Felisa A. Smith, S. Kathleen Lyons, S. K. Morgan Ernest, Kate E. Jones, Dawn M. Kauffman, Tmar Dayan, Pablo A. Marquet, James H. Brown, and John P. Haskell. 2003. Body mass of late Quaternary mammals. Ecology 84:3403.

INTRODUCTION

Body mass is the most obvious, and arguably, the most fundamental characteristic of an organism, impacting many important attributes of life history, ecology and evolution.� The range and mode of body mass for a taxonomic group reflects underlying allometeric, phylogenetic and ecological constraints.� Yet, how these factors and selective forces interact to determine the characteristic body sizes seen in animals is unclear and remains a major area of study in biology.

This paper documents the development of a body mass data set created as part of a NationalCenter for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) working group.� Our purpose in compiling these data was to explore the body mass similarities and differences of mammals across the taxonomic hierarchy, broad geographic space, and evolutionary time.� We have used these data to compare, for example, the body mass distributions of terminal Pleistocene mammals on each continent prior to the arrival of man.� Our analyses suggest they were remarkably similar and that anthropogenic hunting activities, not climate change, resulted in the differences seen today (Lyons et al., in revision). In other work, we have investigated the heritability of body mass across the taxonomic hierarchy and across space and time.� We found a very high correlation of body mass among congeners, except for the very smallest size classes.� For those species under about 10g, body mass of sister species tends to be very diverse (Smith et al, in revision).� Moreover, the body mass patterns seen across the taxonomic hierarchy are also recapitulated across geographic space and evolutionary time.� The broad spectrum of body mass seen today was established early in the Cenozoic and has been maintained despite enormous taxonomic turnover.

Our data set consists of the updated version of Wilson and Reeder�s (1993) taxonomic list of all known mammals of the world (N=4629 species) to which we added status, distribution, and body mass estimates compiled from the literature.� Mammals occurring on more than one continent have multiple records; continent-specific masses were used when available. Moreover, for four of the continents (Africa, North and South America and Australia), we included the mammalian species that went extinct at the late Pleistocene (an additional 230 species).� Overall, we have 5731 rows of data.� We defined �late Pleistocene� as approximately 11 ka for Africa, North and South America, and as 50 ka for Australia, because these times predate anthropogenic impacts on mammalian fauna (e.g., Klein 1984; Martin 1984; Kurten 1988; Lessa and Farina 1996; Flannery and Roberts 1999; Martin and Steadman 1999 and Stuart 1999). About half the records in our data set are derived from previous compilations (Silva and Downing 1995; Marquet and Cofre 1999; Jones et al. 2003); the remainder are largely drawn directly from the primary literature.�����

The data set is fairly comprehensive for oceanic mammals, and for those occurring on four of the continents (Africa, Australia, South America, and North America), but is less complete for Eurasian and insular species (Table 1). We have been able to obtain mass estimates for 4361 of the 5731 rows of data; 1372 are missing values. Most, if not all missing species are poorly studied and tend to be rare, cryptic or both.� Body mass was estimated using an algorithm that prioritized in the following order:� 1)� A gender-specific estimate obtained by averaging values reported from across geographic localities, these were then averaged to obtain an overall species value, 2) When no geographic information was provided, gender-specific values were averaged for an overall species body mass estimate, 3) If both male and female masses were not available, male mass was used preferentially, averaging over geographic localities if such information was available, 4) If only female body mass was available, it was used, again averaging over geographic localities as available. In no instance did we use generic means as a proxy for a species average.� Body mass estimates for extinct species were gathered from the primary literature, from personal communications, estimated from regressions of teeth measurements (e.g., Damuth and MacFadden 1990), or obtained from web databases.� The source for each datum is listed in the reference column of the data set.� All extant mammalian orders are represented, and we include several archaic groups present in the late Pleistocene.� By compiling such data from geographically and historically isolated areas, we were able to compare similarities and differences in mammal body mass across continents differing in species composition, current and past environments and geographic history.� Moreover, we were able to examine the impact of early humans on patterns of mammalian diversity across disparate regions.

