Appendix B. Statistical tables.
Table B1.1. ANOVA results for growth
of Ulva and Ulvaria in monospecific chambers positioned at different depths.
Table B1.2. Post-hoc Tukey's HSD multiple comparisons for the nested ANOVA in
Table B1.1.
Table B1.3. Multifactor blocked ANOVA
results for growth of Ulva and Ulvaria in chambers at
different depths when grown together.
Section II. Light Acclimation Experiments
Table B2.1. Nonlinear regression
results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at the sea
surface.
Table B2.2. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at the sea surface.
Table B2.3. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at 2.5 m below the sea
surface.
Table B2.4. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at 2.5 m below the sea
surface.
Table B2.5. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at 5 m below the sea
surface.
Table B2.6. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at 5 m below the sea
surface.
Table B2.7. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at 7.5 m below the sea
surface.
Table B2.8. Nonlinear regression results
for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at 7.5 m below the sea
surface.
Table B2.9. ANOVA results for dark
respiration of Ulva and Ulvaria when acclimated to different
light intensities.
Section III. Salinity effects on growth.
Table B3.1. ANOVA of
salinity and species effects on growth.
Table B3.2. Post-hoc Tukey HSD test of salinity and species effects on growth.
Section IV. Nitrogen effects on growth and physiology.
Table B4.1. MANOVA tests of the
effects of collection site and species on tissue C and N in Ulva and Ulvaria .
Table B4.2. MANOVA of media [N] and
species effects on growth and tissue C and N in the laboratory manipulation.
Table B4.3. Post-hoc Tukey's HSD multiple comparisons test of species and media [N] effects on tissue N and
CN ratio (See Table B4.2 for associated MANOVA).
Table B4.4. Homogenous
subsets of supplemental N treatment concentration on growth in the second
experiment based on Tukey's HSD test. (See
Table B4.2 for associated MANOVA.)
Table B4.5. MANOVA of media [N] and species effects on tissue protein,
chlorophyll and N uptake in Ulvaria and Ulva.
Section V. Grazing Experiments
Table B5.1. The t test data for grazer
choice experiments comparing grazing rate on Ulva and Ulvaria. Both
“choice” and “no-choice” experiments are described.
Table B5.2. The t test results for field
grazing experiments comparing Ulva and Ulvaria growth and
loss in different environments.
TABLE B1.1. ANOVA results for growth of Ulva and Ulvaria in monospecific chambers positioned at different depths.
Source |
Numerator df |
Denominator df |
F |
P |
DEPTH |
1 |
35247.571 |
154.317 |
<0.001 |
SPECIES |
1 |
2845.845 |
12.459 |
0.001 |
DEPTH × SPECIES |
1 |
1977.105 |
8.656 |
0.005 |
ERROR |
42 |
228.409 |
TABLE B1.2. Post-hoc Tukey's HSD multiple comparisons for the ANOVA in Table B1.1, above.
Variable 1 |
Variable 2 |
Mean difference |
P |
Ulva at 0 m |
Ulvaria at 0 m |
28.59 |
<0.001 |
Ulva at 0 m |
Ulva at -2 m |
68.21 |
<0.001 |
Ulva at 0 m |
Ulvaria at -2 m |
70.64 |
<0.001 |
Ulvaria at 0 m |
Ulva at -2 m |
39.63 |
<0.001 |
Ulvaria at 0 m |
Ulvaria at -2 m |
42.05 |
<0.001 |
Ulva at -2 m |
Ulvaria at -2 m |
2.42 |
0.977 |
TABLE B1.3. Multifactor blocked ANOVA results for growth of Ulva and Ulvaria in chambers at different depths when grown together.
Source |
df |
MS |
F |
P |
Total |
79 |
563.5 |
||
Chambers |
39 |
1015 |
||
Depth |
1 |
26100 |
73.511 |
<0.001 |
Chambers(depth) |
38 |
355.1 |
||
Within-chambers |
40 |
123.1 |
||
Species |
1 |
199.6 |
1.64 |
0.208 |
Species × depth |
1 |
109.2 |
0.899 |
0.349 |
Species × chambers(depth) |
38 |
121.4 |
Section II. Light Acclimation Experiments
TABLE B2.1. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square F |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.661 |
278 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
2.38E-03 |
R2 = 0.942
TABLE B2.2. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.332 |
40.4 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
8.22E-03 |
R2 = 0.705
TABLE B2.3. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at 2.5 m below the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.574 |
175 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
3.28E-03 |
R2 = 0.908
TABLE B2.4. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at 2.5 m below the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.489 |
311 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
1.57E-03 |
R2 = 0.946
TABLE B2.5. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at 5 m below the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.447 |
180 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
2.48E-03 |
R2 = 0.913
TABLE B2.6. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at 5 m below the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.314 |
129 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
2.44E-03 |
R2 = 0.882
TABLE B2.7. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulva grown at 7.5 m below the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.513 |
267 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
1.92E-03 |
R2 = 0.938
TABLE B2.8. Nonlinear regression results for photosynthetic parameters of Ulvaria grown at 7.5 m below the sea surface.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Regression |
3 |
0.330 |
183 |
<0.001 |
Residual |
22 |
1.80E-03 |
R2 = 0.909
TABLE B2.9. ANOVA results for dark respiration of Ulva and Ulvaria when acclimated to different light intensities.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Light Treatment |
2 |
1.458E-03 |
78.022 |
<0.001 |
Species |
1 |
3.719E-05 |
1.990 |
0.171 |
Interaction (Light by Species) |
2 |
2.126E-05 |
1.138 |
0.337 |
Error |
24 |
1.869E-05 |
Section III. Salinity effects on growth.
