Ecological Archives A025-007-A1
Itai van Rijn, Thomas M. Neeson, and Yael Mandelik. 2015. Reliability and refinement of the higher taxa approach for bee richness and composition assessments. Ecological Applications 25:88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-2380.1
Appendix A. Information on unpublished studies included in the analysis and a list of the taxonomists who identified the specimens.
A. Arid data set - "Agriculture habitats" study (A.Gotlieb, unpublished data) – the study was conducted in the spring of 2009 and 2010 along 5 transects extending from agriculture areas to nearby natural habitats (wadis). Adjacent transects were at least 2 km apart. Along each transect four sites (plots), 2500 m² each, were marked at distances of 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 m from the agriculture area. Each site was sampled 4 times in 2009 and 2010, from mid-February to May, corresponding to peak activity period, at ca. 3 weeks intervals. During each sampling event bees were netted off wild flowers for a total of 80 min, split between the morning (8–12) and the afternoon hours (12–16), in the beginning of the season, and extended to 7–17 afterwards (if weather permitted). In total 62 and 113 wild bee species were sampled in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Species (or other unique classification in cases where specimens couldn't be determined to species) sampled in this study include:
Hoplitis zonalis |
Afranthidium carduele |
Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) dinkleri |
Amegilla albigena |
Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) gujaraticus |
Amegilla mucorea |
Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) xanthopoda |
Ammobates dubius |
Hylaeus (Prosopis) albonotatus |
Ammobates mavromoustakisi |
Icteranthidium cf. croceum |
Ammobates minutissimus |
Icteranthidium decoloratum |
Ammobates sp.aff. Dubius |
Icteranthidium ferrugineum |
Ammobates syriacus |
Lasioglossum (Ctenonomia) gibber |
Andrena (Aciandrena) sp. 1 |
Lasioglossum (Ctenonomia) vagans |
Andrena (Chlorandrena) isis |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) leucopymatum |
Andrena (Chrysandrena) aegyptiaca |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) mandibulare |
Andrena (Distandrena) govinda |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) masculum |
Andrena (Distandrena) govinda aff. |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) sp. 1 |
Andrena (Distandrena) mariana leptura |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) sp. 2 |
Andrena (Graecandrena) sp. 2 |
Megachile aff. nitidicollis |
Andrena (Melanapis) fuscosa |
Megachile atrocastanea |
Andrena (Melandrena) albifacies |
Megachile cf. inexpectata |
Andrena (Poliandrena) sp. 3 |
Megachile cf. maxillosa |
Andrena (Simandrena) biskrensis |
Megachile cf. minutissima |
Andrena (Suandrena) savignyi |
Megachile cf. rubripes |
Anthidium echinatum |
Megachile cinnamomea |
Anthidium eremicum |
Megachile concinna |
Anthidium tesselatum |
Megachile insignis |
Anthidium wuestneii |
Megachile levistriga |
Anthophora sp. aff. lutulenta 1 |
Megachile sp. nov "flavilabris" |
Camptopoeum negevense |
Megachile tkalcui |
Ceratina parvula |
Melitta maura |
Ceylalictus punjabensis |
Nomada dilleri |
Ceylalictus seistanicus |
Nomioides facilis |
Ceylalictus variegatus |
Nomioides klausi |
Colletes elegans |
Nomioides minutissimus |
Colletes judaicus |
Nomioides rotundiceps |
Colletes nanus |
Nomioides squamiger |
Colletes perezi |
Nomioides turanicus |
Colletes pseudojejunus |
Osmia alfkenii |
