Ecological Archives A025-133-A1

Ecological Archives A025-133-A1

Noam Levin, Salit Kark, and David Crandall. 2015. Where have all the people gone? Enhancing global conservation using night lights and social media. Ecological Applications 25:2153–2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-0113.1

Appendix A. Tables of references for visitation statistics to protected areas in twelve countries; the number of geo-tagged Flickr photos globally when summed for land and sea areas, coastal and non-coastal areas, protected and unprotected areas, as well as for three night-light intensity levels; the three most visited protected areas in 40 selected countries, according to the total number of Flickr photos; the three most popular protected areas in 40 selected countries according to Flickr; the three most photographed protected areas in 40 selected countries according to Flickr based on the most photographed grid cell within them; the three most popular protected areas shown for 40 selected countries according to Flickr; the three most impacted protected areas in 40 selected countries based on the average of the percentage of lit area and the percentage area with photographers; and the three most impacted protected areas in 40 selected countries based on the average of the percentage of lit area and the percentage area with photographers.

Table A1. References for visitation statistics to protected areas in twelve countries. Visitation data period shows the years for which the data on number of visitors per park were collected for each country based on the source listed below.

Country	Visitation data period	Source (reference)	Website
Argentina	2000–2004	Zimmermann, 2006	http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/noticias/materias/visitacao.pdf
Australia (Queensland)	2012	QPWS, 2012	http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/managing/pdf/community-survey-exec.pdf
Australia (Victoria)	2011	Parks Victoria, 2011	http://www.enviroactive.com.au/sites/default/files/docs/ Parks-Victoria-Visitation-Data.xls
Brazil	2000–2005	Zimmermann, 2006	http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/noticias/materias/visitacao.pdf
Canada	2008/9 – 2012/13	Parks Canada, 2013	http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/pc/attend/table3.aspx
Chile	2012	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, 2013	http://www.ine.cl/canales/menu/publicaciones/calendario_de_publicaciones/ pdf/informe_anual_turismo_2012.pdf
Ecuador	1999-2003	Zimmermann, 2006	http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/noticias/materias/visitacao.pdf
Kenya	2008, 2009	Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2014	https://www.opendata.go.ke/-Environment-And-Natural-Resources/ Visitors-To-Parks-And-Game-Reserves-By-Park-And-Ye/cd8y-h54z
Nepal	2008–2012	Nepal, 2013	http://www.tourism.gov.np/uploaded/TourrismStat2012.pdf
New Zealand	2010–2012	New Zealand, 2014	http://www.doc.govt.nz/about-doc/role/ visitor-statistics-and-research/national-parks-visitor-statistics/
South Africa	2010, 2011	SAN Parks, 2011	http://sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2011.pdf
The United Kingdom	2009	UK, 2014	http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/learningabout/whatisanationalpark/ factsandfigures
USA	2010	NPS, 2011	http://nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/puso_abstract_2010.pdf

Table A2. The number of geo-tagged Flickr photos globally when summed for land and sea areas, coastal and non-coastal areas, protected and unprotected areas, as well as for three night-light intensity levels, including: dark areas, lit areas (DMSP brightness values (L < 15) and brightly lit areas (DMSP brightness values (L >15). Coastal areas were defined as being within 5 km of the coastline.

	L = 0	0 < L ≤ 15	L > 15	Grand Total
Land	5,467,947	23,725,390	142,205,570	171,398,907
Non-coastal	4,735,890	19,262,960	103,127,110	127,125,960
Unprotected	2,129,230	13,671,500	98,496,600	114,297,330
Protected	2,606,660	5,591,460	4,630,510	12,828,630
Coastal	732,057	4,462,430	39,078,460	44,272,947
Unprotected	344,356	2,759,180	36,544,200	39,647,736
Protected	387,701	1,703,250	2,534,260	4,625,211
Marine	1,238,517	3,375,323	11,312,047	15,925,887
Coastal	743,101	3,321,180	10,580,660	14,644,941
Unprotected	385,910	2,065,180	9,055,640	11,506,730
Protected	357,191	1,256,000	1,525,020	3,138,211
Non coastal	495,416	54,143	731,387	1,280,946
Unprotected	467,218	44,293	713,332	1,224,843
Protected	28,198	9,850	18,055	56,103
Grand Total	6,706,464	27,100,713	153,517,617	187,324,794

