Ecological Archives A025-084-A2
Eliza Maher Hasselquist, Christler Nilsson, Joakim Hjältén, Dolly Jørgensen, Lovisa Lind, and Lina E. Polvi. 2015. Time for recovery of riparian plants in restored northern Swedish streams: a chronosequence study. Ecological Applications 25:1373–1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1102.1
Appendix B. Study site and vegetation characteristics measured at all reaches.
Table B1. Study site and vegetation characteristics measured at all reaches. Means (± 1 SE) of the three different time categories and channelized reaches are shown along with ANOVA results comparing these four groups.
|
|
Bastu |
Lång |
Kvarn |
Average 25-year old |
Derga |
Abmo |
Sejor |
Stagg |
Välling |
Average 15-year old |
Rågo |
Beuka |
Mattjokk |
Mösup |
Västi |
Average 5-year old |
Bjur North |
Bjur South |
Fårträsk |
Lycksa |
Välling |
Channelized |
ANOVA |
|||||||||
Years after restoration/disturbance |
24 |
24 |
23 |
23,67 |
± |
0,33 |
16 |
15 |
14 |
12 |
12 |
13,80 |
± |
0,80 |
9 |
8 |
8 |
6 |
7 |
7,60 |
± |
0,51 |
C |
C |
C |
C |
C |
about 50 years |
F |
p |
|||
Site variables |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Riparian bank slope |
0,30 |
0,45 |
0,24 |
0,33 |
± |
0,06 |
0,15 |
1,05 |
0,66 |
0,32 |
1,12 |
0,66 |
± |
0,19 |
0,87 |
0,20 |
0,63 |
0,32 |
0,14 |
0,43 |
± |
0,14 |
0,45 |
0,50 |
1,15 |
0,11 |
0,79 |
0,60 |
± |
0,17 |
0,74 |
0,548 |
|
Thalweg-to-edge ratio |
1,20 |
1,02 |
1,09 |
1,10 |
± |
0.05ab |
1,43 |
1,10 |
1,06 |
1,20 |
1,24 |
1,21 |
± |
0.07a |
1,15 |
1,16 |
1,25 |
1,15 |
1,13 |
1,17 |
± |
0.02ab |
1,04 |
1,06 |
1,06 |
1,13 |
1,02 |
1,06 |
± |
0.02b |
4,08 |
0,028 |
|
Bankfull channel width (m) |
7,20 |
10,74 |
8,64 |
8,86 |
± |
1.03ab |
19,00 |
9,76 |
19,23 |
8,99 |
8,46 |
13,09 |
± |
2.47a |
8,92 |
7,67 |
9,64 |
8,01 |
5,73 |
8,00 |
± |
0.66ab |
5,19 |
4,24 |
4,39 |
6,04 |
4,38 |
4,85 |
± |
0.34b |
5,22 |
0,013 |
|
Area of riparian zone (m2) |
163,80 |
466,20 |
244,80 |
291,60 |
± |
90,38 |
603,60 |
304,80 |
207,00 |
418,20 |
613,80 |
429,48 |
± |
80,46 |
301,20 |
456,00 |
214,20 |
346,80 |
619,20 |
387,48 |
± |
69,83 |
189,60 |
160,20 |
61,20 |
418,80 |
568,80 |
279,72 |
± |
93,02 |
1,08 |
0,390 |
|
Riparian boulder cover (%) |
62,13 |
44,40 |
15,33 |
40,62 |
± |
13,64 |
43,33 |
43,53 |
62,87 |
46,00 |
44,33 |
48,01 |
± |
3,74 |
43,00 |
20,53 |
40,40 |
26,20 |
19,00 |
29,83 |
± |
5,01 |
74,00 |
69,87 |
33,67 |
11,33 |
55,67 |
48,91 |
± |
11,75 |
1,17 |
0,357 |
|
Riparain bare ground cover (%) |
0,00 |
0,00 |
3,33 |
1,11 |
± |
1,11 |
0,40 |
2,33 |
1,73 |
0,67 |
1,00 |
1,23 |
± |
0,35 |
0,53 |
1,80 |
0,00 |
3,27 |
4,58 |
2,04 |
± |
0,85 |
0,00 |
0,67 |
4,00 |
0,00 |
1,53 |
1,24 |
± |
0,75 |
0,35 |
0,790 |
|
Riparian litter cover (%) |
