, with special emphasis in the Garraf Natural Park (Catalonia; NE Spain). |
| SCuenca | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Serran�a de Cuenca (central Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)1. |
| Seligman2000 | Seligman, N. G., and Z. Henkin. 2000. Regeneration of a dominant Mediterranean dwarf-shrub after fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 11:893-902. |
| Selik1958 | Selik, M. 1958. Kizil�am (Pinus brutia Ten.)'in botanik �zellikleri �zerinde arastirmalar ve bunlarin Halep�ami (Pinus halepensis Mill.) vasiflari ile mukayesesi [Researches on botanical properties of Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and its companion of those of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.)] Istanbul Universitesi Orman Fakultesi Dergisi Seri:A 8:161-198 (in Turkish). |
| Silva1996 | Silva, J. S. 1996. Seedling establishment of Mediterranean woody species after fire in two different regions of central Portugal. MSc thesis. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Centre International de Hautes �tudes Agronomiques M�diterran�enees, Creete, Greece. |
| Silva2006 | Silva, J. S., and F. Catry. 2006. Forest fires in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) stands in Portugal. International Journal of Environmental Studies 63:235-257. |
| Skourou2003 | Skourou, P. C. 2003. Population dynamics of Cistus spp. in post-fire succesional stages of Pinus halepensis forests in Attica. PhD thesis (in Greek with summary in English). University of Athens, Athens, Greece. |
| Soria | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Soria-Burgos Mountains (central Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)2. |
| Tapias2000 | Tapias, R., and L. Gil. 2000. Adaptaci�n reproductiva de las especies forestales ante el fuego. Pages 130-137 in R. V�lez, coordinator. La defensa contra incendios forestales: fundamentos y experiencias. McGraw-Hill, Madrid, Spain. |
| Tapias2001 | Tapias, R., L. Gil, P. Fuentes-Utrilla, and J. A. Pardos. 2001. Canopy seed banks in Mediterranean pines of southeastern Spain: a comparison between Pinus halepensis Mill., P. pinaster Ait., P. nigra Arn. and P. pinea L. Journal of Ecology 89:629-638. |
| Tapias2004 | Tapias, R., J. Climent, J. A. Pardos, and L. Gil. 2004. Life histories of Mediterranean pines. Plant Ecology 171:53-68. |
| Tarrega1992 | T�rrega, R., L. Calvo, and L. Trabaud. 1992. Effect of high temperatures on seed germination of two woody Leguminosae. Vegetatio 102:139-147. |
| Tarrega1997 | T�rrega, R., E. Luis-Calabuig, and I. Alonso. 1997. Space-time heterogeneity in the recovery after experimental burning and cutting in a Cistus laurifolius shrubland. Plant Ecology 129:179-187. |
| Tavsanoglu2005 | Tavsanoglu, �., and B. G�rkan. 2005. Post-fire dynamics of Cistus spp. in a Pinus brutia forest. Turkish Journal of Botany 29: 337-343. |
| Teleno | Madrigal, J., C. Hernando, and M. Guijarro ([email protected]) - Sierra de Teleno (Spain). Mediterranean climate with continental influence; phytoclimatic region following Allu� 1990: VI(IV)2. |
| Thanos1988 | Thanos, C. A., and K. Georghiou. 1988. Ecophysiology of fire-stimulated seed germination in Cistus incanus ssp. creticus (L.) Heywood and C. salvifolius L. Plant Cell and Environment 11:841-849. |
| Thanos1989 | Thanos, C. A., S. Marcou, D. Christodoulakis, and A. Yannitsaros. 1989. Early post-fire regeneration in Pinus brutia forest ecosystems of Samos Island (Greece). Acta Oecologica 10:79-94. |
| Thanos1992 | Thanos, C. A., K. Georghiou, C. Kadis, and C. Pantazi. 1992. Cistaceae: A plant family with hard seeds. Israel Journal of Botany 41:251-263. |
| Thanos1993 | Thanos, C. A., and E. N. Daskalakou. 1993. Seed characteristics of Pinus brutia from various location of Samos Island. Pages 295-302 in Proceedings of International Symposium on Pinus brutia Ten., Ministry of Forestry of Turkey, October 18th-23th, Marmaris, Turkey. |
