r rType Zr EffShape DirSign5 AuthorDate StudyID SiteID EcosysType ExpSyst Manip Design IndDivCause EstablFrom DivMeas FgLevels SpLevels MaxSpNo NoPlots NoSpec TL manip TL measur TrophRel Variable GroupVar Service EcoServ ResidInvad StatDyn RateStock RespLevel -0.839 univar -1.218 negative linear -2 Stachowicz et al. 1999 1 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Producer below survival of invader (%) Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.702 univar 0.871 positive linear 2 Stachowicz et al. 1999 1 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same cover 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.799 univar -1.095 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [ectomycorrhiza: P. tinctorius] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop -0.762 univar -1 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [ectomycorrhiza: C. geophilum] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop -0.669 univar -0.808 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [ectomycorrhiza: L. laccata] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop -0.642 univar -0.761 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [ectomycorrhiza: A. flavorubescens] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop -0.51 univar -0.563 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [ectomycorrhiza: A. longipes] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop -0.463 univar -0.501 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont root length/mass 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com -0.418 univar -0.446 negative -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont -root:shoot ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s com -0.336 univar -0.35 negative linear -2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.247 univar -0.252 negative linear 0 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [ectomycorrhiza: P. bicolor] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop -0.235 univar -0.239 negative linear -1 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont root length 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.071 univar 0.071 positive 0 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont total mass [mg] 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.192 univar 0.195 positive 0 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont root N conc. [mg/g] nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.311 univar 0.322 positive linear 2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.335 univar 0.348 positive linear 2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont shoot N conc. [mg/g] nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.361 univar 0.378 positive linear 2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same fungal root tips/m root length [total] Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.421 univar 0.449 positive linear 2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont total P conc. [mgP/g] nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.559 univar 0.631 positive linear 2 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont shoot P conc. [mgP/g] nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont root P conc. [mgP/g] nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Baxter & Dighton 2001 2 S20 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 72 6 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont total N conc. [mg/g] nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.147 univar 0.148 no 0 Bullock et al. 2001 3 S30 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 high 12 41 1°Producer 1°Producer same P concentration (%) nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.21 univar 0.213 no 0 Bullock et al. 2001 3 S30 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 high 12 41 1°Producer 1°Producer same N concentration (%) nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.678 univar 0.825 positive linear 2 Bullock et al. 2001 3 S30 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 high 12 41 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.634 multivar -0.749 negative -2 Downing & Leibold 2002 4 S40 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 84 15 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass (periphyton) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com -0.613 multivar -0.714 negative -2 Downing & Leibold 2002 4 S40 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 84 15 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within zooplankton biomass 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.689 multivar 0.845 positive 2 Downing & Leibold 2002 4 S40 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 84 15 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass (phytoplankton) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.648 univar 0.772 positive log-linear 2 Dukes 2001a 5 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (97-98 cohort) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Dukes 2001a 5 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (96-97 cohort) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Dukes 2001a 5 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (established 97-98 cohort) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Dukes 2001a 5 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (97-98)/(96-97) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com -0.663 univar -0.799 negative linear -2 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader individuals Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.529 univar -0.589 negative linear -2 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same invader species cover Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.316 univar 0.327 positive linear 2 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same -light transmittance 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal SpRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco extractable soil N soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil moisture water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Symstad 2000 6 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same species richness 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco accumul. of nitrate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same grass respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no -1 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same incorp. of leucin 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no -2 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same incorp. of thymidin 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no 2 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco potential nitrific. rate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same substrate induced respiration C 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same substrate induced respiration N 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same substrate induced respiration P 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2001 7 S70 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization diversity 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco 0.422 multivar 0.45 positive 0 Hector et al. 2000 9 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer Detritivores above litter decomposition [%dry weight] ** 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com 0.476 univar 0.518 positive linear 2 Hector et al. 2000 9 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer Detritivores above litter decomposition [%dry weight] * 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA negative linear -2 Hector et al. 2000 9 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer Detritivores above 1°+decomposer activity 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r com -0.659 univar -0.791 negative -2 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: shoot-root ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s pop -0.621 univar -0.727 negative -2 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.458 univar -0.495 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: shoot-root ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s pop -0.335 univar -0.348 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: plant height 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.312 univar -0.323 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: root tip density 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r pop -0.262 univar -0.268 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.207 univar -0.21 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.184 univar -0.186 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: shoot-root ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s pop -0.148 univar -0.149 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: root tip density 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r pop -0.12 univar -0.121 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: shoot-root ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s pop -0.101 univar -0.101 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: root tip density 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r pop -0.093 univar -0.093 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.045 univar -0.045 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.044 univar -0.044 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: plant height 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.021 univar -0.021 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.048 univar 0.048 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: plant height 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.052 univar 0.052 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont P.sylvestris: root tip density 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r pop 0.356 univar 0.372 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same B.pendula: mycorrhizal colonisation Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop 0.357 univar 0.373 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same P.sylvestris: mycorrhizal colonisation Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop 0.365 univar 0.383 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same B.pendula: mycorrhizal colonisation Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop 0.39 univar 0.412 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same P.sylvestris: mycorrhizal colonisation Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s pop 0.729 univar 0.927 positive 2 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.807 univar 1.118 positive 2 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.827 univar 1.179 positive 2 Jonsson et al. 2001 10 S90 forest bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 90 8 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont B.pendula: plant height 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.382 univar -0.403 negative linear -2 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores Detritivores same biomass total (PLFA) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable s com 0.284 univar 0.292 positive 1 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores Detritivores same biomass total (PLFA) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable s com 0.424 univar 0.453 positive linear 2 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores 1°Producer above root biomass 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.608 univar 0.706 positive log-linear 2 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores 1°Producer above nitrogen content of leaves nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.648 univar 0.772 positive log-linear 2 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores 1°Producer above biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.656 univar 0.785 positive log-linear 2 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores 1°Producer above biomass (birch) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.906 univar 1.502 positive log-linear 2 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores Detritivores same biomass (microarthropod) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores 1°Producer above biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores Detritivores same biomass (microbes) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores Detritivores same diversity (fungi) 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco nitrogen loss of system nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Liiri et al. 2002 11 S100 soil community greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 high 40 NA Detritivores 1°Producer above shoot-root ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s com -0.714 univar -0.896 negative log-linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Aster fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.64 univar -0.757 negative log-linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Sporobolus fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.613 univar -0.714 negative log-linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Petalostemum fungal stem spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.608 univar -0.705 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Anemone fungal leaf spot)) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.554 univar -0.624 negative log-linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Solidago fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.503 univar -0.553 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Bouteloua fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.497 univar -0.545 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Sorghastrum fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.476 univar -0.518 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Euphrobia-Panicum rust on P.) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.438 univar -0.47 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Coreopsis bacterial leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.425 univar -0.454 negative log-linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above pathogen load 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com -0.405 univar -0.43 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Liatris fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.358 univar -0.374 negative linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Achillea, leaf necrosis) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.351 univar -0.366 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Panicum fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.342 univar -0.356 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Coreopsis fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.257 univar -0.263 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Andropogon, fungal leaf spot)) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.205 univar -0.208 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Buchloe fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.205 univar -0.208 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Vicia fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.127 univar -0.127 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Lespedeza rust) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.089 univar -0.09 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Asceplias fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.063 univar -0.063 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Rudbeckia fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.032 univar -0.032 negative linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Liatris-Koeleria rust on K.) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0 univar 0 no 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Liatris-Koeleria rust on L.) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0 univar 0 no 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Schizachyrium fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0.032 univar 0.032 positive linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Astragalus fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0.187 univar 0.189 positive linear 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Euphrobia-Panicum rust on E.) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0.207 univar 0.21 positive 0 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Poa fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0.551 univar 0.62 positive linear 2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above disease severity (Elymus fungal leaf spot) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop NA none NA negative log-linear -2 Mitchell et al. 2002 12 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Consumer above pathogen load (c.v.) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Niklaus et al. 2001 13 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Niklaus et al. 2001 13 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative linear -2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same %N in plant nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive linear 2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive linear 2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative linear -2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil net N-mineralisation soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA negative linear -2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil solution N soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive linear 2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same total plant N-content nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco NA none NA negative -2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Reich et al. 2001 14 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 74 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA positive linear 2 Spaekova and Leps 2001 15 S120 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 6 low 100 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive linear 2 Spaekova and Leps 2001 15 S120 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 6 low 100 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.344 multivar 0.358 positive linear 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002a 17 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 intermediate 96 20 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont tot. spore number Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.394 multivar 0.416 positive linear 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002a 17 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 intermediate 96 20 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont tot. spore volume Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002a 17 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 intermediate 96 20 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont composition Mycorrhiza diversity s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Burrows & Pfleger 2002a 17 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 intermediate 96 20 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont diversity Mycorrhiza diversity s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.829 univar -1.184 negative linear -2 McGrady-Steed et al. 1997 18 S140 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 7 high 16 32 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco CO2-flux (std.dev) CO2 r climate regulation 1 variable r eco -0.801 univar -1.1 negative linear -2 McGrady-Steed et al. 1997 18 S140 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 7 high 16 32 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco CO2-flux (std.dev) CO2 r climate regulation 1 variable r eco 0.387 univar 0.409 positive linear 2 McGrady-Steed et al. 1997 18 S140 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 7 high 16 32 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco CO2-flux CO2 r climate regulation 1 static r eco 0.671 univar 0.812 positive log-linear 2 McGrady-Steed et al. 1997 18 S140 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 7 high 16 32 Multitrophic Detritivores above decomposition 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 McGrady-Steed et al. 1997 18 S140 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 7 high 16 32 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within Euplotes density (introduced invader) Invader 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.539 univar -0.602 negative log-linear -2 Hooper & Vitousek 1997 19 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco N-pool sizes in soil soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco -0.361 univar -0.378 negative linear 0 Hooper & Vitousek 1997 19 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.608 univar 0.706 positive linear 0 Hooper & Vitousek 1997 19 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco "N-pool sizes in soil; early seasonals only" soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.812 univar 1.134 positive log-linear 2 Hooper & Vitousek 1997 19 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same "biomass aboveground; early seasonal only" 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.827 univar -1.18 negative log-linear -2 Diemer & Schmid 2001 22 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 44 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of inflorescences Ranunculus repens Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.708 univar -0.884 negative log-linear -2 Diemer & Schmid 2001 22 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 44 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of inflorescences Ranunculus acris Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.574 univar -0.654 negative log-linear -2 Diemer & Schmid 2001 22 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 44 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival of Ranunculus acris Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.491 univar -0.537 negative log-linear -2 Diemer & Schmid 2001 22 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 44 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival of Ranunculus repens Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco CO2 respiration CO2 r climate regulation 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco denitrification growth rate nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same incorp. of leucin 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same Methane oxidation 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco NH4 in soil soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco NO3 soil soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Ecosystem eco potential denitrification nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same biomass total (total phospholipid-P) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same substrate induced respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same Thymidine incorp. 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA positive 2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA negative -2 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA positive 1 Griffiths et al. 2000 23 S70 soil community greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 4 intermediate 12 NA Detritivores Detritivores same decomposition of grass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco 0.09 univar 0.09 no 0 Dukes 2001b 24 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 59 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same invader biomass Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.343 univar 0.357 no 0 Dukes 2001b 24 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 59 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (controls) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.458 univar 0.495 positive linear 2 Dukes 2001b 24 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 59 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same "total biomass (resident species); diff. to control" 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com -0.843 univar -1.23 negative log-linear -2 Dukes 2002 25 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same "biomass aboveground invader; new communities" Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.728 univar -0.924 negative log-linear -2 Dukes 2002 25 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same "biomass aboveground invader; established communities" Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA positive linear 1 Dukes 2002 25 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same "biomass aboveground (resident spc.); portion to control" 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Dukes 2002 25 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same "biomass aboveground (resident spc.); portion to control" 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 1 Dukes 2002 25 S50 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 intermediate 60 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (total) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.061 univar 0.061 no 0 Mulder et al. 2001 26 S190 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.172 univar 0.174 positive linear 2 Mulder et al. 2001 26 S190 forest greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad & Tilman 2001 27 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Symstad & Tilman 2001 27 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same tissue N-concentration nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA negative -1 Symstad & Tilman 2001 27 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (drought/non-drought) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.141 univar 0.142 no 0 Symstad et al. 1998 28 S180 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 5 intermediate 113 16 1°Producer Ecosystem eco N retention soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.316 univar 0.327 positive not linear 2 Symstad et al. 1998 28 S180 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 5 intermediate 113 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.08 univar 0.08 no 0 Crawley et al. 1999 29 S160 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 72 5 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of invader species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.75 univar 0.973 positive linear 2 Crawley et al. 1999 29 S160 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 72 5 1°Producer 1°Producer same "no. of invader sp.; unlimed plots" Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.033 multivar 0.033 no 0 Engelhardt & Kadlec 2001 30 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 204 5 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable s com 0.16 multivar 0.162 positive 1 Engelhardt & Kadlec 2001 30 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 204 5 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.202 multivar 0.204 no 0 Engelhardt & Kadlec 2001 30 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 204 5 1°Producer Detritivores above respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco 0.24 multivar 0.244 no 0 Engelhardt & Kadlec 2001 30 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 204 5 1°Producer Detritivores above respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.045 univar 0.045 no 0 Kenkel et al. 2000 31 S210 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 6 low 110 10 1°Producer Ecosystem eco Nitrate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.084 univar 0.084 no 0 Kenkel et al. 2000 31 S210 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 6 low 110 10 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.105 univar 0.105 no 0 Kenkel et al. 2000 31 S210 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 6 low 110 10 1°Producer 1°Producer same 1°producer abundance 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.512 univar 0.565 no 0 Kenkel et al. 2000 31 S210 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 6 low 110 10 1°Producer Ecosystem eco Nitrate (CV) soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 variable r eco -0.413 univar -0.44 negative linear -2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (incl.Rhinanthus alectorolophus) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com -0.373 univar -0.391 negative linear -1 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of Rhinanthus alectorolophus 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop -0.186 univar -0.188 no 0 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above seed establishment Rhinanthus alectorolophus 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop 0.325 univar 0.338 positive linear 1 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover (tot. vegetation ) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.389 univar 0.41 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover of general weeds (control plots) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 variable s pop 0.404 univar 0.429 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above size of Rhinanthus alectorolophus plants NA r bioregulation 1 static s pop 0.412 univar 0.438 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. seeds/seed germinated Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.454 univar 0.49 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover of host community 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.463 univar 0.501 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of general weeds (control plots) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 variable s pop 0.529 univar 0.588 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above total inflorescence length Rhinanthus alectorolophus 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop 0.569 univar 0.647 positive linear 2 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same host community biomass 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Joshi et al. 2000 32 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same host community biomass 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com 0.005 univar 0.005 positive log-linear 0 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (lettuce) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.064 univar 0.064 positive log-linear 0 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (cabbage) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.096 univar 0.096 positive linear 0 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same species richness weed Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.221 univar 0.225 positive log-linear 1 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (tomato) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.225 univar 0.229 positive log-linear 1 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (basil) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.252 univar 0.258 positive log-linear 2 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (borage) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.287 univar 0.295 positive log-linear 2 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (all species) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.29 univar 0.299 positive log-linear 2 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (marigold) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.354 univar 0.37 positive log-linear 2 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (zinnia) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.544 univar 0.61 positive log-linear 2 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground/individual (soy) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Palmer & Chandler-Ezell 2001 34 S240 crop/successional greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 200 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same species composition (weed) Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com NA none NA no 0 Prieur-Richard et al. 2000 35 S230 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 36 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same fecundity (Conyza bonariensis) Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Prieur-Richard et al. 2000 35 S230 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 36 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same fecundity (Conyza canadensis) Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Prieur-Richard et al. 2000 35 S230 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 36 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same