Because our studies have focused on broad macroecological patterns, we have ignored the often substantial geographic body mass variation that may exist for a species.� Estimates contained within this data set thus represent a generalized species value, averaged across gender and geographic space.� Consequently, care should be taken if these values are used to represent species at a particular locality and/or time.

METADATA CLASS I. DATA SET DESCRIPTORS

A. Data set identity:

Title: Macroecological database of mammalian body mass

B. Data set identification code

Suggested Data Set Identity Code: MOM v3.3

C. Data set description

Principal Investigators:

Felisa A. Smith, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131

S. Kathleen Lyons, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131

S.K. Morgan Ernest, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131

Kate E. Jones, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904

Dawn M. Kaufman, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506

Tamar Dayan, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel

Pablo A. Marquet, Centro de EstudiosAvanzados en ecologia y biodiversidad, Departmento de Ecologia, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Alameda, 340 C.P. 6513677, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.

John P. Haskell, Department of Forest, Range, and Wildlife Science, College of Natural Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321

Abstract:

The purpose of this data set was to compile body mass information for all mammals on Earth so that we could investigate the patterns of body mass seen across geographic and taxonomic space and evolutionary time.� We were interested in the heritability of body size across taxonomic groups (How conserved is body mass within a genus, family and order?), in the overall pattern of body mass across continents (Do the moments and other descriptive statistics remain the same across geographic space?), and over evolutionary time (How quickly did body mass patterns iterate on the patterns seen today?� Were the Pleistocene extinctions size specific on each continent and did these events coincide with the arrival of man?).� These data are also part of a larger project that seeks to integrate body mass patterns across very diverse taxa (NCEAS Working Group on Body size in ecology and paleoecology:� linking pattern and process across space, time and taxonomic scales).� We began with the updated version of Wilson and Reeder�s (1993) taxonomic list of all known Recent mammals of the world (N=4629 species) to which we added status, distribution, and body mass estimates compiled from the primary and secondary literature. Whenever possible, we used an average of male and female body mass, which was in turn averaged over multiple localities to arrive at our species body mass values.� The sources are line referenced in the main data set, with the actual references appearing in a table within the metadata.� Mammals have individual records for each continent they occur on.� Please note that our data set is more than an amalgamation of smaller compilations.� Although we relied heavily a data set for Chiroptera by K.E. Jones (N=905), the CRC handbook of Mammalian Body Mass (N=688), and a data set compiled for South America by P. Marquet (N=505), these total less than half the records in the current database.� The remainder are derived from more than 150 other sources (see reference table).� Furthermore, we include a comprehensive late Pleistocene species assemblage for Africa, North and South America and Australia (an additional 230 species). �Late Pleistocene� is defined as approximately 11 ka for Africa, North and South America, and as 50 ka for Australia, because these times predate anthropogenic impacts on mammalian fauna. Estimates contained within this data set represent a generalized species value, averaged across gender and geographic space.� Consequently, these data are not appropriate for asking population-level questions where the integration of body mass with specific environmental conditions is important.� All extant orders of mammals are included, as well as several archaic groups (N=4859 species).� Because some species are found on more than one continent (particularly Chiroptera), there are 5731 entries.� We have body masses for the following:� Artiodactyla (280 records), Bibymalagasia (2 records), Carnivora (393 records), Cetacea (75 records), Chiroptera (1071 records), Dasyuromorphia (67 records), Dermoptera (3 records), Didelphimorphia (68 records), Diprotodontia (127 records), Hydracoidea (5 records), Insectivora (234 records), Lagomorpha (53 records), Litopterna (2 records), Macroscelidea (14 records), Microbiotheria (1 record), Monotremata (7 records), Notoryctemorphia (1 record), Notoungulata (5 records), Paucituberculata (5 records), Peramelemorphia (24 records), Perissodactyla (47 records), Pholidota (8 records), Primates (276 records), Proboscidea (14 records), Rodentia (1425 records), Scandentia (15 records), Sirenia (6 records), Tubulidentata (1 record), and Xenarthra (75 records).�

D. Key words: body mass, extinct mammals, late Quaternary, macroecology, taxonomy.

CLASS II. RESEARCH ORIGIN DESCRIPTORS

 A.   Overall project description

Identity: NCEAS Working Group on Body Size in Ecology and Paleoecology: Linking pattern and process across space, time, and taxonomic scale.