TABLE B3.1. ANOVA of salinity and species effects on growth.
Source |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Species Effect |
1 |
964.855 |
17.941 |
<0.001 |
Salinity Effect |
3 |
422.453 |
7.855 |
<0.001 |
Interaction (Species × Salinity) |
3 |
329.691 |
6.130 |
0.002 |
Error |
31 |
53.781 |
TABLE B3.2. Post-hoc Tukey HSD test of salinity and species effects on growth.
Variable 1 |
Variable 2 |
Mean Difference |
P |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
19.80(*) |
0.004 |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
0.70 |
1.000 |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
20.00(*) |
0.003 |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
9.60 |
0.455 |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
5.60 |
0.924 |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
-6.00 |
0.894 |
Ulva at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
-1.20 |
1.000 |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
-19.10(*) |
0.010 |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
0.20 |
1.000 |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
-1.20 |
0.379 |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
-14.20 |
0.076 |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
-25.80(*) |
<0.001 |
Ulvaria at 5 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
-21.00(*) |
0.002 |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
19.30(*) |
0.009 |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
8.90 |
0.619 |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
4.90 |
0.972 |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
-6.70 |
0.867 |
Ulva at 10 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
-1.90 |
1.000 |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
-1.40 |
0.356 |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
-14.40 |
0.069 |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
-26.00(*) |
<0.001 |
Ulvaria at 10 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
-21.20(*) |
0.002 |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
-4.00 |
0.987 |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
-15.60(*) |
0.038 |
Ulva at 20 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
-1.80 |
0.311 |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
-11.60 |
0.232 |
Ulvaria at 20 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
-6.80 |
0.819 |
Ulva at 30 PSU |
Ulvaria at 30 PSU |
4.80 |
0.965 |
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Section IV. Nitrogen effects on growth and physiology.
TABLE B4.1. MANOVA tests of the effects of collection site and species on tissue C and N in Ulva and Ulvaria .
Source |
Dependent variable |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Species |
Nitrogen |
1 |
20.081 |
10.920 |
0.004 |
Carbon |
1 |
20.495 |
0.438 |
0.516 |
|
N:C |
1 |
0.001 |
19.526 |
<0.001 |
|
Site |
Nitrogen |
1 |
40.666 |
24.487 |
<0.001 |
Carbon |
1 |
2030.734 |
35.811 |
<0.001 |
|
N:C |
1 |
0.000 |
0.008 |
0.930 |
|
Species × Site |
Nitrogen |
1 |
0.005 |
0.028 |
0.869 |
Carbon |
1 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.993 |
|
N:C |
1 |
0.000 |
0.036 |
0.852 |
|
Error |
Nitrogen |
19 |
0.191 |
||
Carbon |
19 |
50.689 |
|||
N:C |
19 |
0.000 |
TABLE B4.2. MANOVA of media [N] and species effects on growth and tissue C and N in the laboratory manipulation.
Source |
Dependent variable |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Species |
C:N |
1 |
63.599 |
189.087 |
<0.001 |
N |
1 |
26.561 |
246.329 |
<0.001 |
|
C |
1 |
372.329 |
65.245 |
<0.001 |
|
Growth |
1 |
0.053 |
6.286 |
0.016 |
|
Media [N] |
C:N |
2 |
99.841 |
296.840 |
<0.001 |
N |
2 |
19.024 |
176.435 |
<0.001 |
|
C |
2 |
3.451 |
0.605 |
0.551 |
|
Growth |
2 |
0.063 |
7.463 |
0.002 |
|
Interaction (media [N] × species) |
C:N |
2 |
1.372 |
4.080 |
0.024 |
N |
2 |
0.976 |
9.049 |
0.001 |
|
C |
2 |
1.224 |
0.215 |
0.808 |
|
Growth |
2 |
0.001 |
0.165 |
0.848 |
|
Error |
C:N |
42 |
0.336 |
||
N |
42 |
0.108 |
|||
C |
42 |
5.707 |
|||
Growth |
42 |
0.008 |
TABLE B4.3. Post-hoc Tukey's HSD multiple comparisons test of species and media [N] effects on tissue N and CN ratio (see Table B4.2 for associated MANOVA).