Colletes pumilus |
Osmia avedata |
Dasypoda albipila |
Osmia fasciata |
Epeolus flavociliatus |
Osmia laticella |
Eucera (Hetereucera) syriaca |
Osmia latreillei |
Eucera (Synhalonia) biscrensis |
Panurgus buteus |
Eucera (Synhalonia) cuniculina |
Panurgus dentatus |
Eucera (Synhalonia) microsoma |
Panurgus nigriscopus |
Eudioxys quadrispinosa |
Parammobatodes maroccanus |
Haetosmia circumventa |
Parammobatodes rozeni |
Halictus (Halictus) resurgens |
Pasites maculatus |
Halictus (Seladonia) lucidipennis |
Protosmia (Nanosmia) sp. 1 |
Halictus (Seladonia) smaragdulus |
Protosmia (Nanosmia) sp. nov. 2 |
Halictus (vestitohalictus) cupidus |
Pseudapis nilotica |
Halictus (vestitohalictus) pici |
Pseudoanthidium bytinskii |
Heriades (Michenerella) sp. 1 |
Pseudoanthidium ochrognathum |
Hoplitis (Annosmia) sp. 1 |
Pseudoheriades moricei |
Hoplitis (Anthocopa) cf. rubricrus |
Stenoheriades eingeddicus |
Hoplitis (Hoplitis) sp. 2 |
Stenosmia aravensis |
Hoplitis (Stenosmia) sp. 3 |
Tetraloniella niveata m. |
Hoplitis aravensis |
Tetraloniella sp. 1 |
Hoplitis christae |
Tetraloniella sp. 2 |
Hoplitis enslini |
Thyreus elegans |
Hoplitis flavicornis |
Thyreus hyalinatus |
Hoplitis helouanensis |
Thyreus ramosus |
Hoplitis hofferi |
Xylocopa hottentotta |
Hoplitis jordanica |
Xylocopa pubescens |
Hoplitis moricei |
|
Hoplitis parana |
|
Hoplitis quinquespinosa |
|
Hoplitis segura |
B. Mediterranean data set – "Planted pine forests and natural habitats" study (T. Koznichki, unpublished data) – the study was conducted in 2010–2011 in five pairs of sites, a natural habitat site (shrubland) and an adjacent forest site in a planted pine forest (Pinus halepensis, with regeneration of understory natural vegetation), ca. 200 m apart. Each site (plot) was 25 m² in size. Four forests were included in the study; adjacent pairs of sites were at least 2.2 km apart. Each site was sampled 5 times (early and late spring, summer, autumn, and winter). In each site during each sampling event bees were sampled using (a) 12 pan-traps (colored plastic bowls, 15 cm in diameter and 4 cm deep filled with soapy water) spread uniformly across the site from 8 to 16, and (b) nets, sampling off flowers for a total of 30 min, split between the morning (8–12) and the afternoon hours (12–16). In total 159 wild bee species were sampled. Species (or other unique classification in cases where specimens couldn't be determined to species) sampled in this study include:
Halictus semiticus |
Amegilla sp.1 |
Heriades punctuliferus |
Ammobates sp.1 |
Hoplitis antalya |
Andrena (Aenandrena) bisulcata |
Hoplitis bifoveolata |
Andrena (Carandrena) falcinella |
Hoplitis bisulca |
Andrena (Carandrena) levantina |
Hoplitis gallinula |
Andrena (Carandrena) nubica |
Hoplitis obtusa |
Andrena (Chlorandrena) orientana |
Hoplitis onychophora |
Andrena (Chlorandrena) panurgimorpha |
Hoplitis pallicornis |
Andrena (Chlorandrena) pinkeunia |
Hoplitis unispina |
Andrena (Chrysandrena) merula |
Hylaeus (Hylaeus) sidensis |
Andrena (Cryptandrena) brumanensis |
Hylaeus (Hylaeus) trifidus |
Andrena (Graecandrena) hyemala repressa |
Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) lineolatus |
Andrena (Holandrena) fimbriatoides |
Hylaeus (Paraprosopis) taeniolatus |
Andrena (Margandrena) krausiella |
Hylaeus (Spatulariella) longimaculus |
Andrena (Margandrena) menachemella |
Hylaeus armeniacus |
Andrena (Melandrena) elmaria |
Hylaeus bifasciatus |
Andrena (Melandrena) nigroaenea |
Hylaeus punctatus |
Andrena (Micrandrena) spreta |
Hylaeus stellatus |
Andrena (Notandrena) nitidiuscula nigellata |