31,33 |
14,07 |
26,00 |
23,80 |
± |
5,10 |
15,87 |
17,47 |
20,67 |
33,33 |
15,47 |
20,56 |
± |
3,32 |
9,00 |
23,33 |
19,93 |
31,20 |
20,92 |
20,88 |
± |
3,57 |
12,93 |
11,13 |
21,13 |
21,33 |
23,93 |
18,09 |
± |
2,54 |
0,38 |
0,767 |
|
Number of flood events |
1 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
± |
1,53 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
4,40 |
± |
0,24 |
11 |
5 |
6 |
6 |
2 |
6,00 |
± |
1,45 |
7 |
6 |
4 |
9 |
5 |
6,20 |
± |
0,86 |
2,45 |
0,106 |
|
Soil N (%) |
1,33 |
1,03 |
1,16 |
1,18 |
± |
0,09 |
0,73 |
1,20 |
0,69 |
1,15 |
1,16 |
0,99 |
± |
0,11 |
1,38 |
1,55 |
0,55 |
1,35 |
1,39 |
1,25 |
± |
0,18 |
1,90 |
0,80 |
0,43 |
0,63 |
1,21 |
0,99 |
± |
0,26 |
0,60 |
0,625 |
|
Soil C:N |
17,02 |
22,88 |
20,00 |
19,97 |
± |
1,69 |
14,05 |
42,25 |
22,66 |
21,41 |
20,53 |
24,18 |
± |
4,76 |
20,50 |
21,78 |
18,21 |
24,12 |
24,09 |
21,74 |
± |
1,12 |
16,38 |
17,25 |
23,27 |
17,38 |
20,10 |
18,88 |
± |
1,26 |
0,62 |
0,614 |
|
Soil organic matter (%) |
61,67 |
70,60 |
84,42 |
72,23 |
± |
6,62 |
58,20 |
67,01 |
38,91 |
66,54 |
59,93 |
58,12 |
± |
5,11 |
60,32 |
67,43 |
34,73 |
71,84 |
56,45 |
58,15 |
± |
6,44 |
60,93 |
37,01 |
46,80 |
49,84 |
65,42 |
52,00 |
± |
5,08 |
1,70 |
0,213 |
|
Landscape variables |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latitude (DD) |
64,59 |
64,60 |
64,53 |
64,57 |
± |
0.02a |
65,61 |
65,40 |
65,49 |
65,32 |
65,54 |
65,47 |
± |
0.05b |
65,14 |
65,26 |
65,17 |
64,90 |
64,85 |
65,06 |
± |
0.08c |
65,16 |
65,13 |
65,53 |
64,79 |
65,54 |
65,23 |
± |
0.14bc |
12,94 |
<0.001 |
|
Stream gradient (%) |
2,73 |
0,60 |
1,53 |
1,62 |
± |
0,62 |
2,55 |
2,07 |
2,30 |
1,16 |
2,11 |
2,04 |
± |
0,24 |
1,92 |
0,73 |
2,15 |
0,17 |
1,23 |
1,24 |
± |
0,37 |
0,80 |
0,53 |
3,63 |
1,70 |
2,07 |
1,75 |
± |
0,55 |
1,22 |
0,339 |
|
Drainage area (km2) |
43,12 |
34,75 |
33,83 |
37,23 |
± |
2,96 |
109,29 |
69,57 |
206,14 |
148,77 |
17,15 |
110,18 |
± |
32,40 |
54,04 |
51,69 |
151,34 |
9,33 |
5,77 |
54,43 |
± |
26,27 |
53,13 |
135,96 |
22,14 |
295,24 |
17,61 |
104,81 |
± |
52,13 |
0,87 |
0,481 |
|
Aspect of reach (o) |
120 |
160 |
340 |
206,67 |
± |
67,66 |
200 |
140 |
180 |
120 |
190 |
166,00 |
± |
15,36 |
120 |
173 |
210 |
90 |
120 |
142,60 |
± |
21,51 |
170 |
110 |
356 |
80 |
270 |
197,20 |
± |
51,28 |
2,20 |
0,133 |
|
Upstream distance to lake (km) |
0,39 |
0,73 |
0,23 |
0,45 |
± |
0,15 |
0,47 |
1,67 |
0,57 |
0,28 |
1,65 |
0,93 |
± |
0,30 |
0,17 |
0,19 |
2,91 |
0,52 |
0,43 |
0,84 |
± |
0,52 |
0,25 |
0,26 |
2,37 |
1,66 |
2,00 |
1,31 |
± |
0,44 |
0,59 |
0,629 |
|
Riparian buffer width (m) |
7,75 |
32,50 |
22,63 |
20,96 |
± |
7,19 |
100,00 |
23,85 |
42,50 |
46,00 |
50,00 |
52,47 |
± |
12,70 |
16,90 |
15,80 |
11,45 |
28,10 |
41,40 |
22,73 |
± |
5,42 |