germination of C. bonariensis Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Prieur-Richard et al. 2000 35 S230 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 36 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same germination of C. canadensis Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Prieur-Richard et al. 2000 35 S230 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 36 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival (Conyza bonariensis) Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Prieur-Richard et al. 2000 35 S230 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 36 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival (Conyza canadensis) Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.532 univar -0.593 negative log-linear -2 Knops et al. 1999 36 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. external invader species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.48 univar -0.523 negative log-linear -2 Knops et al. 1999 36 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same total invader biomass Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.335 univar -0.348 negative log-linear -2 Knops et al. 1999 36 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same plant size of dominant invader species (Crepis tectorum) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.307 univar -0.317 negative log-linear -2 Knops et al. 1999 36 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same plant size of dominant invader species (Digitaria ischaemum) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.825 univar -1.171 negative -2 Knops et al. 1999 37 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 285 32 1°Producer 1°Consumer above foliar fungal disease of Liatris aspera 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.575 univar -0.654 negative -2 Knops et al. 1999 37 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 285 32 1°Producer 1°Consumer above foliar fungal disease of Lespedeza capitata 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.52 univar -0.576 negative -2 Knops et al. 1999 37 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 285 32 1°Producer 1°Consumer above foliar fungal disease of Monarda fistulosa 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.51 univar -0.563 negative -2 Knops et al. 1999 37 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 285 32 1°Producer 1°Consumer above foliar fungal disease of Schizachyrium scoparium 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop 0.4 univar 0.424 positive linear 2 Knops et al. 1999 37 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 285 32 1°Producer 2°Consumer above species richness predatory insects 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.51 univar 0.563 positive linear 2 Knops et al. 1999 37 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 285 32 1°Producer 1°Consumer above species richness herbivore insects 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Berish & Ewel 1988 38 S260 crop/successional field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 48 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same fine root biomass 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 0 Berish & Ewel 1988 38 S260 crop/successional field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 48 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same organic matter contribution to soil (by roots) 1°producer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Berish & Ewel 1988 38 S260 crop/successional field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 48 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. belowground (fine roots) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Ewel et al. 1991 39 S260 crop/successional field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 48 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil fertility (N, P, S) soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA negative -1 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Detritivores above abundance of microarthropodes (no. per g litter) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Detritivores above abundance of nematodes (no. per g litter) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Detritivores above fungivore nematodes (no. per gram litter) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Detritivores above length fungal hyphae 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Detritivores above litter decay 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA negative -2 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Ecosystem eco N immobilization soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Ecosystem eco N release (initial) soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA negative -2 Blair et al. 1990 40 S270 soil community field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 108 3 1°Producer Detritivores above abundance bacteria (no. per g litter) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Garnier et al. 1997 41 S310 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 2 low 16 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative -1 Hurd & Wolf 1974 42 S330 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 low 4 NA 1°Consumer 2°Consumer above biomass carnivores 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -1 Hurd & Wolf 1974 42 S330 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 low 4 NA 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same productivity (dB/dt) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com NA none NA negative -1 Hurd & Wolf 1974 42 S330 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 low 4 NA 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same prod. aboveground 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -1 Hurd & Wolf 1974 42 S330 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization FgRichn 1 2 low 4 NA 1°Consumer 2°Consumer above prod. aboveground 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.105 multivar 0.105 no 0 Laakso & Setälä 1999 43 S340 soil community greenhouse direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 3 6 high 72 64 Multitrophic 1°Producer above prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.514 multivar 0.568 no 0 Laakso & Setälä 1999 43 S340 soil community greenhouse direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 3 6 high 72 64 Multitrophic 2°Consumer within biomass (predator) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.764 multivar 1.006 no 0 Laakso & Setälä 1999 43 S340 soil community greenhouse direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 3 6 high 72 64 Multitrophic 1°Producer above biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.788 multivar 1.066 no 0 Laakso & Setälä 1999 43 S340 soil community greenhouse direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 3 6 high 72 64 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within biomass of microbial and detrital grazers 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Leps et al. 1982 44 S430 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 10 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -1 Leps et al. 1982 44 S430 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 10 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com -0.452 univar -0.487 negative linear -2 Mellinger & McNaughton 1975 47 S460 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization diversity 1 2 high 15 78 1°Producer 1°Producer same productivity (average) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com -0.172 univar -0.174 no 0 Mellinger & McNaughton 1975 47 S460 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization diversity 1 2 high 15 78 1°Producer 1°Producer same productivity (total) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA positive 1 Mellinger & McNaughton 1975 47 S460 grassland field indirect none succession propagules/colonization diversity 1 2 high 15 78 1°Producer 1°Producer same productivity 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable r com NA none NA positive 2 Smedes & Hurd 1981 48 S510 aquatic marine field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 4 80 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same -bare ground/bare ground of control 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Smedes & Hurd 1981 48 S510 aquatic marine field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 4 80 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same volume of organisms 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Smedes & Hurd 1981 48 S510 aquatic marine field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 4 80 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same -bare ground/bare ground of control 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Smedes & Hurd 1981 48 S510 aquatic marine field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 4 80 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same volume of organisms 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Smith & Allcock 1985 49 S520 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 3 low 36 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same content of digestible organic matter and nitrogen nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Smith & Allcock 1985 49 S520 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 3 low 36 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -1 Brown & Ewel 1987 50 S260 crop/successional field indirect none succession propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 high 48 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above % of available leaf area lost to herbivory 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com NA none NA negative -2 Lugo 1992 51 S440 forest field indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 8 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Lugo 1992 51 S440 forest field indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 8 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Lugo 1992 51 S440 forest field indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 8 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass net aboveground (estimates from diameter) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Lugo 1992 51 S440 forest field indirect none management propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 2 high 8 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco recirculation of nutrients soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco -0.4 univar -0.424 negative -2 Dodd et al. 1994 52 S290 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 38 high 45 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground all years 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.06 univar -0.06 negative -1 Dodd et al. 1994 52 S290 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 38 high 45 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (cv all years) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA univar NA no 0 Dodd et al. 1994 52 S290 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 38 high 45 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (5 diff. years) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.542 multivar 0.607 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco phosphor accumulation soil soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.585 multivar 0.669 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same canopy complexity 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.665 multivar 0.801 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco potassium accumulation soil soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.7 multivar 0.867 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Detritivores above no. of earthworms 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.728 multivar 0.924 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco CO2-flux CO2 r climate regulation 1 static r eco 0.831 multivar 1.192 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above insect herbivore abundance (Myzus ornatus) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop 0.935 multivar 1.695 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same productivity (%transm. of photosynth. act. radiation) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.983 multivar 2.386 positive 2 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same canopy density (%veg. cover, arcsinsqrrt) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco available N soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Naeem et al. 1995 54 S480 ruderal/salt marsh greenhouse direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 224 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco water retention (input-runoff) water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 0 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Capsella bursa-pastoris) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Chenopodium album) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA negative log-linear 0 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Lamium purpureum) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Senecio vulgaris) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Sinapis arvensis) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 0 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Sonchus oleraceus) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 0 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Spergula arvensis) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 0 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species:Stellaria media) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 0 Naeem et al. 1996 55 S490 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 164 16 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (individual species: Veronica arvensis) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.188 univar -0.191 negative linear -2 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same total biomass aboveground (cv) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable r com 0.15 univar 0.151 positive 2 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same individual species cover all(cv) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.469 univar 0.509 positive log-linear 2 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same individual species cover (cv) Agropyron repens 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s pop NA none NA no 0 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same individual species cover (cv) Artemisia ludoviciana 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s pop NA none NA no 0 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same individual species prod. aboveground (cv) Panicum oligosanthes 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s pop NA none NA negative -2 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same individual species cover cv) Poa pratensis 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s pop NA none NA negative -2 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same individual species cover (cv) Schizachyrium scoparium 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s pop NA none NA no 0 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Tilman 1996 56 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 21 high 206 100 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com -0.469 univar -0.509 negative -2 Tilman et al. 1996 57 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil nitrate 0-20cm soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco -0.374 univar -0.393 negative log-linear -2 Tilman et al. 1996 57 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil nitrate at 40-60cm soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.424 univar 0.453 positive 2 Tilman et al. 1996 57 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same total cover (%) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.122 univar -0.123 no 0 Wardle et al. 1997 59 S570 soil community field direct substitutive none none SpRichn 2 7 low 1224 32 1°Producer Ecosystem eco nitrogen release rate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static r eco -0.029 univar -0.029 no 0 Wardle et al. 1997 59 S570 soil community field direct