	L = 0	0 < L ≤ 15	L > 15	Grand Total
Land	2.92%	12.67%	75.91%	91.50%
Non-coastal	2.53%	10.28%	55.05%	67.86%
Unprotected	1.14%	7.30%	52.58%	61.02%
Protected	1.39%	2.98%	2.47%	6.85%
Coastal	0.39%	2.38%	20.86%	23.63%
Unprotected	0.18%	1.47%	19.51%	21.17%
Protected	0.21%	0.91%	1.35%	2.47%
Marine	0.66%	1.80%	6.04%	8.50%
Coastal	0.40%	1.77%	5.65%	7.82%
Unprotected	0.21%	1.10%	4.83%	6.14%
Protected	0.19%	0.67%	0.81%	1.68%
Non coastal	0.26%	0.03%	0.39%	0.68%
Unprotected	0.25%	0.02%	0.38%	0.65%
Protected	0.02%	0.01%	0.01%	0.03%
Grand Total	3.58%	14.47%	81.95%	100.00%

Table A3. The three most visited protected areas (> 25 km²) in 40 selected countries, according to the total number of Flickr photos. Larger protected areas will have larger values. For number of photos standardized by area size of each protected area see Table A3. Names of all protected areas are based on the World Database of Protected Areas (http://www.protectedplanet.net/).

Continent	Country	# 1 most photographed		# 2 most photographed		# 3 most photographed
Continent	Country	Name	# Flickr photos	Name	# Flickr photos	Name	# Flickr photos
North America	Canada	Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks	127,974	Algonquin	17,124	Fraser River Delta	13,867
North America	Mexico	Cabo San Lucas	36,450	Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres Punta Cancún y Punta Nizuc	14,570	Arrecife de Puerto Morelos	8,578
North America	United States	Yosemite	175,169	Grand Canyon	140,690	Florida Keys	139,718
Central America	Costa Rica	Manuel Antonio	12,461	Arenal	7,227	Gandoca-Manzanillo (mixto)	2,310
South America	Argentina	Los Glaciares	17,821	Nahuel Huapi	16,371	Iguazu	13,902
South America	Brazil	Lago de Sobradinho	19,460	Parati-Mirim	13,413	Lago do Paranoá	13,284
South America	Chile	Rapa Nui	14,642	Torres del Paine	12,131	Bosques Templados Lluviosos	4,943
South America	Peru	Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu	48,754	Lago Titicaca (Peruvian sector)	18,813	Huascarán	2,882
Europe	France	Vanoise	72,218	Ballons des Vosges	50,849	Baie du Mont Saint-Michel	40,428
Europe	Germany	Rhein- Ahr-Eifel	59,382	Niederlausitzer Landrücken	51,600	Unteres Saaletal	46,624
Europe	Greece	Antichasia Ori Kai Meteora	8,516	Oros Parnassos	7,395	Lefka Ori Kai Paraktia Zoni	4,985