| Thanos1996 | Thanos, C. A., E. N. Daskalakou, and S. Nikolaidou. 1996. Early post-fire regeneration of a Pinus halepensis forest on Mount Parnis, Greece. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:273-280. |
| Torres2006 | Torres, O., L. Calvo, and L. Valbuena. 2006. Influence of high temperatures on seed germination of a special Pinus pinaster stand adapted to frequent fires. Plant Ecology 186:129-136. |
| Trabaud1985a | Trabaud, L., C. Michels, and J. Grosman. 1985. Recovery of burnt Pinus halepensis Mill. forests. 2. Pine reconstitution after wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management 13:167-179. |
| Trabaud1985b | Trabaud, L., and B. de Chanterac. 1985. The influence of fire on the phenological behavior of Mediterranean plant species in Bas-Languedoc (southern France). Vegetatio 60:119-130. |
| Trabaud1989a | Trabaud, L., and J. Oustric. 1989. Heat requirements for seed germination of three Cistus species in the garrigue of southern France. Flora 183:321-325. |
| Trabaud1989b | Trabaud, L., and M. Casal. 1989. R�ponses des semences de Rosmarinus officinalis � diff�rents traitements simulant une action de feu. Acta oecologica 10:355-363. |
| Trabaud1990 | Trabaud, L. 1990. Fire resistance of Quercus coccifera L. garrigue. In J. M. Goldammer, and M. J. Jenkins, editors. III International Symposium of Fire Ecology. SPB Academic Publishing. |
| Trabaud1992 | Trabaud, L. 1992. Influence du r�gime des feux sur les modifications � court terme et la stabilit� � long terme de la flore d'une garrigue de Quercus coccifera. Revue d'Ecologie-La Terre et La Vie 47:209-230. |
| Trabaud1997 | Trabaud, L., J. J. Mart�nez-S�nchez, P. Ferrandis, A. I. Gonz�lez-Ochoa, and J. M. Herranz. 1997. V�g�tation �pig�e et banque de semences du sol: leur contribution � la stabilit� cyclique des pin�des mixtes de Pinus halepensis et P. pinaster. Canadian Journal of Botany 75:1012-1021. |
| Trabaud2000 | Trabaud, L. 2000. Seeds: their soil seed bank and their role in post-fire recovery of ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin. Pages 229-259 in L. Trabaud, editor. Life and Environment in the Mediterranean. Wit Press, Southhampton, Boston, USA. |
| Trabaud2002 | Trabaud, L., and M. Grandjanny. 2002. Post-fire reconstitution of the flowering phenology in Mediterranean shrubland plants. Pages 99-113 in L. Trabaud, and R. Prodon, editors. Fire and biological proccesses. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. |
| Troumbis1986 | Troumbis, A., and L. Trabaud. 1986. Comparison of reproductive biological attributes of two Cistus species. Acta Oecologica 7:235-250. |
| Troumbis1996 | Troumbis, A. Y. 1996. Seed persistence versus soil seed bank persistence: The case of the post-fire seeder Cistus incanus L. Ecoscience 3:461-468. |
| Turkmen2005 | T�rkmen, N., and A. D�zenli. 2005. Changes in floristic composition of Quercus coccifera macchia after fire in the �ukurova region, Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 42:453-460. |
| Turna2006 | Turna, I., and E. Bilgili. 2006. Effect of heat on seed germination of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15:283-286. |
| Usta2007 | Usta, T. 2007. The effects of high heat shock treatments on seeds feature of natural pine (Pinus spp.) species. M.Sc. Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara (in Turkish with English abstract). |
| Valbuena1992 | Valbuena, L., R. T�rrega, and E. Luis. 1992. Influence of heat on seed germination of Cistus laurifolius and Cistus ladanifer. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2:15-20. |
| Valbuena1995 | Valbuena, L., and L. Trabaud. 1995. Comparison between the soil seed banks of a burnt and an unburnt Quercus pyrenaica Willd. forest. Vegetatio 119:81-90. |
| Valbuena1998 | Valbuena, L., and R. T�rrega. 1998. The influence of heat and mechanical scarification on the germination capacity of Quercus pyrenaica seeds. New Forests 16:177-183. |
| Valbuena2000 | Valbuena, L., R. T�rrega, and E. Lu�s-Calabuig. 2000. Seed banks of Erica australis and Calluna vulgaris in a heathland subjected to experimental fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 11:161-166. |