substitutive none none SpRichn 2 7 low 1224 32 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition rate 1°+decomposer abundance s soil fertility 1 static r eco 0.102 univar 0.102 no 0 Wardle et al. 1997 59 S570 soil community field direct substitutive none none SpRichn 2 7 low 1224 32 1°Producer Ecosystem eco nitrogen content soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 1997 59 S570 soil community field direct substitutive none none SpRichn 2 7 low 1224 32 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial biomass 1°+decomposer abundance s soil fertility 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Naeem & Li 1997 62 S470 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpPerFg 5 3 intermediate 48 15 Multitrophic Detritivores within bacterial density (s.d.) (decomposer) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Naeem & Li 1997 62 S470 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpPerFg 5 3 intermediate 48 15 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass total (r2) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Naeem & Li 1997 62 S470 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpPerFg 5 3 intermediate 48 15 Multitrophic Detritivores within bacterial density (decomposer) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Naeem & Li 1997 62 S470 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpPerFg 5 3 intermediate 48 15 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass total 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com -0.629 univar -0.74 negative linear -2 Hooper & Vitousek 1998 63 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco available P soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco -0.596 univar -0.687 negative linear -2 Hooper & Vitousek 1998 63 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco inorganic N soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Hooper & Vitousek 1998 63 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco leaching loss NO3- nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA positive linear 2 Hooper & Vitousek 1998 63 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same relative resource use mechanism NA NA 1 static s com NA none NA negative linear -2 Hooper & Vitousek 1998 63 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil moisture water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco NA none NA positive linear 2 Hooper & Vitousek 1998 63 S150 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 4 4 intermediate 54 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco total soil P soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.148 univar 0.149 no 0 Norberg 2000 64 S500 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 36 4 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same biomass rotifers 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.218 univar 0.222 no 0 Norberg 2000 64 S500 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 36 4 1°Consumer Ecosystem eco silica abiotic condition s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco 0.495 univar 0.543 no 0 Norberg 2000 64 S500 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 36 4 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same biomass zooplancton 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.509 univar 0.562 no 0 Norberg 2000 64 S500 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 36 4 1°Consumer 1°Producer below productivity (phytoplankton per capita ) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r com 0.693 univar 0.854 no 0 Norberg 2000 64 S500 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 36 4 1°Consumer Ecosystem eco dissolved P soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco 0.833 univar 1.199 positive 2 Norberg 2000 64 S500 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 36 4 1°Consumer Ecosystem eco total inorganic N water soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco -0.447 univar -0.481 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass per invader individual Mentha arvensis (native) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.412 univar -0.438 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass per invader individual Plantago major (exotic) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.412 univar -0.438 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same %successful seeds of invader Mimulus cardinalis (native) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.374 univar -0.393 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same %successful seeds of invader Agrostis stolonifera (exotic) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.361 univar -0.378 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass per invader individual Panicum pacificum (native) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.316 univar -0.327 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass per invader individual Agrostis stolonifera (exotic) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.316 univar -0.327 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass per invader individual Cirsium arvense (exotic) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.316 univar -0.327 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same %successful seeds of invader Mentha arvensis (native) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.316 univar -0.327 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same %successful seeds of invader Plantago major (exotic) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.3 univar -0.31 negative linear 0 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass per invader individual Mimulus cardinalis (native) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.283 univar -0.291 negative linear -2 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same %successful seeds of invader Panicum pacificum (native) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.173 univar -0.175 negative linear 0 Levine 2001 65 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same %successful seeds of invader Cirsium arvense (exotic) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.227 univar 0.231 positive 2 Robinson et al. 1995 67 S390 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 NA intermediate 42 42 1°Producer 1°Producer same fruit production of invaders Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.344 univar 0.359 positive 2 Robinson et al. 1995 67 S390 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 NA intermediate 42 42 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of reproductive invaders Invader 1°producer fecundity r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.396 univar 0.419 positive 2 Robinson et al. 1995 67 S390 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 NA intermediate 42 42 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. germinated invaders Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.54 univar -0.604 negative linear -2 Rodriguez et al. 1994 68 S300 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 NA high 19 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same spc. comp. change 1°producer composition change r bioregulation 1 variable r com -0.46 univar -0.497 negative linear -2 Rodriguez et al. 1994 68 S300 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 NA high 19 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same no.spc. w.sign change in abundance 1°producer composition change r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.7 univar 0.867 positive 2 Rodriguez et al. 1994 68 S300 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 NA high 19 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same spc. diversity 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.99 univar -2.642 negative log-linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2000 70 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground Bromus intermedius 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.98 univar -2.293 negative log-linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2000 70 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground Phalaris coerulescens 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.954 univar -1.873 negative log-linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2000 70 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground Crepis foetida 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.933 univar -1.679 negative log-linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2000 70 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground Trifolium lappaceum 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop -0.917 univar -1.567 negative log-linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2000 70 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground Hordeum geniculatum 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.353 multivar 0.369 positive log-linear 2 Troumbis et al. 2000 70 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same productivity aboveground (per year) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com 0.332 univar 0.345 positive 1 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above catabolic activity of soil 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.374 univar 0.393 positive log-linear 2 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above catabolic microbial spc. richness 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.447 univar 0.481 positive log-linear 2 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above catabolic microbial spc. richness 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.458 univar 0.495 positive log-linear 2 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial diversity (Shannon) 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.529 univar 0.589 positive log-linear 2 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above catabolic activity of soil 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above activity of single C-sources 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above activity of single C-sources 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA negative -1 Stephan et al. 2000 71 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above activity of single C-sources 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.375 univar -0.394 negative -2 Cardinale & Palmer 2002 73 S580 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 54 3 1°Consumer 1°Producer below algal productivity (mg O2*h-2) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r eco -0.321 univar -0.333 negative -2 Cardinale & Palmer 2002 73 S580 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 54 3 1°Consumer 1°Producer below algal productivity (mg O2*h-2) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r eco 0.105 univar 0.106 no 0 Cardinale & Palmer 2002 73 S580 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 54 3 1°Consumer 1°Producer below biofilm respiration 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r eco 0.109 univar 0.109 no 0 Cardinale & Palmer 2002 73 S580 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 54 3 1°Consumer 1°Producer below biofilm respiration 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r eco 0.237 univar 0.241 positive 2 Cardinale & Palmer 2002 73 S580 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 54 3 1°Consumer Ecosystem eco organic particle flux abiotic condition s water quality 1 variable s eco NA none NA no 0 Cardinale & Palmer 2002 73 S580 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 54 3 1°Consumer 1°Consumer eco phosphor excretion rate 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r eco NA none NA positive 1 Carr et al. 2002 74 S590 aquatic marine field direct additive none juveniles FgRichn 3 3 intermediate 1535 10 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within survival rate (c.v) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.036 univar 0.036 positive 2 Emmerson et al. 2001 75 S600 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 24 4 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco NH4-N concentration soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco NA none NA negative -2 Emmerson et al. 2001 75 S600 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 24 4 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco NH4-N concentration (r2) soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 variable s eco -0.2 univar -0.203 negative -2 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2002 76 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 low 70 4 1°Producer Ecosystem eco P loss total nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0 univar 0 no 0 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2002 76 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 low 70 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0 univar 0 no 0 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2002 76 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 low 70 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (macrophytes) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.283 univar 0.291 positive 2 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2002 76 S610 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 low 70 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (algae) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.368 multivar 0.386 positive 2 Fridley 2002 77 S620 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 120 10 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.31 multivar -0.321 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same -root:shoot ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s com -0.2 multivar -0.203 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same -root:shoot ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s com 0 univar 0 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (in high nutrient env.) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0 univar 0 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (in low nutrient env.) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.1 multivar 0.1 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.2 multivar 0.203 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.2 multivar 0.203 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.361 univar 0.378 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (in low nutrient env.) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.447 univar 0.481 positive linear 2 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (in high nutrient env.) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.49 multivar 0.536 no 0 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.61 multivar 0.709 positive 2 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.63 multivar 0.741 positive 2 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 He et al. 2002 78 S630 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 3 intermediate 63 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.309 univar 0.32 positive linear 2 Hodgson et al. 2002 79 S640 bacterial microcosm greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 6 low 2268 18 Detritivores Detritivores same biomass total (cell density) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.453 univar 0.489 positive linear 2 Hodgson et al. 2002 79 S640 bacterial microcosm greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 6 low 2268 18 Detritivores Detritivores same biomass total (cell density) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable s com -0.458 univar -0.495 negative linear -2 Levine 2000 83 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival of invaders (Agrosits stolonifera) Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.424 univar -0.453 negative linear -2 Levine 2000 83 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same invader plant size (Plantago major) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.4 univar -0.424 negative linear -2 Levine 2000 83 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same invader plant size (Cirsium arvense) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.346 univar -0.361 negative linear -2 Levine 2000 83 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same invader plant size (Agrostis stolonifera) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.3 univar -0.31 negative linear -2 Levine 2000 83 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival of invaders (Plantago major) Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Levine 2000 83 S400 aquatic fresh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 5 low 55 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same survival of invaders (Cirsium arvense) Invader 1°producer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.265 multivar -0.271 negative linear -2 Mulder et al. 2002 86 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer eco delta15N soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.316 multivar 0.327 positive 2 Mulder et al. 2002 86 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.458 multivar 0.495 positive 2 Mulder et al. 2002 86 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.49 multivar 0.536 positive 2 Mulder et al. 2002 86 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Mulder et al. 2002 86 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 7 high 208 35 1°Producer 1°Producer same %N nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.501 univar -0.551 negative -2 Mulder et al. 1999 87 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 8 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com 0.405 univar 0.429 positive 2 Mulder et al. 1999 87 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 8 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Mulder et al. 1999 87 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 8 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above biomass aboveground consumed (%) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Mulder et al. 1999 87 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 8 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above biomass aboveground consumed (g/m2) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same canopy height 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same canopy height grasses 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same canopy height legumes and forbs 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same centre of biomass gravity 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same LAI 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same light absorption 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground (0-5cm) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same seedling cover (%) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same seedling cover (%) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same seedling density 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000a 88 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same vertical biomass distribution mechanism NA NA 1 static s com 0.452 multivar 0.487 positive 2 Spehn et al. 2002 89 S750 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 11 high 426 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same nitrogen pool aboveground nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.746 multivar 0.964 positive 2 Spehn et al. 2002 89 S750 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 11 high 426 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.89 univar -1.421 negative -2 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same invader survival (Botrylloides sp) Invader 1°consumer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.793 univar -1.078 negative -2 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same invader survival (Ascidiella aspersa) Invader 1°consumer survival r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.722 univar -0.911 negative -2 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same final cover (Ascidiella aspersa) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop -0.72 univar -0.907 negative -2 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same final cover (Botrylloides sp) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop -0.7 univar -0.867 negative log-linear -2 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same frequency of nonnative species Invader 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.648 univar -0.772 negative linear -2 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Producer below no. of nonnative species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com NA none NA no 0 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same recruitment of non-native larvae Invader 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Stachowicz et al. 2002 90 S10 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 68 5 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same settlement of non-native larvae Invader 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above biomass (earthworms) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition (cellulose) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above density (earthworms) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above mesofauna feeding activity 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above "prod. microbes (metabolic quotient; index for microbial activity per biomass)" 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Detritivores above productivity microbes (aerob respiration rate) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil moisture water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Spehn et al. 2000b 91 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of vole mounds 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s pop 0.817 univar 1.148 positive linear 2 Chabrerie et al. 2001 92 S220 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 101 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil denitrification potentiality nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Chabrerie et al. 2001 92 S220 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 101 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.219 multivar 0.223 positive log-linear 2 Stevens & Carson 2001 94 S560 grassland field indirect none none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 24 high 160 200 1°Producer 1°Producer same total cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.804 multivar -1.109 negative linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2002 96 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same invader abundance (seedling density) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.468 univar -0.508 negative linear -2 Troumbis et al. 2002 96 S370 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 52 23 1°Producer 1°Producer same diversity invader Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.819 univar -1.152 negative log-linear -2 van der Heijden et al. 1998 97 S530 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none none SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 50 23 Mycorrhiza Ecosystem eco soil P content soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.693 univar 0.853 positive linear 2 van der Heijden et al. 1998 97 S530 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none none SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 50 23 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont Plant P content nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.742 univar 0.954 positive log-linear 2 van der Heijden et al. 1998 97 S530 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none none SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 50 23 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.775 univar 1.032 positive log-linear 2 van der Heijden et al. 1998 97 S530 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none none SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 50 23 Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza same hyphal length Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.831 univar 1.19 positive log-linear 2 van der Heijden et al. 1998 97 S530 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none none SpRichn 1 5 intermediate 50 23 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.782 multivar 1.05 positive 2 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition rate 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Detritivores above decomposition rate 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial metabolic quotient 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Detritivores above microbial metabolic quotient 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Detritivores above respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Multitrophic same respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic 1°Producer within biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil CO2-C release CO2 r climate regulation 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco soil CO2-C release CO2 r climate regulation 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil N concentration soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 variable s eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco soil N concentration soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 variable s eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil nitrate concentration soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 variable s eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco soil nitrate concentration soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 variable s eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil pH abiotic substrate condition r NA 1 variable s eco NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles TrophRich 3 4 low 55 7 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco soil pH abiotic substrate condition r NA 1 variable s eco NA none NA positive 2 Wardle et al. 2000 99 S200 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 4 low 55 7 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial metabolic quotient 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco -0.62 univar -0.725 negative linear -2 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader seedlings (dicots) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.5 univar -0.549 negative linear -2 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader seedlings (dicots) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.42 univar -0.448 negative linear -2 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader seedlings (dicots) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.41 univar -0.436 negative linear -2 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Consumer above frequency of spittle bug 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.41 univar -0.436 negative linear -2 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Consumer above infestation rate of Solidago 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r pop -0.37 univar -0.388 negative linear -2 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader seedlings (dicots) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.1 univar 0.1 no 0 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. seeded species seedlings 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.19 univar 0.192 no 0 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. grass invader seedlings Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Wilsey & Polley 2002 100 S540 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 2 4 low 48 4 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil water % water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco 0.272 univar 0.279 no 0 Wilsey & Potvin 2000 101 S320 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 1 3 low 45 3 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.547 univar 0.614 positive linear 2 Wilsey & Potvin 2000 101 S320 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 1 3 low 45 3 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.597 univar 0.688 positive linear 2 Wilsey & Potvin 2000 101 S320 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles evenness 1 3 low 45 3 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.682 univar -0.833 negative -2 Pfisterer & Schmid 2002 102 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com -0.397 univar -0.42 negative -2 Pfisterer & Schmid 2002 102 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Pfisterer & Schmid 2002 102 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA positive 2 Pfisterer & Schmid 2002 102 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.528 univar -0.587 negative linear -2 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of predators (total) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.478 univar -0.521 negative linear -2 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of Araneae 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.446 univar -0.48 negative linear -2 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of Carabidae 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.307 univar -0.317 negative linear -2 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of Cicadellidae 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.206 univar 0.209 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of Miridae 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.388 univar 0.409 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of hymenopteran parasitoids 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.779 univar 1.042 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of Acrididae 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.882 univar 1.384 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of wingless aphids 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 103 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of other herbivores 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.307 univar -0.317 negative linear -2 Koricheva et al. 2000 104 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 56 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of Cicadellidae 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.263 univar 0.269 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 104 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 56 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of other herbivores (Miridae) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.307 univar 0.317 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 104 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 56 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above no. of wingless aphids 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.531 univar 0.592 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 104 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 56 12 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of predators 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.872 univar 1.34 no 0 Koricheva et al. 2000 104 S420 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 56 12 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of parasitoids 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.807 univar -1.118 negative log-linear -2 Hector et al. 2001 105 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of internal invader species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.55 univar -0.619 negative log-linear -2 Hector et al. 2001 105 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of invader seedlings (internal) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.425 univar -0.454 negative log-linear -2 Hector et al. 2001 105 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of external invader species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.379 univar -0.399 negative log-linear -2 Hector et al. 2001 105 S80 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 66 47 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of invader seedlings (external) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.18 univar 0.182 no 0 Naeem et al. 2000 106 S690 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 14 intermediate 116 20 1°Producer Detritivores above no. carbon sources used by bacteria 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.39 univar 0.412 positive 2 Naeem et al. 2000 106 S690 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 14 intermediate 116 20 Detritivores Detritivores same no. carbon sources used by bacteria 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.525 multivar 0.583 positive 2 Naeem et al. 2000 106 S690 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 