Originator: Felisa A. Smith

Period of Study: 1999–continuing

Objectives: To understand the processes and factors which lead to the macroecological patterns seen across taxonomic and geographic space and through evolutionary time.

Abstract: This research project, initiated in 1999, endeavors to compile body mass, life history, geographic range, and other data for a broad range of taxonomic groups including plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, mollusks for use in investigating macroecological patterns. This work is the outcome of a working group funded by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.

Source(s) of funding: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis

B.   Specific subproject description

Site description: Data were obtained from species from a variety of habitats, geologies, hydrologies, etc. Although this is a global database, entries are more comprehensive for oceanic species and those residing on North America, South America, Australia, and Africa.� All mammals of the world, and their continental, status and taxonomic affiliations are included, regardless of whether a body mass estimate was obtained.

Experimental or sampling design: Most data were obtained from published literature sources.� A few body mass values were obtained by examining museum specimens or by personal communication with scientists working on the species in question.

Research Methods:

Field/Laboratory: Data were collected from published sources written by experienced mammalogists. A species specific body mass was obtained using an algorithm that prioritized the procedure in the following order:� 1) A gender-specific estimate obtained by averaging male or female values reported from across different geographic localities, these were then averaged to obtain an overall species value, 2) When no geographic information was provided but gender-specific values were available, these were averaged for an overall species body mass estimate, 3) If both male and female masses were not available, male mass was used preferentially, averaging over geographic localities if such information was available, 4) If only female body mass was available, it was used, averaging over geographic localities as available. When museum records were utilized, averages were obtained for each gender across their range, and these were again averaged to obtain an overall species-specific value.� The source of the value is line referenced in the data set. In no instance did we use generic means as a proxy for a species average.� Equal weight was given to male and female estimates; we did not use a weighted average to account for possible differences in sample size. For bats, if body mass estimates were not available for both females and males, female mass was used preferentially (i.e. the order of numbers 3 and 4 above were switched).

Taxonomy: Taxonomy follows Wilson and Reeder (1993), as updated electronically (4 June 2002; www.nmnh.si.edu/msw).

 

Project Personnel: n/a

CLASS III. DATA SET STATUS AND ACCESSIBILITY

A.  Status

Latest Update: 20 April 2003

Latest Archive date: 20 April 2003

Metadata status: 22 April 2003, metadata is current

Data verification: Data has undergone substantial data quality and assurance checking, though this is an on-going process.� Histograms of the body masses of each order were produced, and values at the tails were double-checked for accuracy.� When multiple sources of information were available for a species, or new sources encountered, we used those with higher sample sizes and gender-specific information.

B.  Accessibility

Storage location and medium: Original data file exists on primary author�s personal computer in Microsoft Excel format.

Contact person: Felisa A. Smith, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico 87131, phone: 505.277.6725, fax: 505.277.0304, email: [email protected]

Copyright restrictions: None

Proprietary restrictions: None

Costs: None, author believes scientific data should be free for scientific use.

CLASS IV. DATA STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTORS

A.  Data Set File

Identity: MOMv3.3.txt

Size: 5731 records, not including header row.

Format and Storage mode:Ascii text, tab delimited. No compression schemes used.

Header information: Headers are given here as header name followed by more information such as measurement units or other basic descriptor. More information on the variable definitions can be found in Section B, variable information. Continent (SA, NA, EA, insular, oceanic, AUS, AF), Status (extinct, historical, introduction, or extant), Order, Family, Genus, Species, Log Mass (grams), Combined Mass (grams), Reference.

Alphanumeric attributes: Mixed

Special characters/fields: -999 denotes lack of information for that field.

Authentication procedures: The number of records for each continent and for extant and extinct species should match the values reported in Table 1.� The following are sums (excluding missing values) for the overall numeric columns: Log Mass = 10,828.71; Combined Mass (g) = 879,113,624. Sums for log Mass (excluding missing values) by continent are:� AF = 1,839.66; AUS = 934.58; EA = 1560.16; Insular = 2,118.89; NA = 1,655.91; Oceanic = 439.14; SA = 2,280.37.