| Valbuena2001 | Valbuena, L., and L. Trabaud. 2001. Contribution of the soil seed bank to post-fire recovery of a heathland. Plant Ecology 152:175-183. |
| Valbuena2002a | Valbuena, L., and M. L. Vera. 2002. The effects of thermal scarification and seed storage on germination of four heathland species. Plant Ecology 161:137-144. |
| Valbuena2002b | Valbuena, L., E. Luis-Calabuig, and R. T�rrega. 2002. Relationship between thermal shock and germination in five Mediterranean shrubs. Pages 93-98 in L. Trabaud, and R. Prodon, editors. Fire and biological processes. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. |
| Valencia | Pausas J. G., and S. Paula (juli.g.pausas@uv.es) - Valencia (E Spain). Mainly lowland communities (avoiding top mountains, etc). Mediterranean climate with two main distinctive bioclimatic zones: a thermo-Mediterranean zone right next to the coast (mean annual temperature: 17-19 �C; vegetative period: 12 months) and a meso-Mediterranean zone a bit inland (mean annual temperature 13-17 �C; vegetative period: 9 - 11 months). The precipitation regime is mainly dry (annual precipitation from 350 to 600 mm) with precipitation concentrated (>60%) in spring and autumn. About 55% of the forest landscape did not burn during this period 1978 and 2001, ca 30% burned once only, 14% burned twice, and very small areas burnt 3 or more times. About 11% of the forest land has suffered recurrent fires with fire intervals shorter than 15 years (in the last 23 years; Pausas and Abdel Malak 2004). |
| Vega2005 | Vega, J. A., P. P�rez-Gorostiaga, M. T. Font�rbel, A. Barreiro, C. Fern�ndez, and P. Cui�as. 2005. Variables influyentes en la respuesta regenerativa a corto plazo de Quercus pyrenaica Willd. tras incendios en Galicia. In Sociedad Espa�ola de Ciencias Forestales, editor. Proccedings of the IV Congreso Forestal Espa�ol. La ciencia forestal: Respuestas para la sostenibilidad. Interrogante Gr�fica, Zaragoza, Spain. |
| Vera1995 | Vera, M. L., M. C. Alonso, and J. R. Obeso. 1995. Rebrote despu�s de incendio e inversi�n reproductiva en Erica cinerea y E. vagans. Orsis 10:7-15. |
| Verdaguer2001 | Verdaguer, D., E. Garc�a-Berthou, G. Pascual, and P. Puigderrajols. 2001. Sprouting of seedlings of three Quercus species in relation to repeated pruning and the cotyledonary node. Australian Journal of Botany 49:67-74. |
| Verkaik2005 | Verkaik, I. 2005. El efecto de las claras y la edad de regeneraci�n post-incendio en las caracter�sticas reproductivas de bosques de Pinus halepensis Mill. In II International conference on prevention strategies of fires in Southern Europe: Forest management as a tool fire prevention, Barcelona, Spain. |
| Vila1994 | Vil�, M., J. Weiner, and J. Terradas. 1994. Effect of local competition on resprouting of Arbutus unedo after clipping. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:145-152. |
| Vila1995 | Vil�, M., and J. Terradas. 1995. Sprout recruitment and self-thinning of Erica multiflora after clipping. Oecologia 102:64-69. |
| Vila2000 | Vil�, M., and F. Lloret. 2000. Seed dynamics of the mast seeding tussock grass Ampelodesmos mauritanica in Mediterranean shrublands. Journal of Ecology 88:479-491. |
| Vila2001 | Vil�, M., F. Lloret, E. Ogheri, and J. Terradas. 2001. Positive fire-grass feedback in Mediterranean Basin woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 147:3-14. |
| VillarSalvador2000 | Villar Salvador, P. 2000. Estrategias ecol�gicas y funcionales del xilema en plantas le�osas mediterr�neas. PhD thesis. Universidad de Valencia, Spain. |
The 9th column refers to the region of the Mediterranean Basin where the observation or experiment was performed or from where the seeds were collected. Five regions are considered, three in Mediterranean Europe, one in Mediterranean Asia and another in Mediterranean Africa:
W � North West: Iberian Peninsula, south of France and Balearic Islands.