14 intermediate 116 20 Detritivores Detritivores same biomass (conversion of densities) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.7 univar 0.867 positive linear 2 Naeem et al. 2000 106 S690 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 14 intermediate 116 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass (algal biovolume) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Naeem et al. 2000 106 S690 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 14 intermediate 116 20 Detritivores 1°Producer above biomass (algal biovolume) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Naeem et al. 2000 106 S690 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 14 intermediate 116 20 1°Producer Detritivores above biomass (conversion of densities) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.986 univar -2.463 negative linear -2 Tilman 1997 108 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of species established (invader) Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.24 univar -0.245 negative linear -2 Tilman et al. 1997 109 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same plant %N nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.18 univar -0.182 negative linear -2 Tilman et al. 1997 109 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil NO3 soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco -0.11 univar -0.11 negative linear -1 Tilman et al. 1997 109 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil NH4 soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.1 univar 0.1 positive linear 1 Tilman et al. 1997 109 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same plant total N nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.2 univar 0.203 positive log-linear 2 Tilman et al. 1997 109 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.24 univar 0.245 positive linear 2 Tilman et al. 1997 109 S60 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 19 high 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same -light penetration 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.482 univar -0.526 negative linear -2 Sankaran & McNaughton 1999 110 S700 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 30 high 72 115 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. new species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 variable s com -0.304 univar -0.314 negative log-linear -2 Sankaran & McNaughton 1999 110 S700 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 30 high 72 115 1°Producer 1°Producer same species composition change (change in relative contribution of diff. species) 1°producer composition change r bioregulation 1 variable r com -0.167 univar -0.169 negative linear -2 Sankaran & McNaughton 1999 110 S700 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 30 high 72 115 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. species extinctions 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 variable s com 0.709 univar 0.885 positive log-linear 2 Sankaran & McNaughton 1999 110 S700 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 30 high 72 115 1°Producer 1°Producer same species turnover (proportion of species common to pre-&postdisturbance communities) 1°producer composition change r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.059 univar 0.059 no 0 Law et al. 2000 111 S710 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 60 6 Multitrophic Multitrophic same pop. size (invader: Blepharisma) Invader Multitrophic abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.158 univar 0.159 no 0 Law et al. 2000 111 S710 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 60 6 Multitrophic Multitrophic same pop. size (invader: Paramecium) Invader Multitrophic abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.231 univar 0.236 no 0 Law et al. 2000 111 S710 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 60 6 Multitrophic Multitrophic same pop. size (invader: Amoeba) Invader Multitrophic abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.255 univar 0.26 no 0 Law et al. 2000 111 S710 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 60 6 Multitrophic Multitrophic same pop. size (invader: Euplotes) Invader Multitrophic abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.568 univar -0.645 negative linear -2 Lyons & Schwartz 2001 112 S720 grassland field indirect none none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 low 53 22 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. invader plants (fruiting L. multiflorum Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.529 univar -0.589 negative log-linear -2 Kennedy et al. 2002 113 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of (alien) invader plants Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.529 univar -0.589 negative log-linear -2 Kennedy et al. 2002 113 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same total cover (alien invader) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.412 univar -0.438 negative log-linear -2 Kennedy et al. 2002 113 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same size of largest invader Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop 0.627 univar 0.736 positive 2 Stocker et al. 1999 114 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same CO2 assimilation CO2 r climate regulation 1 static r eco 0.627 univar 0.736 positive 2 Stocker et al. 1999 114 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Stocker et al. 1999 114 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same CO2 assimilation CO2 r climate regulation 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Stocker et al. 1999 114 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Stocker et al. 1999 114 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco water vapour fluxes water cycle s water cycl 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Stocker et al. 1999 114 S110 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 high 12 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same CO2 assimilation CO2 r climate regulation 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer Multitrophic above abundance arthropods 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer Detritivores above abundance arthropods 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above abundance arthropods 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA positive 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 2°Consumer above abundance arthropods 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 2°Consumer above abundance arthropods 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same foliar carbon:nitrogen nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer Multitrophic above species richness arthropods 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer Detritivores above species richness arthropods 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above species richness arthropods 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 2°Consumer above species richness arthropods 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Siemann 1998 115 S60 grassland field indirect none nutrient propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 15 NA 1°Producer 2°Consumer above species richness arthropods 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.374 univar 0.393 positive linear 2 Symstad et al. 2000 116 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal SpRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above species richness (Homoptera) 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.49 univar 0.536 positive linear 2 Symstad et al. 2000 116 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal SpRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above species richness (Coleoptera) 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad et al. 2000 116 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer Multitrophic above species richness arthropods 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Symstad et al. 2000 116 S60 grassland field direct additive none removal FgRichn 3 NA low 30 NA 1°Producer Multitrophic above species richness (individ. arthropod groups, except Homoptera) 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.047 univar 0.047 no 0 Rodriguez & Hawkins 2000 117 S740 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 low 30 NA 2°Consumer 2°Consumer same total parasitism rate 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com 0.146 univar 0.147 no 0 Rodriguez & Hawkins 2000 117 S740 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 low 30 NA 2°Consumer 2°Consumer same total parasitism rate (c.v) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.423 univar 0.451 positive 2 Hawkins & Porter 2003 118 S880 ruderal/salt marsh field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 100 high 93 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above butterfly species richness 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.576 univar 0.656 positive 2 Hawkins & Porter 2003 118 S880 ruderal/salt marsh field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 100 high 93 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above butterfly species richness 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.597 univar 0.688 positive 2 Hawkins & Porter 2003 118 S880 ruderal/salt marsh field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 100 high 93 NA 1°Producer 1°Consumer above monophagous butterfly spc. richness 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.461 multivar 0.499 positive 0 Biles et al. 2003 119 S870 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 4 5 low 17 5 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco NH4-N production soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco -0.561 univar -0.634 negative -2 Brown & Fridley 2003 120 S760 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 30 30 1°Producer 1°Producer same cover of invasive species Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA negative -2 Duffy et al. 2003 121 S800 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 2°Consumer 1°Consumer below benthic comm. diversity (eaten by grazers) 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Duffy et al. 2003 121 S800 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Consumer 1°Producer below -dominance fouling community 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Duffy et al. 2003 121 S800 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 Multitrophic Multitrophic same -dominance whole community 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Duffy et al. 2003 121 S800 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Consumer 1°Producer below eelgrass biomass 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Duffy et al. 2003 121 S800 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same grazer biomass 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Duffy et al. 2003 121 S800 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Consumer 1°Producer below biomass total (algae) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.445 multivar 0.478 positive 2 Fridley 2003 122 S850 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 63 7 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.367 multivar 0.385 positive 2 Jonsson & Malmqvist 2003a 123 S810 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 66 6 Detritivores Detritivores same leaf mass loss 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com -0.371 multivar -0.39 negative -2 Jonsson & Malmqvist 2003b 124 S860 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 70 12 2°Consumer 2°Consumer same predation rate 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com -0.333 multivar -0.346 negative linear -2 Jonsson & Malmqvist 2003b 124 S860 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 70 12 Multitrophic 1°Consumer below grazing rate 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com 0.141 multivar 0.142 no 0 Jonsson & Malmqvist 2003b 124 S860 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 70 12 2°Consumer 2°Consumer same biomass (predator) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.2 multivar 0.203 no 0 Jonsson & Malmqvist 2003b 124 S860 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 70 12 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within filter feeder biomass 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.614 multivar 0.715 no 0 Jonsson & Malmqvist 2003b 124 S860 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 70 12 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within filtration rate 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Kennedy et al. 2003 125 S840 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 105 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same standing crop (disc pasture meter) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Kennedy et al. 2003 125 S840 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 105 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same standing crop (disc pasture meter) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Kennedy et al. 2003 125 S840 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 105 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same species richness 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Kennedy et al. 2003 125 S840 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 105 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same standing crop (disc pasture meter) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Kennedy et al. 2003 125 S840 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 105 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same standing crop (disc pasture meter) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable s com NA none NA negative -2 Kennedy et al. 2003 125 S840 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 high 105 20 1°Producer 1°Producer same species richness 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 variable s com 0.398 univar 0.421 positive linear 2 Mikola et al. 2002 126 S830 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 4 low 120 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.6 univar -0.693 negative -2 Montoya et al. 2003 127 S790 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 9 high 19 19 1°Consumer 2°Consumer above total parasitism rate (%) of herbivores 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com -0.566 univar -0.641 negative -2 Montoya et al. 2003 127 S790 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 5 9 high 19 19 Multitrophic 1°Consumer within total parasitism rate (%) of herbivores 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com 0.295 univar 0.304 positive log-linear 2 van Ruijven & Berendse 2003 128 S780 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 108 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer 1°Consumer above herbivore nematode density (soil) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer 2°Consumer above microbe feeding nematodes density (soil) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer Detritivores above PLFA 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer 2°Consumer above no. of predatory nematodes (soil) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer 1°Producer same productivity (sum of all harvests/time) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Wardle et al. 2003 129 S770 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 3 low 80 9 1°Producer Detritivores above substrate induced respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco -0.633 univar -0.746 negative -2 Foster et al. 2002 130 S820 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 NA high 40 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same compositional stability 1°producer composition change r bioregulation 1 variable r com -0.566 univar -0.641 negative -2 Foster et al. 2002 130 S820 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 NA high 40 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same -light penetration 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.4 univar -0.424 negative -2 Foster et al. 2002 130 S820 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 NA high 40 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same standing crop 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.566 