Lasioglossum (Dialictus) morio |
Andrena (Poecilandrena) crassana inka |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) adaliae |
Andrena (Poliandrena) caspica |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) anellum |
Andrena (Poliandrena) unicincta |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) imbecillum |
Andrena (Ptilandrena) glidia |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) israelense |
Andrena (Taeniandrena) similis |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) malachurum |
Andrena (Truncandrena) fuligula |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) nigripes |
Andrena (Truncandrena) rufomaculata |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) obscuratum |
Andrena (Ulandrena) dauma |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) pseudosphecodimorphum |
Andrena (Ulandrena) isabellina |
Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) pygmaeum |
Andrena (Zonandrena) flavipes |
Lasioglossum epipygiale |
Andrena (Zonandrena) gazella flammea |
Lasioglossum laticeps hellenicum |
Andrena abbreviata abnormis |
Lasioglossum marginatum |
Andrena alfkenelloides cardalia |
Lasioglossum politum atomarium |
Andrena astica |
Lasioglossum transitorium |
Andrena curiosa |
Megachile giraudi |
Andrena fulvitarsis |
Megachile montenegrensis |
Andrena glandaria |
Megachile parietina |
Andrena glareola |
Nomada basalis |
Andrena henotica |
Nomada bifasciata |
Andrena paradoxa |
Nomada braunsiana |
Andrena regina |
Nomada caspia |
Andrena rufitibialis limosa |
Nomada confinis |
Andrena taraxaci |
Nomada femoralis |
Andrena tiaretta |
Nomada filicornis |
Andrena tkalcui |
Nomada flavoguttata |
Andrena virgata |
Nomada glaucopis |
Anthidiellum (breviuscum) troodicum |
Nomada hera |
Anthidium dalmaticum syriacum |
Nomada israelis |
Ceratina bispinosa |
Nomada lapillula |
Ceratina cucurbitina |
Nomada lateritia |
Ceratina dentiventris |
Nomada nausicaa |
Ceratina parvula |
Nomada ottomanensis |
Chelostoma bytinskii |
Nomada pallispinosa |
Chelostoma diodon |
Nomada propinqua |
Chelostoma distinctum |
Nomada rubricollis |
Chelostoma isabellinum |
Osmia aquila |
Chelostoma mocsaryi |
Osmia caerulescens |
Chelostoma schlettereri |
Osmia cephalotes |
Chelostoma sp. nov. 1 |
Osmia cyanoxantha |
Chelostoma sp. nov. 2 |
Osmia distinguenda |
Coelioxys elsei |
Osmia dives |
Eoanthidium insulare |
Osmia gallinula |
Eucera aeolopus |
Osmia ligurica |
Eucera caerulescens |
Osmia nana |
Eucera cinnamomea |
Osmia rufohirta |
Eucera clypeata |
Osmia scutellaris |
Eucera clupeoides |
Osmia signata |
Eucera decipiens |
Osmia subcornuta |
Eucera ebmeri |
Osmia submicans |
Eucera friesei |
Osmia teunisseni |
Eucera gaullei |
Osmia viridana |
Eucera laxiscopa |
Protosmia Chelostomopsis sp. nov. 1 |
Eucera microsoma |
Protosmia monstrosa |
Eucera nigrilabris |
Protosmia tiflensis |
Eucera penicillata |
Pseudoanthidium rhombiferum |
Eucera plumigera |
Rhodanthidium septemdentatum |
Eucera rhodia |
Stelis nasuta |
Eucera syriaca |
Stenoheriades sp. nov.1 |
Halictus (Halictus) resurgens |
Xylocopa violacea |
Halictus (Halictus) tetrazonianellus |
|
Halictus (Seladonia) smaragdulus |