Europe	Italy	Santuario per i Mammiferi Marini	189,041	Laguna di Venezia	117,403	Cinque Terre	37,847
Europe	Russian Federation	Lake Baikal	6,539	Vladivostokskiy	5,263	Prielbrus'e	1,673
Europe	Spain	Albufera de Valencia	55,474	Montserrat-Roques Blanques-riu Llobregat	17,901	Montes y cumbre de Tenerife	17,534
Europe	Switzerland	Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch	25,708	Neuland	22,792	Vierwaldstättersee mit Kernwald Bürgenstock & Rigi	17,172
Europe	United Kingdom	Lake District	191,435	South Downs	184,735	Peak District	169,523
Asia	Bangladesh	Sundarbans Reserved Forest	324	Bhawal	186	Kaptai	97
Asia	China	Dianchi	12,023	Mount Huangshan	8,821	Jiuzhaigou	5,801
Asia	India	Ranthambore	3,892	Western Ghats	3,322	Rajaji	2,857
Asia	Indonesia	Muara Angke	7,683	Bromo Tengger Semeru	4,649	Bunaken (Laut)	4,452
Asia	Israel	Mount Meron	1,313	Mount Carmel	1,249	Judean Desert	1,149
Asia	Japan	Seto - Naikai	43,999	Okinawa Kaigan	27,419	Fuji-Hakone-Izu	23,180
Asia	Kazakhstan	Alma-Atinskiy	357	Ele Alatau	279	Kokshetau	134
Asia	Nepal	Sagarmatha (Everest)	14,960	Annapurna	14,832	Makalu-Barun	2,735
Asia	Pakistan	K2	297	Cholistan	112	Indus River	101
Asia	South Korea	Baekdudaegan Mountains Reserve	3,023	Mount Sorak	2,395	Bukhansan	1,382
Asia	Taiwan	Kenting	50,349	Yangmingshan	45,170	Taroko	33,134
Asia	Turkey	Göreme	23,943	Bogazkoy-Alacahoyuk	782	Lake Uluabat	266
Africa	Algeria	Tassili N'Ajjer	1,059	Djurdjura	13	El Kala	11
Africa	Congo DRC	Virunga	878	N'Sele	205	Gangala-na Bodio	133
Africa	Egypt	Ras Mohammed	33,359	Nabq	9,207	Abu Gallum	4,371
Africa	Ethiopia	Murle	614	Awash	448	Simien	321
Africa	Gabon	Lopé National Park	98	Plateaux Batéké	9	Ivindo	7
Africa	Kenya	Masai Mara	12,111	Lake Nakuru	7,926	Tsavo West	3,478
Africa	Nigeria	Jere	26	Yankari	21	Madalla	15
Africa	South Africa	Table Mountain	26,822	Kruger	21,851	Cape Floral Region Protected Areas	21,763
Africa	Tanzania	Ngorongoro	17,186	Kilimanjaro	12,191	Serengeti	11,535
Oceania	Australia	Great Barrier Reef	61,616	Mornington Peninsula & Western Port	27,491	Moreton Bay	27,211
Oceania	New Zealand	Te Wahipounamu û South West New Zealand	72,003	Tongariro	14,742	Arthurs Pass	4,766
Oceania	Papua New Guinea	Paga Hill	769	Wewak Peace Memorial Park	153	Kokoda Memorial Park	77