B. Variable definitions

Variable name	Variable definition	Units	Storage type	Range numeric values (-999 not incl.)	Missing value codes
Continent	Continent that a species resides on. If species resides on more than one continent, a continent specific body mass is reported when available.� Thus, some mammals have multiple entries. The division between North and South America occurs at the isthmus of Panama.	N/a	Character	N/a	-999
Status	Whether species is currently present in the wild (extant); extinct as of late Pleistocene (extinct), extinct within the last 300 years (historical); or an introduction (introduction); Note these do not necessarily follow CITES or IUCN categories.	N/a	Character	N/a	-999
Order	Taxonomic order of species	N/a	Character	N/a	-999
Family	Taxonomic family of species	N/a	Character	N/a	-999
Genus	Taxonomic genus of species	N/a	Character	N/a	-999
Species	Species epithet	N/a	Character	N/a	-999
Log mass	Log10 transformation of Combined Mass	Grams	Floating Point	0.26 to 8.28	-999
Combined mass	Adult body mass averaged across males and females and geographic locations.	Grams	Floating point	1.8 to 190,000,000	-999
Reference	Reference source for body mass information and/or status for that species; the updated electronic version of Wilson and Reeder (1993)� (6 June 2002; www.nmnh.si.edu/msw) serves as the status reference for all extant species.	N/a	Alphanumeric	N/a	-999

C.  Data set references

The numbers listed in the reference column of the MOMv3.3 data set refer to the following citations:

Reference number	Citation
1	Anderson, E. 1984. Who�s who in the Pleistocene: A mammalian bestiary. Pages 40–89 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
2	Klein, R. G. 1984. Mammalian extinctions and stone age people in Africa. Pages 553–573 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
3	Flannery, T., P. Schouten. 2001. A gap in nature: discovering the world�s extinct animals. Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, New York, USA.
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6	Churcher, C. S. 1978. Giraffidae. Pages 509–535 in V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, editors. Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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9	Stuart, A. J. 1999. Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions: A European perspective. Pages 257-270 in R. D. E. MacPhee, editor. Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.
10	Stuart, A. J. 1991. Mammalian extinctions in the late Pleistocene of northern Eurasia and North America. Biological Reviews 66:453–562.
11	Martin, P. S. 1984. Prehistoric overkill: The global model. Pages 354–403 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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13	Murray, P. 1984. Extinctions down under: A bestiary of extinct Australian Late Pleistocene Monotremes and Marsupials.� Pages 600–628 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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24	Graham, R.W., and E. L. Lundelius, Jr. 1984. Coevolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. Pages 223–249 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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27	Scott, K. 1990. Postcranial dimensions of ungulates as predictors of body mass. Pages 301–336 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, editors. Body size in mammalian paleobiology: estimation and biological implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
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76	Jones, J. Knox Jr., and G. A. Baldassarre. 1982. Reithrodontyomysbrevirostris and Reithrodontomysparadoxus. Mammalian Species 192:1–3.
77	Jones, J. Knox Jr. 1982. Reithrodontomysspectabilis. Mammalian Species 192:1.
78	Palmeirim, J. M., and R. S. Hoffmann. 1983. Galemyspyrenaicus. Mammalian Species 207:1–5.
79	Nagorsen, D. 1985. Kogiasimus. Mammalian Species 239:1–6.
80	Wang, X., and R. S. Hofmann. 1987. Pseudoisnayaur and Pseudoisschaeferi. Mammalian Species 278:1–6.
81	Jones, J. Knox. Jr. 1990. Peromyscusstirtoni. Mammalian Species 361:1–2.
82	Youngman, P. M. 1990. Mustelalutreola. Mammalian Species 362:1–3.
83	Baumgardner, G. D. 1991. Dipodomyscompactus. Mammalian Species 369:1–4.
84	Best, T. L., and H. H. Thomas. 1991. Dipodomysinsularis. Mammalian Species 374:1–3.
85	Van Rompaey, H., and M. Colyn. 1992. Crossarchusansorgei. Mammalian Species 402:1–3.
86	Best, T. L., J. L. Bartig, and S. L. Burt. 1992. Tamiascanipes. Mammalian Species 411:1–5.
87	Heath, M. E. 1992. Manispentadactyla. Mammalian Species 414:1–6.
88	Jefferson, T. A., and M. W. Newcomer. 1993. Lissodelphis borealis. Mammalian Species 425:1–6
89	Best, R. C., and V. M. F. da Silva. 1993. Iniageoffrensis. Mammalian Species 426:1–8
90	Burt, S. L., and T. L. Best. 1994. Tamiasrufus. Mammalian Species 460:1–6.
91	Kingswood, S. C., and D. A. Blank. 1996. Gazellasubgutturosa. Mammalian Species 518:1–10.
92	Custodio, C. C., M. V. Lepiten, and L. R. Heaney. 1996. Bubalusmindorensis. Mammalian Species 520:1–5.
93	Newcomer, M.W., T. A. Jefferson, and R. L. Brownell, Jr. 1996. Lissodephisperonii. Mammalian Species 531:1–5.
94	Garcia-Perea, R., J. Ventura, J. Lopez-Fuster, and J. Gisbert. 1997. Soxesgranarius. Mammalian Species 554:1–4.
95	Sokolov, V. E., and A. A. Lushchekina. 1997. Procrapagutterosa. Mammalian Species 571:1–5.
96	Lariviere, S. 1998. Lontrafelina. Mammalian Species 575:1–5.
97	Adam, M. D., and J. P. Hayes. 1998. Arborimuspomo. Mammalian Species 593:1–5.
98	Alvarez-Castaneda, S. T., and E. Yensen. 1999. Neotomabryanti. Mammalian Species 619:1–3.
99	Norris, C. A. 1999. Phalangerlullulae. Mammalian Species 620:1–4.
100	Mead, J. I., and A. Nadachowski. 1999. Alticolastoliczkanus. Mammalian Species 624:1–4.
101	Storz, J. F., and W. C. Wozencraft. 1999. Melogalemoschata. Mammalian Species 631:1–4.
102	Cortes-Calva, P., S. T. Alvarez-Castaneda, and E. Yensen. 2001. Neotomaanthonyi. Mammalian Species 663:1–3.
103	McCay, T. S. 2001. Blarinacarolinensis. Mammalian Species 673:1–7.
104	Fedosenko, A..K., and D. A. Blank. 2001. Capra sibirica. Mammalian Species 675:1–13.
105	Belcher, R. L., and T. Lee, Jr. 2002. Arctocephalustownsendi. Mammalian Species 700:1–5.
106	Stuart, C., and T. Stuart. 1988. Field guide to the mammals of Southern Africa. New Holland Publishers, London, UK.