100,00 |
12,00 |
87,50 |
16,00 |
100,00 |
63,10 |
± |
20,18 |
1,98 |
0,163 |
|
Biotic variables |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Entire flora |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Species richness |
57 |
56 |
58 |
57 |
± |
0,58 |
63 |
48 |
50 |
54 |
44 |
51,80 |
± |
3,23 |
39 |
47 |
44 |
48 |
59 |
47,40 |
± |
3,30 |
40 |
46 |
50 |
52 |
44 |
46,40 |
± |
2,14 |
2,35 |
0,116 |
|
Species density |
25,74 |
20,99 |
24,28 |
23,67 |
± |
1,41 |
22,66 |
19,32 |
21,59 |
20,60 |
15,78 |
19,99 |
± |
1,19 |
15,73 |
17,68 |
18,88 |
18,90 |
21,13 |
18,46 |
± |
0,88 |
17,56 |
20,87 |
27,98 |
19,83 |
15,97 |
20,44 |
± |
2,07 |
1,70 |
0,213 |
|
Functional group |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Forb richness |
19 |
19 |
25 |
21,00 |
± |
2,00 |
28 |
16 |
18 |
18 |
15 |
19,00 |
± |
2,32 |
12 |
14 |
15 |
10 |
20 |
14,20 |
± |
1,69 |
15 |
20 |
22 |
18 |
16 |
18,20 |
± |
1,28 |
2,18 |
0,136 |
|
Forb density |
8,58 |
7,12 |
10,47 |
8,72 |
± |
0,97 |
10,07 |
6,44 |
7,77 |
6,87 |
5,38 |
7,31 |
± |
0,79 |
4,84 |
5,27 |
6,44 |
3,94 |
7,16 |
5,53 |
± |
0,57 |
6,59 |
9,07 |
12,31 |
6,87 |
5,81 |
8,13 |
± |
1,18 |
2,24 |
0,129 |
|
Graminoid richness |
19 |
17 |
16 |
17,33 |
± |
0,88 |
18 |
14 |
11 |
19 |
13 |
15,00 |
± |
1,52 |
10 |
13 |
11 |
20 |
19 |
14,60 |
± |
2,06 |
13 |
9 |
15 |
15 |
10 |
12,40 |
± |
1,25 |
1,32 |
0,306 |
|
Graminoid density |
8,58 |
6,37 |
6,70 |
7,22 |
± |
0,69 |
6,47 |
5,64 |
4,75 |
7,25 |
4,66 |
5,75 |
± |
0,50 |
4,03 |
4,89 |
4,72 |
7,87 |
6,81 |
5,66 |
± |
0,72 |
5,71 |
4,08 |
8,40 |
5,72 |
3,63 |
5,51 |
± |
0,84 |
0,92 |
0,455 |
|
Dwarf shrub richness |
6 |
8 |
6 |
6,67 |
± |
0,67 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
6 |
6,80 |
± |
0,37 |
6 |
9 |
6 |
8 |
8 |
7,40 |
± |
0,60 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
9 |
7 |
5,60 |
± |
1,21 |
0,94 |
0,449 |
|
Dwarf shrub density |
2,71 |
3,00 |
2,51 |
2,74 |
± |
0,14 |
2,88 |
2,82 |
2,59 |
2,67 |
2,15 |
2,62 |
± |
0,13 |
2,42 |
3,39 |
2,57 |
3,15 |
2,87 |
2,88 |
± |
0,18 |
0,88 |
1,81 |
3,36 |
3,43 |
2,54 |
2,40 |
± |
0,48 |
0,48 |
0,701 |
|
Tree richness |
9 |
8 |
8 |
8,33 |
± |
0,33 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
7,20 |
± |
0,86 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
7,80 |
± |
0,37 |
7 |
9 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
6,80 |
± |
0,80 |
0,81 |
0,510 |
|
Tree density |
4,06 |
3,00 |
3,35 |
3,47 |
± |
0,31 |
1,44 |
3,22 |
3,89 |
2,67 |
2,87 |
2,82 |
± |
0,40 |
2,82 |
3,01 |
3,86 |
2,76 |
2,87 |
3,06 |
± |
0,20 |
3,07 |
4,08 |
2,24 |
2,67 |
2,54 |
2,92 |
± |
0,32 |
0,61 |
0,620 |
|
Dispersal strategy |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anemochory, richness |
18 |
19 |
19 |
18,67 |
± |