Table A4. The three most popular protected areas (> 25 km²) in 40 selected countries according to Flickr (mean number of photos within the all the grid cells of a protected area). Names of all protected areas are based on the World Database of Protected Areas.

Continent	Country	# 1 most photographed		# 2 most photographed		# 3 most photographed
Continent	Country	Name	Mean # of photos	Name	Mean # of photos	Name	Mean # of photos
North America	Canada	Upper Canada Migratory Bird Sanctuary	113.87	Cypress	93.36	Mount Seymour	87.36
North America	Mexico	Cabo San Lucas	867.86	Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres Punta Cancún y Punta Nizuc	194.27	Arrecife de Puerto Morelos	107.23
North America	United States	Mount Tamalpais	613.52	Mugu Lagoon to Latigo Point	437.81	Yosemite	387.13
Central America	Costa Rica	Arenal	71.55	Cabo Blanco	61.09	Pya Hermosa -Pta Mala	39.88
South America	Argentina	Iguazu	26.58	Litoral Chaqueño	10.27	Nahuel Huapi 2	10.27
South America	Brazil	Tijuca	295.89	Parati-Mirim	163.57	Lago do Paranoá	96.96
South America	Chile	Rapa Nui	128.44	Valle de La Luna y parte de la Sierra de Orbate	27.11	El Morado	11.03
South America	Peru	Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu	156.77	Isla Ballestas Norte, Centro y Sur	21.33	Titicaca	11.90
Europe	France	Vallee de l'Epte Francilienne et ses Affluents	360.95	Chambord	149.50	Le Gardon et ses Gorges	86.88
Europe	Germany	Grunewald	367.03	Seulingswald	336.13	Bergstraße - Mitte	321.84
Europe	Greece	Limni Ioanninon	72.60	Dytika Asterousia (apo Agiofarango Eos Kokkino Pyrgo)	57.48	Chersonisos Gramvoussas Kai Nisides Imeri Kai Agria Gramvoussa Pontikonisi	52.15
Europe	Italy	Cinque Terre	742.10	Valle del Lambro	724.08	Parco Regionale Bacino Fiume Sarno	568.41
Europe	Russian Federation	Vladivostokskiy	15.57	Plescheevo Ozero	13.22	Losiny Ostrov	5.58
Europe	Spain	Sebadales de Playa del Inglés	496.64	Albufera de Valencia	252.15	Montserrat-Roques Blanques-riu Llobregat	223.76
Europe	Switzerland	Les Grangettes	243.21	Ruin'Aulta	132.27	Pilatus	104.03
Europe	United Kingdom	Causeway Coast	476.56	Sussex	366.17	Thanet Coast	288.45
Asia	Bangladesh	Bhawal	2.24	Kaptai	1.94	Chimbuk	0.59
Asia	China	Guangfu	163.00	Sanya Coral Reef	85.03	Mount Huangshan	58.03
Asia	India	Keoladeo	58.28	Sanjay Gandhi	26.94	Bannerghatta	19.54
Asia	Indonesia	Muara Angke	284.56	Batukau I/II/III	25.09	Bromo Tengger Semeru	10.54
Asia	Israel	Mount Carmel	43.07	Gan Hapsalim	17.78	Mount Meron	15.63
Asia	Japan	Okinawa Kaigan	43.52	Fuji-Hakone-Izu	30.10	Hida - Kisogawa	15.59
Asia	Kazakhstan	Alma-Atinskiy	0.45	Kokshetau	0.16	Ele Alatau	0.08
Asia	Nepal	Sagarmatha (Everest)	14.43	Phulchoki	10.90	Royal Chitwan	3.02
Asia	Pakistan	Kot Zabzai	0.77	Margalla Hills	0.26	Head Islam/Chak Kotora	0.26
Asia	South Korea	Bukhansan	17.72	Seoraksan	12.31	Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes	10.90
Asia	Taiwan	Yangmingshan	410.64	North Coast	222.59	Kenting	182.42
Asia	Turkey	Göreme and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia	221.48	Bogazkoy-Alacahoyuk	30.08	Altindere Valley	4.02
Africa	Algeria	Lac Oubeïra	0.08	Djurdjura	0.08	Lac des Oiseaux	0.03
Africa	Congo DRC	N'Sele	7.59	Virunga	0.14	Yangambi	0.06
Africa	Egypt	Ras Mohammed	46.72	Nabq	19.97	Abu Gallum	11.24
Africa	Ethiopia	Simien	3.00	Arba-Minch	2.13	Awash	0.74
Africa	Gabon	Lopé -Okanda	0.02	Pongara	0.01	Plateaux Batéké	0.01
Africa	Kenya	Lake Nakuru	54.60	Loitokitok	24.21	Nairobi	15.63
Africa	Nigeria	Madalla	0.60	Jere	0.37	Otamiri River	0.07
Africa	South Africa	Table Mountain	98.25	Robberg	29.83	Lourens River	24.51
Africa	Tanzania	Kilimanjaro	18.10	Lake Manyara	13.57	Mount Meru	8.95
Oceania	Australia	Noosa	120.42	Barron Gorge	103.92	Jenolan	92.45
Oceania	New Zealand	Tongariro	17.63	Westland Tai Poutini	13.15	Abel Tasman	12.90
Oceania	Papua New Guinea	Paga Hill	4.75	Wewak Peace Memorial Park	0.95	Kokoda Memorial Park	0.48

Table A5. The three most photographed protected areas (> 25 sq. km) in 40 selected countries according to Flickr based on the most photographed grid cell within them. Names of all protected areas are based on the World Database of Protected Areas.