107	Dorst, J. 1969. A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
108	Kingdon, J. 1984. East African mammals. Volume IIA. Insectivores and Bats.�University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
109	Kingdon, J. 1984. East African mammals. Volume IIB. Hares and Rodents. University of Chicago Press< Chicago, Illinois, USA.
110	Flannery, T. 1995. Mammals of the Southwest Pacific and Moluccan Islands. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
111	Van Den Brink, F. H. 1968. A field guide to the mammals of Britain and Europe. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
112	Stuart, A. J. 1999.� Pages 257–270 in R. D. E. MacPhee, editor. Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.
113	Lynch, C. D. 1994. The mammals of Lesotho. Navorsinge: Van Die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein. (Journal of the National Museum, Bloemfontein) 10:1–241.
114	Krystufek, Boris. 1991. SesalciSlovenije. Slovenije:� PrirodoslovnimuzejSlovenije.
115	Prater, S. H. 1971. The book of Indian animals. Bombay Natural History Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
116	Kingdon, J. 1982. OstafrikanischeS�ugetiere. SenckenbergischeNaturforschendeGesellschaft, Frankfurt, Germany.
117	Roberts, T. J. 1977. The mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn Limited, London, UK.
118	Payne, J., C. M. Frances, and K. Phillipps. 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society with World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Borneo.
119	Harrison, J. 1966. An introduction to the mammals of Singapore and Malaya. Malayan Nature Society. TienWah Press, Singapore, Hong Kong.
120	Marshall, P. 1967. Wild mammals of Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
121	Heaney, L. R., D. S. Balete, E. A. Rickart, R. C. B. Utzurrum, and P. C. Gonzales. 1999. Mammalian diversity on Mount Isarog, a threatened center of endemism of southern Luzon Island, Philippines. Fieldiana 95:1–62.
122	Rickart, E. A., L. R. Heaney, P. D. Heideman, and R. C. B. Utzurrum. 1993. The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi Islands, Philippines. Fieldiana 72:1–62.
123	Shukor, M. N. 1996. The mammalian fauna on the islands at the northern tip of Sabah, Borneo. Fieldiana 83:1–51.
124	Stanley, W. T., S. M. Goodman, and R. Hutterer. 1996. Notes on the insectivores and elephant shrews of the Chome Forest, South Pare Mountains, Tanzania (Mammalia: Insectivora et Macroscelidea). ZoologischeAbhandlungen: Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden 49:131–147.
125	Stanley, W. T., S. M. Goodman, and P. M. Kihaule. 1998. Results of two surveys of rodents in the Chome Forest Reserve, South Pare Mountains, Tanzania (Mammalia: Rodentia). ZoologischeAbhandlungen: Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden 50:145–160.
126	Stanley, W. T., and R. Hutterer. 2000. A new species of MyosorexGray, 1832 (Mammalia: Soricidae) from the Eastern Arc mountains, Tanzania. Bonner ZoologischeBeitr�ge 49:19–29.
127	Stanley, W. T., S. M. Goodman, P. M. Kihaule, and K. M. Howell. 2000. A survey of the small mammals of the Gonja forest reserve, Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 89:73–83.
128	Osborn, D. J., and I. Helmy. 1980. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Fieldiana 5:1–579.
129	Smithers, R. H. N. 1983. The mammals of the southern African subregion. University of Pretoria Press, Pretoria, South Africa.
130	Happold, D. C. D. 1987. The mammals of Nigeria. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
131	Pocock, R. I. 1941. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. Volume II. Carnivora.� Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London, UK.
132	Phillips, W. W. A. 1935. Manual of the mammals of Ceylon. Dulau and Company, Ltd., London, UK.
133	Blandford, W. T. 1891. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.� Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London, UK.
134	MacDonald, D. W., P. Barrett, and D. McDonald. 1993. Mammals of Britain and Europe. Harper and Collins, LOndon, UK.
135	Delany, M. J. 1975. The Rodents of Uganda. British Museum of Natural History Publication No. 764, Staples Printers Ltd., Kettering, UK.
136	1990. Grzimek'sEncylopedia of Mammals Volume 5. McGraw Hill, New York, New York, USA.
137	1990. Grzimek'sEncylopedia of Mammals Volume 4. McGraw Hill, New York, New York, USA.
138	1990. Grzimek'sEncylopedia of Mammals Volume 3. McGraw Hill, New York, New York, USA.
139	1990. Grzimek'sEncylopedia of Mammals Volume 2. McGraw Hill, New York, New York, USA.
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158	Smith, F. A., B. T. Bestelmeyer, J. Biardi, and M. Strong. 1993. Anthropgenic extinction of the endemic woodrat Netomabunkeri Burt. Biodiversity Letters 1:149–155.
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CLASS V. SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTORS

A.  Data acquisition

Data forms: n/a

Location of completed data forms: n/a

B.   Quality assurance/quality control procedures

Data were entered directly from source material into the computer file and values were double checked upon entry. After complete entry of data, data points were randomly selected and checked against original source material until approximately 50% of values had been checked against source material. After the initial data-checking phase was complete, the body mass of species within each mammalian order were plotted and values lying outside the bulk of the distribution were re-examined against the source material. If there was a discrepancy or if there was reason to believe the original data source may have contained an error, an attempt was made to find additional body mass estimates for the taxon.� If values could not be reconciled, no body mass value was reported (i.e., initial value was replaced with �999).

C.     Related material: n/a

D.    Computer programs and data processing algorithms: n/a

E.     Archiving: n/a

F.      Publications and results:

To date, these data have been used in several manuscripts currently under review:

Ernest, S.K.M., Enquist, B.J., Brown, J.H., Charnov, E.L, Gillooly, J.F., Savage, V.W., White, E.P., Smith, F.A., Hadly, E.A., Haskell, J.P., Lyons, S.K., Maurer, B.A., Niklas, K.J., and Tiffney, B.� Thermodynamic and metabolic effects on the scaling of production and abundance.� Nature, in review.

Smith, F.A., Brown, J.H., Haskell, J.P., Lyons, S.K., Alroy, J., Charnov, E.L., Dayan, T., Enquist, B.J., Ernest, S.K.M., Hadly, E.A., Jablonski, D., Jones, K.E., Kaufman, D.M., Marquet, P.A., Maurer, B.A., Niklas, K.J., Porter, W.P., Roy, K., Tiffney, B., and Willig, M.R. Similarity of mammalian body size across the taxonomic hierarchy and across space and time. American Naturalist, revision under review

Lyons, S.K., Smith, F.A., and Brown, J.H. Of mice, mastodons, and men: human caused extinctions on four continents. Evolutionary Ecology Research, in revision.

G. History of data set usage

Data request history: The data have been disseminated among the ~20 members of the working group; additionally, we have provided it to a number of other researchers as requested. These projects are still in early stages of completion.

H. Data set update history:

The data have been disseminated among the ~20 members of the working group; additionally, we have provided it to a number of other researchers as requested. These projects are still in early stages of completion.

Review history: n/a

Questions and comments from secondary users: n/a

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank all members of the NCEAS Body size working group for their encouragement and advice. This project was supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a Center funded by NSF (Grant #DEB-0072909), the University of California, and UC Santa Barbara.� J.P. Haskell was supported by a NCEAS undergraduate student internship.� M.L. Schildhauer and M. Jones provided much appreciated database, statistical and computer support.� We especially thank A. Landsman for his efforts in compiling the African database.

Literature cited

Damuth, J., and B. J. MacFadden. 1990.� Body size in mammalian paleobiology : estimation and biological. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Flannery, T. F., and R. G. Roberts. 1999. Late Quaternary extinctions in Australasia: An overview. Pages 239–256 in R. D. E. MacPhee, editor. Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.

Jones, K. E., A. Purvis, and J. L. Gittleman. 2003. Biological correlates of extinction risk in bats. American Naturalist 161:601–614.

Klein, R. G. 1984. Mammalian extinctions and stone age people in Africa. Pages 553–573 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Kurt�n, B. 1988. Before the Indians. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Lessa, E. P., and R. A. Farina. 1996. Reassessment of extinction patterns among the late Pleistocene mammals of South America. Palaeontology 39:651–662.

Lyons, S. K., F. A. Smith, and J. H. Brown. Of mice, mastodons, and men: human caused extinctions on four continents. Evolutionary Ecology Research, in revision.

Martin, P. S. 1984. Prehistoric overkill: The global model. Pages 354–403 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Martin, P. S. and D. W. Steadman. 1999. Prehistoric extinctions on islands and continents. Pages 17–55 in R. D. E. MacPhee, editor. Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.

Marquet, P. A., and H. Cofre.�1999.�Large temporal and spatial scales in the structure of mammalian assemblages in South America: a macroecological approach. Oikos 85:299–309.

Silva, M., and J. A. Downing. 1995. CRC Handbook of Mammalian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

Smith, F. A., J. H. Brown, J. P. Haskell, S. K. Lyons, J. Alroy, E. L. Charnov, T. Dayan, B. J. Enquist, S. K. M. Ernest, E. A. Hadly, D. Jablonski, K. E. Jones, D. M. Kaufman, P. A. Marquet, B. A. Maurer, K. J. Niklas, W. P. Porter, K. Roy, B. Tiffney, and M. R. Willig. Similarity of mammalian body size across the taxonomic hierarchy and across space and time. American Naturalist, revision under review.

Stuart, A. J. 1999. Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions: A European perspective. Pages 257–270 in R. D. E. MacPhee, editor. Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder.�1993. Mammal species of the world:� a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second Edition.�Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

Table 1.� Continental affiliations of mammals included in data set.

^†Introductions are not excluded from the extant total.

^‡Only a small number of extinct species from the terminal Pleistocene are included; no effort was made to develop a comprehensive late Pleistocene faunal list for Eurasia, insular or oceanic species. However, the species list is comprehensive for Africa, Australia, North and South America.

^§A small number of species that primarily occur on North or South America, but are also found on adjacent islands, may be missing records in the insular category.