0,33 |
17 |
11 |
16 |
16 |
12 |
14,40 |
± |
1,21 |
11 |
14 |
13 |
14 |
18 |
14,00 |
± |
1,14 |
11 |
14 |
19 |
19 |
14 |
15,40 |
± |
1,57 |
2,07 |
0,151 |
|
Anemochory, density |
8,13 |
7,12 |
7,95 |
7,73 |
± |
0,31 |
6,11 |
4,43 |
6,91 |
6,10 |
4,30 |
5,57 |
± |
0,51 |
4,44 |
5,27 |
5,58 |
5,51 |
6,45 |
5,45 |
± |
0,32 |
4,83 |
6,35 |
10,63 |
7,25 |
5,08 |
6,83 |
± |
1,05 |
2,15 |
0,139 |
|
Zoochory, richness |
24 |
22 |
21 |
22,33 |
± |
0.88a |
22 |
19 |
22 |
22 |
18 |
20,60 |
± |
0.87ab |
18 |
20 |
20 |
16 |
24 |
19,60 |
± |
1.33ab |
17 |
18 |
18 |
19 |
17 |
17,80 |
± |
0.37b |
3,44 |
0,046 |
|
Zoochory, density |
10,84 |
8,24 |
8,79 |
9,29 |
± |
0,79 |
7,91 |
7,65 |
9,50 |
8,39 |
6,46 |
7,98 |
± |
0,50 |
7,26 |
7,52 |
8,58 |
6,30 |
8,60 |
7,65 |
± |
0,43 |
7,46 |
8,16 |
10,07 |
7,25 |
6,17 |
7,82 |
± |
0,65 |
0,33 |
0,802 |
|
Hydrochory, richness |
12 |
14 |
15 |
13,67 |
± |
0,88 |
17 |
12 |
8 |
12 |
13 |
12,40 |
± |
1,44 |
8 |
9 |
6 |
11 |
16 |
10,00 |
± |
1,70 |
10 |
8 |
8 |
10 |
8 |
8,80 |
± |
0,49 |
2,59 |
0,094 |
|
Hydrochory, density |
5,42 |
5,25 |
6,28 |
5,65 |
± |
0,32 |
6,11 |
4,83 |
3,45 |
4,58 |
4,66 |
4,73 |
± |
0,42 |
3,23 |
3,38 |
2,57 |
4,33 |
5,73 |
3,85 |
± |
0,55 |
4,39 |
3,63 |
4,48 |
3,81 |
2,90 |
3,84 |
± |
0,29 |
2,50 |
0,102 |
|
Vegetative, richness |
6 |
6 |
9 |
7,00 |
± |
1,00 |
9 |
7 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
6,40 |
± |
1,08 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
12 |
7 |
6,20 |
± |
1,59 |
5 |
6 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
5,20 |
± |
0,37 |
0,39 |
0,760 |
|
Vegetative, density |
2,71 |
2,25 |
3,77 |
2,91 |
± |
0,45 |
3,24 |
2,82 |
1,30 |
3,05 |
1,79 |
2,44 |
± |
0,38 |
1,21 |
1,88 |
1,72 |
4,72 |
2,51 |
2,41 |
± |
0,62 |
2,20 |
2,72 |
3,36 |
1,53 |
1,81 |
2,32 |
± |
0,33 |
1,15 |
0,364 |
|
Biomass |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Forb biomass (g) |
14 |
13 |
2 |
9,67 |
± |
3,84 |
31 |
19 |
41 |
53 |
4 |
29,60 |
± |
8,51 |
11 |
12 |
20 |
22 |
25 |
18,00 |
± |
2,77 |
0 |
66 |
65 |
1 |
19 |
30,20 |
± |
14,80 |
0,87 |
0,479 |
|
Graminoid biomass (g) |
18 |
59 |
40 |
39,00 |
± |
11.85a |
42 |
32 |
15 |
79 |
58 |
45,20 |
± |
10.96a |
64 |
44 |
98 |
121 |
105 |
86,40 |
± |
14.10b |
44 |
63 |
70 |
40 |
25 |
48,40 |
± |
8.12ab |
3,47 |
0,045 |
|
Dwarf shrub biomass (g) |
40 |
63 |
54 |
52,33 |
± |
6.69ab |
22 |
87 |
134 |
37 |
148 |
85,60 |
± |
25.14ab |
72 |
134 |
139 |
55 |
89 |
97,80 |
± |
16.71b |
5 |
3 |
28 |
51 |
7 |
18,80 |
± |
9.22a |
4,31 |
0,024 |
|
|
Total biomass (g) |
72 |
135 |
96 |
101,00 |
± |
18.36a |
95 |
138 |
190 |
169 |
210 |
160,40 |
± |
20.24ab |
147 |
190 |
257 |
198 |
219 |
202,20 |
± |
18.03b |
49 |
132 |
163 |
92 |
51 |
97,40 |
± |
22.39a |
6,05 |
0,007 |