C � North-Central: Italian Peninsula and surrounding islands (Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica).
E � North East: from Trieste to Istanbul, that is, Croatia, Albania, Former Yugoslavic Republic of Macedonia, Greece, and surrounding islands.
M � Mediterranean Middle East (Asia): from Istanbul to the Sinai Peninsula. That is, Anatolian Peninsula, western Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and Cyprus.
S � Southern rim of the Mediterranean sea (North Africa), that is, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
U � Unknown, or unclear in the original source, or from more than two of the above regions.
The 10th column indicates rows that are strongly related (indicated with the same code in this column); these are references for a given species in which there is a high chance that the information in one of the references was obtained from another. These cases are very difficult to identify, but are indicated when suspected, as it may help in understanding and processing the data.
For some data, a brief comment may be included in the 11th column. These comments or clarifications may be provided by the author (f.a.), that is, they are indicated in the reference, or by the data compiler (f.c.).
CLASS V. SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTORS
A. Data acquisition
Data forms: n/a
Location of completed data forms: n/a
Data entry/verification procedures: Data were introduced in a spreadsheet from published references and personal experience. The main compilers (Paula and Pausas) reviewed all individual datasets to homogenise criteria and to detect inconsistencies. Initial analysis was performed to detect further inconsistencies.
B. Quality assurance/quality control procedures: see Authentication procedure (Class IV).
C. Related material: n/a
D. Computer programs and data processing algorithms:
The file can be read using different statistical, database or spreadsheet software. Here is the command line to read it in R version 2.7 (R Development Core Team 2007):
read.delim("BROT_2008.11.txt")
E. Archiving: n/a
F. Publications using the data set: The full data set has not yet been used in any publication. Several papers used a small subset of the data:
Paula, S. and J. G. Pausas. 2006. Leaf traits and resprouting ability in the Mediterranean basin. Functional Ecology 20:941-947.
Verd�, M., and J. G. Pausas. 2007. Fire drives phylogenetic clustering in Mediterranean Basin woody plant communities. Journal of Ecology 95:1316-323.
Paula, S., and J. G. Pausas. 2008. Burning seeds: Germinative response to heat treatments in relation to resprouting ability. Journal of Ecology 96:543-552.
Pausas, J.G., and M. Verd�. 2008. Fire reduces morphospace occupation in plant communities. Ecology 89: 2181-2186.
G. History of data set usage: n/a (the data has not yet been used by any secondary user)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank J. Madrigal, C. Hernando, M. Guijarro, J. Baeza, M. De Luis, P. Andriopoulos and A. Escudero for providing information and comments on some species. The compilation of this database was supported by the EUFIRELAB project (European Commission EVR1- 2001-00054), SINREG project (Spanish Government, REN2003-07198-C02-02/GLO), PERSIST project (Spanish Government, CGL2006-07126/BOS) and CIRCE project (European Commission IP 036961). CEAM is supported by Generalitat Valenciana, Bancaixa, and the Spanish Government (GRACCIE Consolider-Ingenio 2010).
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