Continent	Country	# 1 most photographed		# 2 most photographed		# 3 most photographed
Continent	Country	Name	Maximum # photos	Name	Maximum # photos	Name	Maximum # photos
North America	Canada	Banff	9,760	Fraser River Delta	2,189	Jasper	2,104
North America	Mexico	Cabo San Lucas	13,264	Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres Punta Cancún y Punta Nizuc	7,778	Arrecife de Puerto Morelos	2,187
North America	United States	Florida Keys	37,167	Black Rock Desert-High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails	31,552	Grand Canyon	23,877
Central America	Costa Rica	Manuel Antonio	3,722	Marino Ballena	921	Ostional (estatal)	892
South America	Argentina	Iguazu	9,240	Nahuel Huapi 2	2,402	Los Glaciares	2,254
South America	Brazil	Lago de Sobradinho	17,080	Parati-Mirim	9,874	Tijuca	6,982
South America	Chile	Rapa Nui	2,263	Bosques Templados Lluviosos	504	Fundo Yerba Loca	463
South America	Peru	Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu	27,806	Lago Titicaca (Peruvian sector)	1,302	Manú	1,075
Europe	France	Baie du Mont Saint-Michel	30,294	Chambord	9,131	Garonne Ariège Hers Salat Pique et Neste	8,058
Europe	Germany	Ackerhügelland westlich Erfurt mit Fahnerscher Höhe	36,431	Niederlausitzer Landrücken	17,767	Weserbergland - Kaufunger Wald	17,752
Europe	Greece	Oros Parnassos	2,984	Antichasia Ori Kai Meteora	1,528	Ymittos - Aisthitiko Dasos Kaisarianis - Limni Vouliagmenis	1,294
Europe	Italy	Laguna di Venezia	47,578	Valle del Lambro	17,201	Parco Regionale Bacino Fiume Sarno	16,627
Europe	Russian Federation	Vladivostokskiy	1,212	Pribaikalsky	611	Ugra	294
Europe	Spain	Albufera de Valencia	31,923	Montserrat-Roques Blanques-riu Llobregat	6,509	Costes del Garraf	5,557
Europe	Switzerland	Les Grangettes	7,672	Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch	6,431	Pilatus	2,356
Europe	United Kingdom	Sussex Downs	27,513	Peak District	11,021	North Wessex Downs	9,768
Asia	Bangladesh	Bhawal	60	Kaptai	60	Sundarban South	33
Asia	China	Dianchi	1,561	Guangfu	1,486	Laoshan	1,211
Asia	India	Ranthambore	1,016	Gautala	926	Bannerghatta	772
Asia	Indonesia	Muara Angke	3,761	Batukau I/II/III	1,517	Bromo Tengger Semeru	1,020
Asia	Israel	Mount Carmel	372	Mount Meron	261	Judean Desert	218
Asia	Japan	Seto - Naikai	9,064	Okinawa Kaigan	8,086	Hakusan	6,159
Asia	Kazakhstan	Kokshetau	120	Ele Alatau	115	Alma-Atinskiy	61
Asia	Nepal	Annapurna	1,033	Sagarmatha (Everest)	1,000	Royal Chitwan	579
Asia	Pakistan	Cholistan	98	Kot Zabzai	69	K2	35
Asia	South Korea	Seoraksan	596	Gyeongju	455	Baekdudaegan	452
Asia	Taiwan	Kenting	7,893	Yangmingshan	6,486	Taroko	4,607
Asia	Turkey	Göreme and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia	2,403	Bogazkoy-Alacahoyuk	261	Lake Uluabat	161
Africa	Algeria	Tassili n'Ajjer	200	Djurdjura	5	Lac des Oiseaux	3
Africa	Congo DRC	N'Sele	139	Gangala-na Bodio	133	Virunga	118
Africa	Egypt	Nabq	3,727	Ras Mohammed	2,115	St. Catherine	954
Africa	Ethiopia	Abijatta-Shalla Lakes	198	Awash	189	Murle	168
Africa	Gabon	Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé -Okanda	58	Plateaux Batéké	7	Ivindo	6
Africa	Kenya	Tsavo West	868	Mombasa (marine reserve)	812	Lake Nakuru	675
Africa	Nigeria	Jere	26	Yankari	17	Gashaka-Gumti	11
Africa	South Africa	Table Mountain	6,105	Kruger	1,390	Kwandwe	645
Africa	Tanzania	Kilimanjaro	1,706	Ngorongoro	1,542	Selous	890
Oceania	Australia	Uluru-Kata Tjuta	6,411	Great Barrier Reef	5,523	Moreton Bay	5,025
Oceania	New Zealand	Fiordland	3,304	Westland	1,738	Paparoa	1,622
Oceania	Papua New Guinea	Paga Hill	127	Kokoda Memorial Park	49	Wewak Peace Memorial Park	34

Table A6. The three most popular protected areas (> 25 sq. km) shown for 40 selected countries according to Flickr (the total number of photos in non-lit areas (L < 15) is presented for each country).