Dependent Variable |
Variable 1 |
Variable 2 |
Mean difference |
P |
N |
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
-1.14605(*) |
<0.001 |
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
-0.49575(*) |
0.046 |
|
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
-1.75893(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-1.64982(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-3.70384(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
0.65030(*) |
0.004 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
-0.61288(*) |
0.007 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-0.50377(*) |
0.041 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-2.55779(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
-1.26319(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-1.15407(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-3.20809(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
0.10911 |
0.985 |
|
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-1.94490(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
-2.05402(*) |
<0.001 |
|
C:N |
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
2.92471(*) |
<0.001 |
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
2.32368(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
4.54344(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
5.54264(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
7.30463(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
-0.60104 |
0.321 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
1.61873(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
2.61793(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulvaria grown in seawater |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
4.37992(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
2.21977(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
3.21897(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
4.98095(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
0.99920(*) |
0.015 |
|
Ulvaria grown in +20 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
2.76119(*) |
<0.001 |
|
Ulva grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
Ulvaria grown in +80 mM NH4NO3 |
1.76199(*) |
<0.001 |
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
TABLE B4.4. Homogenous subsets of supplemental N treatment concentration on growth in the second experiment based on Tukey's HSD test. (See Table B4.2 for associated MANOVA.)
Treatment |
N |
Subset |
|
1 |
2 |
||
Seawater |
16 |
0.3582 |
|
+20 mM NH4NO3 |
16 |
0.4202 |
0.4202 |
+80 mM NH4NO3 |
16 |
0.4840 |
|
P |
0.150 |
0.135 |
|
TABLE B4.5. MANOVA of media [N] and species effects on tissue protein, chlorophyll and N uptake in Ulvaria and Ulva .
Source |
Dependent variable |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
Media [N] |
Protein |
1 |
191.308 |
3.396 |
0.084 |
Chlorophyll a |
1 |
59856.06 |
3.593 |
0.076 |
|
Chlorophyll b |
1 |
35633.14 |
3.980 |
0.063 |
|
Chlorophylll b : a |
1 |
0.002 |
0.885 |
0.361 |
|
Species |
Protein |
1 |
4029.145 |
71.524 |
<0.001 |
Chlorophyll a |
1 |
1382421.9 |
82.984 |
<0.001 |
|
Chlorophyll b |
1 |
870995.64 |
97.276 |
<0.001 |
|
Chlorophylll b : a |
1 |
0.181 |
97.288 |
<0.001 |
|
Interaction (Media [N] × Species) |
Protein |
1 |
82.887 |
1.471 |
0.243 |
Chlorophyll a |
1 |
18747.425 |
1.125 |
0.305 |
|
Chlorophyll b |
1 |
16452.443 |
1.837 |
0.194 |
|
Chlorophylll b : a |
1 |
0.000 |
0.234 |
0.635 |
|
Error |
Protein |
16 |
56.333 |
||
Chlorophyll a |
16 |
16658.961 |
|||
Chlorophyll b |
16 |
8953.888 |
|||
Chlorophylll b : a |
16 |
0.002 |
Section V. Grazing Experiments
TABLE B5.1. The t test data for grazer choice experiments comparing grazing rate on Ulva and Ulvaria. Both “choice” and “no-choice” experiments are described.
Species |
Choice? |
Test type |
N |
df |
t |
P value |
Littorina sitkana |
Yes |
Paired sample |
23 |
22 |
7.74 |
<0.001 |
Lacuna variegata |
Yes |
Paired Sample |
15 |
14 |
5.75 |
<0.001 |
Lacuna vincta |
Yes |
Paired Sample |
16 |
15 |
6.27 |
<0.001 |
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis |
Yes |
Paired Sample |
15 |
14 |
9.82 |
<0.001 |
Idotea wosnesenskii |
Yes |
Paired Sample |
15 |
14 |
5.64 |
<0.001 |
Lacuna vincta |
No |
Two Sample |
11 |
9 |
0.43 |
0.679 |
Lacuna vincta, following conditioning |
Yes |
Two Sample |
11 |
9 |
3.17 |
0.011 |
TABLE B5.2 The t test results for field grazing experiments comparing Ulva and Ulvaria growth and loss in different environments.
Location |
Test Type |
N |
df |
t stat |
P value |
Pinnacle Rock, tidepool |
Two Sample |
15 |
28 |
2.16 |
0.049 |
Cattle Point, tidepool |
Two Sample |
15 |
28 |
1.87 |
0.038 |
Pinnacle Rock, intertidal |
Two Sample |
10 |
18 |
2.34 |
0.031 |