C. Temperate data set – "Abandoned agriculture fields" study (Y. Mandelik, unpublished data) - the study was conducted in the spring and summer of 2006 in 20 sites (plots), 5000 m² each, located in abandoned (old) field of variable ages (1–20 years since cultivation ceased) and contrasting management regime (either regularly mowed or unmowed). Old fields spanned a range of structural configurations, from open grasslands to dense scrublands. Sites were at least 1.7 km apart. Each site was sampled 4 times between June and August, corresponding to peak activity period, at ca. 3 weeks intervals. In each site during each sampling event bees were netted off wild flowers for a total of 60 min, split between the morning (9–12) and the afternoon hours (12–15). In total 106 wild bee species were sampled. Species (or other unique classification in cases where specimens couldn't be determined to species) sampled in this study include:
Hylaeus affinis/modestus |
Agapostemon texanus |
Hylaeus leptocephalus |
Agapostemon virescens |
Hylaeus mesillae |
Andrena carlini |
Lasioglossum abanci |
Andrena commoda |
Lasioglossum admirandum |
Andrena cressonii |
Lasioglossum albipenne |
Andrena gardineri |
Lasioglossum bruneri |
Andrena hippotes |
Lasioglossum coeruleum |
Andrena miserabilis |
Lasioglossum coreopsis |
Andrena nasonii |
Lasioglossum coriaceum |
Andrena nubecula |
Lasioglossum cressonii |
Andrena nuda |
Lasioglossum fuscipenne |
Andrena perplexa |
Lasioglossum illinoense |
Andrena placata |
Lasioglossum imitatum |
Andrena pruni |
Lasioglossum laevissimum |
Andrena robertsonii |
Lasioglossum nigroviride |
Andrena rudbekia |
Lasioglossum nymphaearum |
Andrena simplex |
Lasioglossum obscurum |
Andrena vicina |
Lasioglossum oenotherae |
Andrena wilkella |
Lasioglossum pectorale |
Anthidium manicatum |
Lasioglossum pilosum |
Anthidium oblongatum |
Lasioglossum platyparium |
Anthophora abrupta |
Lasioglossum quebecense |
Augochlora pura |
Lasioglossum tegulare |
Augochlorella aurata |
Lasioglossum truncatum |
Augochloropsis metallica |
Lasioglossum versans |
Bombus bimaculatus |
Lasioglossum versatum |
Bombus citrinus |
Lasioglossum vierecki |
Bombus fervidus |
Lasioglossum viridatum |
Bombus griseocollis |
Lasioglossum zephyrum |
Bombus impatiens |
Megachile brevis |
Bombus pensylvanicus |
Megachile latimanus |
Bombus perplexus |
Megachile mendica |
Bombus vagans |
Megachile rotundata |
Calliopsis andreniformis |
Megachile sculpturalis |
Ceratina calcarata/dupla |
Melissodes bimaculata |
Ceratina strenua |
Melissodes denticulata |
Coelioxys banksi |
Melissodes desponsa |
Coelioxys obtusiventris |
Melissodes druriella |
Coelioxys octodentata |
Nomada articulata |
Colletes compactus |
Nomada bethunei |
Colletes simulans |
Nomada cressonii |
Eucera atriventris |
Nomada luteoloides |
Eucera dubitata |
Nomada maculata |
Eucera hamata |
Osmia bucephala |
Halictus confusus |
Osmia distincta |
Halictus ligatus/poeyi |
Osmia pumila |
Halictus parallelus |
Perdita octomaculata |
Halictus rubicundus |
Pseudopanurgus compositarum |
Heriades carinatus |
Pseudopanurgus sp. (near rudbeckiae) |
Heriades variolosus |
Sphecodes heraclei |
Hoplitis pilosifrons |
Stelis lateralis |
Hoplitis producta |
Xylocopa virginica |
Hoplitis truncata |
Bees caught in the arid and the Mediterranean studies were curated, identified by the relevant expert taxonomist for that group (see full list of taxonomists in the methods) and deposited in the Entomology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Bees caught in the temperate study were curated, identified by S. Droege and J. Ascher, and deposited in the Entomology Department, Rutgers University.
The taxonomists who identified the specimens:
Holger Dathe (Hylaeus), Terry Griswold (Megachilidae), Andreas Müller (Osmiini, Anthidiini), Sébastien Patiny (Panurginae, Rophitinae), Alain Pauly (Halictidae), Christophe Praz (Megachile, Lithurgus), Stephan Risch (Eucerini), Erwin Scheuchl (Andrena), Max Schwarz (parasitic taxa), Michaël Terzo (Xylocopinae).