univar 0.641 positive 2 Foster et al. 2002 130 S820 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization diversity 1 NA high 40 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same invasibility (no. of invader species) Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.663 univar 0.799 positive linear 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002b 131 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 48 18 Mycorrhiza 1°Producer symbiont biomass total Lespedeza capitata 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop 0.707 univar 0.881 positive linear 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002b 131 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 48 18 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont spore number in soil of comm. with Lespedeza capitata Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002b 131 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 48 18 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont Mycorrhiza diversity of comm. with Lespedeza capitata Mycorrhiza diversity s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Burrows & Pfleger 2002b 131 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 48 18 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont root colonization Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive linear 2 Burrows & Pfleger 2002b 131 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 4 intermediate 48 18 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont spore density in soil of comm. with Lespedeza capitata Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Valone & Hoffman 2003a 132 S890 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 NA intermediate 96 27 1°Producer 1°Producer same abundance aboveground(mean/sd)(no. of rooted annual plants) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable r com NA none NA positive 2 Valone & Hoffman 2003a 132 S890 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 NA intermediate 96 27 1°Producer 1°Producer same mean population size 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s pop NA none NA no 0 Leps et al. 2001 133 S900 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 30 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA negative -1 Leps et al. 2001 133 S900 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 30 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of colonising species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com NA none NA no 0 Korthals et al. 2001 134 S910 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 10 15 1°Producer Multitrophic below nematode abundance (soil) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Korthals et al. 2001 134 S910 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 10 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Degens et al. 2001 135 S920 bacterial microcosm greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization evenness 1 1 high 6 NA Detritivores Detritivores same microbial biomass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Degens et al. 2001 135 S920 bacterial microcosm greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization evenness 1 1 high 6 NA Detritivores Detritivores same evenness 1°+decomposer diversity s nutrient cycling 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Degens et al. 2001 135 S920 bacterial microcosm greenhouse indirect none management propagules/colonization evenness 1 1 high 6 NA Detritivores Detritivores same productivity (substrate induced respiration) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r eco -0.801 univar -1.102 negative -2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same nitrogen content plants nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.215 univar -0.218 negative linear -2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition: carbon loss of Schizachyrium litter in plots 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco 0.058 univar 0.058 positive linear 0 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition: nitrogen loss of Schizachyrium litter in plots nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.097 univar 0.097 no 0 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition: carbon loss of plot plants in common garden 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.101 univar 0.101 no 0 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition: carbon loss of plot plants in situ 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.134 univar 0.135 no 0 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition: carbon loss of plot plants in common garden 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.184 univar 0.187 positive linear 2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Detritivores above decomposition: nitrogen loss of plot plants in situ nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Ecosystem eco available nitrate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil total nitrogen soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same standing litter 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Knops et al. 2001 136 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 7 low 147 24 1°Producer 1°Producer same total plant cover 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.321 multivar 0.333 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2002 137 S930 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 70 3 Detritivores Detritivores same consumption of alder leaves 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com 0.507 multivar 0.558 no 0 Jonsson et al. 2002 137 S930 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 70 3 Detritivores Detritivores same consumption of beech leaves 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com -0.55 univar -0.619 negative -2 Caldeira et al. 2001 139 S380 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 44 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco water content 15-30cm water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco 0.485 univar 0.529 positive 2 Caldeira et al. 2001 139 S380 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 44 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same delta13C water cycle s water cycl 1 static r eco 0.527 univar 0.585 positive 2 Caldeira et al. 2001 139 S380 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 44 NA 1°Producer Ecosystem eco water content 0-15cm water cycle s water cycl 1 static s eco 0.542 univar 0.607 positive 2 Caldeira et al. 2001 139 S380 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 44 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same delta13C water cycle s water cycl 1 static r eco 0.611 univar 0.711 positive 2 Caldeira et al. 2001 139 S380 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 44 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.64 univar 0.759 positive 2 Caldeira et al. 2001 139 S380 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 2 intermediate 44 NA 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Petchey et al. 1999 140 S940 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 5 2 low 20 NA Multitrophic 1°Producer within 1° productivity (O2flux rate) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r eco NA none NA no 0 Petchey et al. 1999 140 S940 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 5 2 low 20 NA Multitrophic Detritivores within decomposition 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 variable r com NA none NA no 0 Petchey et al. 1999 140 S940 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 5 2 low 20 NA Multitrophic 1°Producer within extinction of species 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 1 variable r com NA none NA positive 2 Petchey et al. 1999 140 S940 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 5 2 low 20 NA Multitrophic Detritivores within decomposition 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Petchey et al. 1999 140 S940 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 5 2 low 20 NA Multitrophic Multitrophic same biomass total Multitrophic abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.271 univar -0.278 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco sediment silt/clay content abiotic condition s water quality 1 static s eco -0.218 univar -0.222 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco phosphate flux abiotic condition s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco -0.174 univar -0.176 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco nitrate flux abiotic condition s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.01 univar 0.01 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco nitrite flux abiotic condition s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.036 univar 0.036 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco sediment water content abiotic condition s water quality 1 static s eco 0.131 univar 0.132 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Multitrophic same meiofauna abundance (marine benthos) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.132 univar 0.133 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco sediment organic content abiotic substrate condition s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco 0.243 univar 0.248 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco ammonium flux abiotic condition s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.419 univar 0.446 no 0 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Ecosystem eco RedOx potential abiotic condition s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco 0.501 univar 0.551 positive 2 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Detritivores within respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA positive 2 Bolam et al. 2002 141 S950 aquatic marine field direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 18 27 Multitrophic Multitrophic same macrofaunal biomass 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com -0.2 univar -0.203 negative -2 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2001 142 S960 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 70 4 1°Producer Ecosystem eco P content water abiotic condition s water quality 1 static r eco 0 univar 0 no 0 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2001 142 S960 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 70 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.283 univar 0.291 positive 2 Engelhardt & Ritchie 2001 142 S960 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 low 70 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total (algae) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.205 multivar 0.208 no 0 Duffy et al. 2001 143 S970 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 48 3 1°Consumer 1°Producer below eelgrass biomass 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.205 multivar 0.208 no 0 Duffy et al. 2001 143 S970 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 48 3 1°Consumer 1°Producer below epiphyte biomass 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static s com 0.205 multivar 0.208 no 0 Duffy et al. 2001 143 S970 aquatic marine bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 48 3 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same grazer biomass 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA negative -2 Cardinale et al. 2003 144 S980 crop/successional field direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 16 3 2°Consumer 1°Consumer below aphid (prey) density 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Cardinale et al. 2003 144 S980 crop/successional field direct additive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 low 16 3 2°Consumer 1°Producer below biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA positive 2 Cardinale et al. 2002 145 S990 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 2 low 6 3 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same total consumption 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com -0.375 univar -0.394 negative -2 He et al. 2005 147 S1010 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 36 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same -root:shoot ratio mechanism NA NA 1 static s com 0.23 univar 0.234 positive linear 2 He et al. 2005 147 S1010 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 36 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.33 univar 0.343 positive linear 2 He et al. 2005 147 S1010 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 36 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com 0.431 univar 0.461 positive linear 2 He et al. 2005 147 S1010 grassland greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 intermediate 36 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.768 multivar -1.015 negative log-linear -2 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco net nitrification rate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static r eco -0.447 univar -0.481 negative log-linear -2 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco nitrate loss soil nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco -0.412 multivar -0.438 negative log-linear -2 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above litter decomposition 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com 0.728 multivar 0.924 positive log-linear 2 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above litter decomposition 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco net nitrification rate soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -1 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco nitrate loss soil nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA negative linear -2 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco nitrate loss soil nutrient loss s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA positive log-linear 2 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Scherer-Lorenzen et al. 2003 148 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com -0.672 univar -0.814 negative log-linear -2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption dicots (cover) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com -0.632 univar -0.745 negative log-linear -2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption total (cover) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com -0.49 univar -0.536 negative log-linear -2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption grasses (cover) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.113 univar 0.113 no 0 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption dicots (cover) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.122 univar 0.123 no 0 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above survival herbivore (grasshopper) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com 0.329 univar 0.342 no 0 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption total (biomass) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.464 univar 0.502 positive log-linear 2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption total (biomass) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.49 univar 0.536 positive log-linear 2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption grasses (biomass) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.505 univar 0.556 positive log-linear 2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above relative biomass gain herbivore (grasshopper) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com 0.895 univar 1.447 positive log-linear 2 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Producer same biomass aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption dicots (biomass) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com NA none NA no 0 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption grasses (cover) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com NA none NA no 0 Pfisterer et al. 2002 149 S170 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 high 64 48 1°Producer 1°Consumer above consumption total (cover) 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com NA multivar NA negative linear -2 Dangles et al. 2002 150 S1020 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 70 3 Detritivores Detritivores same metabolic activity (consumption of invasive plant litter) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA negative -1 Valone & Hoffman 2003b 151 S890 grassland field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 NA intermediate 96 27 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground (CV) 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 variable r com 0 univar 0 no 0 Parker et al. 2001 152 S1030 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 48 5 1°Producer 1°Consumer above biomass 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.2 univar 0.203 no 0 Parker et al. 2001 152 S1030 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 48 5 1°Producer 1°Consumer above species richness 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.361 univar 0.378 positive 2 Parker et al. 2001 152 S1030 aquatic marine field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 48 5 1°Producer 1°Consumer above diversity (Simpson) 1°+consumer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.148 multivar 0.149 no 0 Hanley 2004 153 S1040 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 90 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above seedling herbivory 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Hanley 2004 153 S1040 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 90 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same -seedling mortality 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Hanley 2004 153 S1040 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 90 12 1°Producer 1°Consumer above species-specific herbivory 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com 0.349 multivar 0.364 no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco Soil bulk density soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static NA eco 0.505 multivar 0.556 positive linear 2 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above earthworm diversity 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.505 multivar 0.556 positive linear 2 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above earthworm diversity 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco Total N availability soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco NH4+ availability soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco NO3- availability soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco Soil bulk density soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static NA eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same Root biomass 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Consumer above nematode density non-predator 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 2°Consumer above nematode density predator 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above earthworm biomass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco Total N availability soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco NH4+ availability soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Ecosystem eco NO3- availability soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Producer same Root biomass 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 1°Consumer above nematode density non-predator 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer 2°Consumer above nematode density predator 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 Gastine et al. 2003 154 S350 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization FgRichn 3 5 intermediate 60 31 1°Producer Detritivores above earthworm biomass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.557 univar -0.628 negative log-linear -2 van Ruijven et al. 2003 155 S780 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 108 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of invading species Invader 1°producer diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.48 univar -0.522 negative log-linear -2 van Ruijven et al. 2003 155 S780 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 108 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of invading individuals (total) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s com -0.469 univar -0.509 negative log-linear -2 van Ruijven et al. 2003 155 S780 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 108 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same no. of invading individuals (Taraxacum) Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop -0.224 univar -0.227 negative linear -2 van Ruijven et al. 2003 155 S780 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 108 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same "no. of invading individuals (Erigeron; alien)" Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static s pop NA none NA no 0 van Ruijven et al. 2003 155 S780 grassland field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 2 4 low 108 8 1°Producer 1°Consumer above abundance of root-feeding nematodes 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.151 multivar 0.152 no 0 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial assimilation of NH4+ soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.172 multivar 0.174 no 0 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial assimilation of NO3- soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco 0.396 multivar 0.419 positive 2 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial biomass 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com 0.526 multivar 0.584 positive 2 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Ecosystem eco gross N mineralization soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static r eco 0.544 multivar 0.61 positive 2 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial respiration [µmol CO2/g*d] 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.689 multivar 0.846 positive 2 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer 1°Producer same total plant N content nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA no 2 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial community composition 1°+decomposer composition s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Zak et al. 2003 156 S60 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 6 high 214 34 1°Producer Detritivores above specific microbial respiration [pmol CO2/pmol PLFA*d] 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.1 univar 0.1 positive linear 2 Ledeganck et al. 2003 157 S1080 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 1 low 27 18 1°Producer Detritivores above testate amoeba density (living and dead) Invader detritivore abundance r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.458 univar 0.495 positive linear 2 Ledeganck et al. 2003 157 S1080 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 1 low 27 18 1°Producer Detritivores above living testate amoeba density Invader detritivore abundance r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.557 multivar 0.628 positive not linear 2 Ledeganck et al. 2003 157 S1080 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 1 low 27 18 1°Producer Detritivores above testate amoeba diversity total (living and dead) Invader detritivore diversity r bioregulation 2 static s com 0.849 multivar 1.251 positive not linear 2 Ledeganck et al. 2003 157 S1080 grassland bottle/pot direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 3 1 low 27 18 1°Producer 1°Consumer above living testate amoeba diversity 1°+decomposer diversity r bioregulation 1 static s com NA none NA no 0 King et al. 2002 158 S1090 soil community greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization evenness 1 NA NA 0 4 1°Producer Ecosystem eco dissolved organic nitrogen soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 King et al. 2002 158 S1090 soil community greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization evenness 1 NA NA 0 4 1°Producer Ecosystem eco dissolved inorganic nitrogen soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 King et al. 2002 158 S1090 soil community greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization evenness 1 NA NA 0 4 1°Producer Ecosystem eco dissolved organic carbon soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 King et al. 2002 158 S1090 soil community greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization evenness 1 NA NA 0 4 1°Producer Detritivores above respiration 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco NA none NA positive 2 King et al. 2002 158 S1090 soil community greenhouse direct substitutive none propagules/colonization evenness 1 NA NA 0 4 1°Producer 1°Producer same weight loss (decomposition) 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r eco 0.656 univar 0.785 positive linear 2 Callaway et al. 2003 159 S1100 ruderal/salt marsh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 70 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. total 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA positive 1 Callaway et al. 2003 159 S1100 ruderal/salt marsh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 70 8 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil N concentration (0-5cm) soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Callaway et al. 2003 159 S1100 ruderal/salt marsh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 70 8 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil N concentration (>-5cm) soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Callaway et al. 2003 159 S1100 ruderal/salt marsh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 70 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Callaway et al. 2003 159 S1100 ruderal/salt marsh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 70 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA no 0 Callaway et al. 2003 159 S1100 ruderal/salt marsh field direct substitutive none juveniles SpRichn 1 3 NA 70 8 1°Producer 1°Producer same N concentration root tissues nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.98 univar -2.293 negative linear -2 Tracy & Sanderson 2004 160 S1110 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 8 NA 84 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same weed density Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static r pop -0.849 univar -1.251 negative linear -2 Tracy & Sanderson 2004 160 S1110 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization diversity 3 8 NA 84 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same weed density Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static r com -0.748 univar -0.969 negative linear -2 Tracy & Sanderson 2004 160 S1110 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization diversity 3 8 NA 84 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same weed density Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static r com NA none NA no 0 Tracy & Sanderson 2004 160 S1110 grassland field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 3 8 NA 84 15 1°Producer 1°Producer same weed density Invader 1°producer abundance r bioregulation 2 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. aboveground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. belowground 1°producer abundance p prim prod 1 static r com NA none NA positive 2 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer 1°Producer same N retention in plant biomass nutrient concentration plants s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer Ecosystem eco soil organic matter soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 1 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer Ecosystem eco "soil NH4+ and NO3; early in season" soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA no 0 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer Ecosystem eco "soil NH4+ and NO3; late in season" soil nutrient supply s soil fertility 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 1 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial biomass C 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com NA none NA positive 1 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer Detritivores above microbial biomass N soil nutrient supply s nutrient cycling 1 static s eco NA none NA positive 2 Chen et al. 2004 161 S1120 crop/successional field direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 2 5 NA 24 12 1°Producer Mycorrhiza symbiont no. of AMF spores Mycorrhiza abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static s com -0.991 multivar -2.705 negative -2 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Kirchneriella 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop -0.978 multivar -2.252 negative -2 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Synedra 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop -0.773 multivar -1.027 negative -2 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Staurastrum 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop -0.564 multivar -0.639 negative -2 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Consumer above rotifer density 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static s com 0.186 multivar 0.188 no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. total 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r com 0.302 multivar 0.311 no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Scenedesmus 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop 0.324 multivar 0.336 no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Consumer above rotifer density 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com 0.384 multivar 0.404 positive 2 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop 0.441 multivar 0.474 no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Scenedesmus (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop 0.648 multivar 0.771 positive linear 2 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Asterionella (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Asterionella 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Chlorella 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 static r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population average (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. community (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r com NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 NA 40 6 1°Producer 1°Consumer above rotifer density 1°+consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable s com NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Synedra (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Staurastrum (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Chlorella (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop NA none NA no 0 Gonzalez & Descamps-Julien 2004 162 S1130 aquatic fresh bottle/pot direct substitutive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 3 low 40 6 1°Producer 1°Producer same prod. population Kirchneriella (CV) 1°producer abundance s prim prod 1 variable r pop 0.827 univar 1.179 positive linear 2 Dangles & Malmqvist 2004 163 S1140 soil community field indirect none natural propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 8 low 116 NA Detritivores Detritivores same litter decomposition rate 1°+decomposer abundance s nutrient cycling 1 static r com -0.284 univar -0.292 negative -2 Petchey et al. 2002 164 S1050 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 NA 16 10 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same total covariance (of species) NA r nutrient cycling 1 static r com 0.109 multivar 0.11 no 0 Petchey et al. 2002 164 S1050 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 NA 16 10 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same total covariance (of species) 1°+consumer abundance population r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.159 multivar 0.161 positive 0 Petchey et al. 2002 164 S1050 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 NA 16 10 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same prod. total (CV) 1°consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.47 univar 0.51 positive 1 Petchey et al. 2002 164 S1050 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 NA 16 10 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same prod. total (CV) 1°consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 variable r com 0.54 univar 0.603 positive 2 Petchey et al. 2002 164 S1050 bacterial microcosm bottle/pot direct additive none propagules/colonization SpRichn 1 4 NA 16 10 1°Consumer 1°Consumer same prod. total 1°consumer abundance r bioregulation 1 static r com