Continent	Country	# 1 most photographed		# 2 most photographed		# 3 most photographed
Continent	Country	Name	Photos in non-lit areas	Name	Photos in non-lit areas	Name	Photos in non-lit areas
North America	Canada	Banff	52,808	Jasper	19,757	Algonquin	17,124
North America	Mexico	Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California	4,803	Sian Ka'an	3,841	Arrecifes de Cozumel	3,631
North America	United States	Yosemite	175,169	Grand Canyon	140,690	Yellowstone	122,073
Central America	Costa Rica	Manuel Antonio	12,461	Arenal	7,227	Gandoca-Manzanillo (mixto)	2,310
South America	Argentina	Los Glaciares	16,986	Iguazu	13,816	Nahuel Huapi 1	7,058
South America	Brazil	Lago de Sobradinho	17,366	Iguaçu	7,492	Baleia Franca	5,840
South America	Chile	Rapa Nui	14,642	Torres del Paine	12,131	Bosques Templados Lluviosos	4,943
South America	Peru	Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu	48,754	Lago Titicaca (Peruvian sector)	11,673	Huascarán	2,882
Europe	France	Loire Anjou Touraine	23,861	Verdon	23,233	Luberon	21,383
Europe	Germany	Rhein-Ahr-Eifel	46,711	Ackerhügelland westlich Erfurt mit Fahnerscher Höhe	36,792	Unteres Saaletal	20,922
Europe	Greece	Lefka Ori Kai Paraktia Zoni	4,985	Ethniko Thalassio Parko Alonnisou - Voreion Sporadon & Anatoliki Skopelos	3,892	Oros Parnassos	3,123
Europe	Italy	Santuario per i Mammiferi Marini	66,534	Cinque Terre	37,847	The Dolomites	18,400
Europe	Russian Federation	Lake Baikal	5,914	Prielbrus'e	1,673	Golden Mountains of Altai	1,364
Europe	Spain	Montes y Cumbre de Tenerife	17,035	Teide	13,869	Cabo de Gata-Nijar	12,559
Europe	Switzerland	Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch	23,785	Vierwaldstõttersee mit Kernwald Bürgenstock und Rigi	9,693	Oberengadiner Seenlandschaft und Berninagruppe	5,873
Europe	United Kingdom	Lake District	174,599	Peak District	144,474	Cotswolds	109,563
Asia	Bangladesh	Sundarbans	324	Bhawal	183	Kaptai	97
Asia	China	Mount Huangshan	8,029	Jiuzhaigou	5,448	Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan	3,944
Asia	India	Ranthambore	3,523	Western Ghats	3,322	Nanda Devi	2,572
Asia	Indonesia	Bromo Tengger Semeru	4,649	Bunaken (Laut)	4,449	Komodo	3,329
Asia	Israel	Judean Desert	1,129	Mazuq HaZinnim	576	Massiv Elat	315
Asia	Japan	Seto - Naikai	23,739	Chubu - Sangaku	19,527	Hakusan	12,045
Asia	Kazakhstan	Alma-Atinskiy	357	Kokshetau	134	Ele Alatau	87
Asia	Nepal	Sagarmatha (Everest)	14,960	Annapurna	14,832	Makalu-Barun	2,735
Asia	Pakistan	K2	297	Cholistan	110	Khunjerab	95
Asia	South Korea	Baekdudaegan	2,417	Mount Sorak	2,279	Jeju Island	1,122
Asia	Taiwan	Taroko	33,134	Kenting	23,348	Northeast Coast	13,792
Asia	Turkey	Göreme	2,324	Bogazkoy-Alacahoyuk	782	Lake Uluabat	266
Africa	Algeria	Tassili N'Ajjer	649	Djurdjura	13	El Kala	8
Africa	Congo DRC	Virunga	666	Gangala-na Bodio	133	Yangambi	111
Africa	Egypt	Ras Mohammed	7,328	St. Catherine	3,794	Nabq	2,190
Africa	Ethiopia	Murle	614	Awash	448	Simien	321
Africa	Gabon	Lopé	98	Plateaux Batéké	9	Ivindo	7
Africa	Kenya	Masai Mara	12,111	Lake Nakuru	7,926	Tsavo West	3,478
Africa	Nigeria	Jere	26	Yankari	21	Gashaka-Gumti	11
Africa	South Africa	Kruger	21,781	Table Mountain	10,189	Cape Floral Region Protected Areas	5,814
Africa	Tanzania	Ngorongoro	17,186	Kilimanjaro	12,191	Serengeti	11,535
Oceania	Australia	Great Barrier Reef	43,096	Uluru-Kata Tjuta	23,493	Mornington Peninsula & Western Port	17,171
Oceania	New Zealand	Te Wahipounamu û South West New Zealand	72,003	Tongariro	14,742	Arthurs Pass	4,766
Oceania	Papua New Guinea	Wewak Peace Memorial Park	153	Kokoda Memorial Park	77	Kamiali	15

Table A7. The three most impacted protected areas (> 25 sq. km) in 40 selected countries based on the average of the % of lit area (> 15) and the % area with photographers; Protected areas near metropolitan areas are often the most impacted (e.g., Topanga State Park, near Los Angles, USA).

Continent	Country	# 1 most photographed		# 2 most photographed		# 3 most photographed
Continent	Country	Name	% impact	Name	% impact	Name	% impact
North America	Canada	Mer Bleue	86.4%	Cypress	80.6%	Lac Saint - Louis (Center du lac)	64.3%
North America	Mexico	Ejidos de Xochimilco y San Gregorio Atlapulco	92.9%	Manglares de Nichupte	75.7%	Sierra de Guadalupe	66.7%
North America	United States	Topanga	96.1%	Cuyahoga Valley	95.8%	San Francisco Bay	94.6%
Central America	Costa Rica	Cabo Blanco	40.9%	Arenal	34.7%	Estero Puntarenas y Manglares	33.8%
South America	Argentina	Litoral Chaqueño	65.4%	Campo General Belgrano	44.7%	Punta Lara	42.8%
South America	Brazil	Tijuca	95.8%	Serra dos Pretos Forros	95.7%	Lago do Paranoá	91.6%
South America	Chile	Rapa Nui	43.9%	Isla Mocha	28.3%	La Campana	28.3%
South America	Peru	Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu	26.2%	Ancón	14.1%	Isla Ballestas Norte Centro y Sur	13.3%
Europe	France	Marais salants de Guérande traicts du Croisic et dunes de Pen-Bron	88.9%	Estuaire de la Rance	82.3%	Chaine de l'Etoile- Massif du Garlaban	77.4%
Europe	Germany	Grunewald	98.8%	GrünGürtel und Grünzüge in der Stadt Frankfurt am Main	97.8%	Hessische Mainauen	97.1%
Europe	Greece	Ymittos - Aisthitiko Dasos Kaisarianis - Limni Vouliagmenis	85.2%	Oros Ymittos	82.5%	Vravrona - Paraktia Thalassia Zoni	81.5%
Europe	Italy	Valle del Lambro	100%	Colle San Bartolo e litorale pesarese	98.9%	Appia Antica	96.9%
Europe	Russian Federation	Losiny Ostrov	70.1%	Plescheevo Ozero	49.4%	Southern coast of the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)	37.5%
Europe	Spain	Serra de Collserola	96.0%	Font Groga	95.4%	Montgó	95.2%
Europe	Switzerland	Albiskette-Reppischtal	93.5%	Reusslandschaft	80.5%	Glaziallandschaft Zwischen Lorzentobel und Sihl Höhronenkette	78.0%
Europe	United Kingdom	Thames Basin Heaths	97.1%	Sefton Coast	96.7%	Cannock Chase	92.8%
Asia	Bangladesh	Bhawal	15.1%	Chimbuk	6.9%	Dakhar Haor	5.7%
Asia	China	Guangfu	89.4%	Haiyangzhenxiwuzhong	82.4%	Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve	55.4%
Asia	India	Sanjay Gandhi	82.1%	Keoladeo National Park	45.0%	Karnala	43.6%
Asia	Indonesia	Muara Angke	96.3%	Jayabaya	25.8%	Gunung Unggaran	19.8%
Asia	Israel	Mount Carmel	93.1%	Hare Yehuda	72.7%	Mount Meron	64.8%
Asia	Japan	Kita Kyushu	71.5%	Kongo - Ikoma - Kisen	57.2%	Tonegawa - Genryubu	51.2%
Asia	Kazakhstan	Mangyshlakskiy	11.6%	Ele Alatau	1.6%	Alma-Atinskiy	1.4%
Asia	Nepal	Phulchoki	24.8%	Sagarmatha	15.4%	Shivapuri	11.8%
Asia	Pakistan	Gat Wala	45.4%	Margalla Hills	35.4%	Chichawatni Plantation	33.7%
Asia	South Korea	Bukhansan	79.5%	Nakdonggang Estuary	67.6%	Gyeryongsan	53.0%
Asia	Taiwan	Yangmingshan	98.2%	North Coast	88.3%	Northeast Coast	49.0%
Asia	Turkey	Göreme and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia	84.2%	Bogazkoy-Alacahoyuk	17.3%	Altindere Valley	8.2%
Africa	Algeria	Réserve Intégrale du Lac Oubeïra	4.2%	El Kala	3.0%
Africa	Congo DRC	N'Sele	64.8%	Mangrove Nature Reserve or Marine Park	6.7%	Virunga	0.8%
Africa	Egypt	Wadi Degla	47.1%	Malahet Ras Shukeir	31.9%	Ras Mohammed	24.0%
Africa	Ethiopia	Simien National Park	11.7%	Arba-Minch	11.3%	Awash	3.4%
Africa	Gabon	Iguela	20.2%	Mayumba	10.4%	Ngove-Ndogo	2.1%
Africa	Kenya	Nairobi	43.4%	Lake Nakuru	36.1%	Buffalo Springs	25.2%
Africa	Nigeria	Olague	50.3%	Taylor Creek	40.1%	Sambrero	37.4%
Africa	South Africa	Van Riebeeck Park	75.0%	Diepsloot	68.2%	Table Mountain	65.6%
Africa	Tanzania	Mount Meru	34.6%	Kilimanjaro National Park	17.0%	Gombe	15.5%
Oceania	Australia	Berowra Valley	71.8%	Dandenong Ranges	69.6%	Illawarra Escarpment	66.7%
Oceania	New Zealand	Tongariro	22.3%	Great Barrier Forest	20.9%	Lower Dart	19.3%
Oceania	Papua New Guinea	Paga Hill	37.3%	Moitaka Wildlife Sanctuary	15.0%	Wewak Peace Memorial Park	5.6%

Table A8. Human activity (night lights and Flickr statistics) for three types of protected areas: World Heritage Sites, Ramsar Sites, and all others classes of protected areas.

Type of protected area	Number of protected areas	Median area (sq. km)	Mean % area lit (L > 15)	Median number of photographers per grid cell	Median number of photos per grid cell	Median area with Flickr photographs
World Heritage Site	211	1,991	1.1%	0.07	0.50	3.3%
Ramsar Site	693	184	7.3%	0.06	0.31	4.9%
All others	25,789	120	5.4%	0.02	0.08	2.2%
Total	26,693	123	5.5%	0.02	0.08	2.3%

References for Supporting Information

Bigano, A., Hamilton, J.M., Lau, M., Tol, R.S., and Zhou, Y. 2007. A global database of domestic and international tourist numbers at national and subnational level. Int. J. Tour. Res. 9:147–174.

Chinn, M. D., and R. W. Fairlie. 2006. The determinants of the global digital divide: a cross-country analysis of computer and internet penetration. Oxford Economic Papers doi:10.1093/oep/gpl024.

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (2013) Turismo - Informe Anual 2012, ISBN: 978-956-323-131-1.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Visitors to Parks and Game Reserves by Park and Year, 1996-2009.

Nepal. Nepal Tourism Statistics 2012. 2013. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, Planning and Evaluation Division, Statistical Section, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu

Parks Canada. 2013. Parks Canada Attendance 2008-09 to 2012-13.

New Zealand. 2014. National parks visitor statistics, International visitor numbers to selected national parks.

NPS. 2011. Statistical Abstract, 2010, Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRPC/SSD/NRDS—2011/147 National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Natural Resource Program Center. Social Science Division, Public Use Statistics Office, WASO-TNT P.O. Box 25287, Denver, Colorado 80225-0287.

Parks Victoria. 2011. Parks Victoria Visitation Data.

QPWS. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Community Survey 2012. 2012. Prepared for Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing.

SAN Parks. 2011. South African National Parks Annual Report 2010/11.

UK. 2014. National Park facts and figures.

Zimmerman, A. 2006. Visitação nos parques nacionais brasileiros: um estudo à luz das experiências do Equador e da Argentina. 259p., 297 mm, (UnB-CDS, Mestre, Política e Gestão Ambiental, 2006).

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