Ecological Archives A025-006-A1

Ecological Archives A025-006-A1

Elizabeth A. Law, Brett A. Bryan, Erik Meijaard, Thilak Mallawaarachchi, Matthew Struebig, and Kerrie A. Wilson. 2015. Ecosystem services from a degraded peatland of Central Kalimantan: implications for policy, planning, and management. Ecological Applications 25:70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-2014.1

Appendix A. Current land use and land cover.

A land use and land cover classification at a 50-m resolution was performed by SarVision as part of the "Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Revitalization of the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area in Central Kalimantan" (SarVision Netherlands 2008). The classification was based on PALSAR L-band radar data, and using reference data from Landsat satellite imagery, 90-m resolution digital elevation data, MODIS and AATSAR fire hotspot data, land use maps from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and Badan Perencana Pembangunan Daerah (BAPPEDA; Indonesian Regional Body for Planning and Development), tree cover percentage map for 2005, ground survey data for 2007-2008, and aerial photographs (SarVision Netherlands 2008). SarVision (2008) note several known inaccuracies of the data, including (a) burnt areas in some cases confused with river-riparian forest, (b) flooded shrubland being poorly defined, (c) tree crops and plantations being under-represented due to similarities in the backscatter signature of shrubland and forest, this includes rubber enrichment areas along rivers, (d) grasslands and ferns confused with shrublands where biomass is particularly high, (e) shrubland classes of different cover percentages being difficult to define(SarVision Netherlands 2008). For this study, a modified typology of land use and land cover types was defined as detailed in Table A1.

Table A1. Land use and land cover descriptions, with simplified classification.

Code	Short description	Long description (SarVision Netherlands 2008)	Simplified classification
1	Riverine-riparian forest (cover >11%)	Riverine, swamp forest and woodland. The main layer consists of broadleaved evergreen closed to open woodland on temporarily flooded land. Crown cover >11% and tree height up to 40 m. This class is intermediate between freshwater swamp forest on mineral soil and peat swamp forest. Sometimes forest regrowth in collapsed peat areas may resemble this category and be misclassified as such.	Extant forest
2	Swamp forest (mixed swamp, cover >11%)	Peat swamp forest cover. Lowland evergreen broadleaved mixed swamp forest. Tree cover closed to open (cover >15%), elevation <1000 m. Understory is tall and stratified, with a second more open layer.	Extant forest
3	Woodland – degraded vegetation (cover 1–10%)	Forest mosaics, degraded. Tree cover <10%, including forests degraded by fire and intensive logging over several years, comprising both tree regrowth and tall shrubs.	Degraded
4	Shrubland (cover >50%) non-flooded	Shrubland and forest regrowth. Main layer consists of broadleaved evergreen closed to open vegetation, cover >50%. Height 0.3–5 m. Examples occur in recently burnt and collapsed low pole and mixed swamp forest regrowth.	Degraded
5	Shrubland (>50% cover), flooded	As for (4), with flooding duration estimated to be more than 4 months per year.	Degraded
6	Shrubland (cover 11–50%) flooded and non flooded	Shrubs 11–50% cover and remainder herbaceous.	Degraded
7	Shrubland (cover 1–10%)	Shrub cover <10%, remainder grass and ferns.	Degraded
8	Grassland and ferns	Closed to open herbaceous vegetation, cover >50%, height 0.3–3 m. Includes vast fern dominated, previously burnt areas and alang-alang grasslands (Imperata cylindrica).	Degraded
9	Water bodies	Mostly permanent water bodies, but includes areas that may dry out at certain times (e.g., severe El Nino years).	Water
10	Burnt shrubs and bare	Recently burnt shrubs, some with regrowth, some bare.	Degraded
11	Burnt forest and bare	The main layer consists of closed to open tree cover, recently burnt dead/dry trees standing over new green areas (canopy cover lost). Burn date between 2006–2007.	Degraded
12	Swamp forest (low pole, cover >11%)	Lowland evergreen broadleaved forest, low pole swamp forest. Occurring in elevations <1000m above sea level. Small diameter trees reaching up to 25m but with a large proportion of understory. Areas are seasonally flooded and waterlogged.	Extant forest
13	Swamp forest (low pole, cover 1–10%)	Open vegetation with standing low pole trees and shrubs. Regularly flooded with waterpools between the open vegetation.	Degraded
14	Mangrove (cover 1–10%)	Mangroves with sparse crown cover.	Degraded
15	Mangrove (cover >10%)	Broadleaved evergreen mangroves over flooded tidal terrain. Crown cover >11%, and height 5-20m.	Extant forest
16	Sedges, temporarily flooded	Regularly flooded areas including sedges (e.g., Thorachostachyum spp.) and pandanus (Pandanus spp.).	Degraded
17	Fish ponds	Artificial water bodies used for fish farming.	NA – Known to exist in study region, but not identified.
18	Sawah	Aquatic cultivated and managed areas. Usually graminoids grown in irrigated or temporarily flooded areas.	Sawah
19	Dryland agriculture	Cultivated and managed areas.	NA - Reallocated to 25 (potential rubber mosaics) and 26 (other dryland agriculture)
20	Swamp forest (cover >11%)	Heath forest (kerangas). Is known to occur in north of block E and near Sebangau NP. Distinctive lowland evergreen broadleaved forest type dominated by small diameter trees with a tree cover >11%, occurring on sandy soils of poor fertility, often subject to water stress (drought or saturation).	Extant forest
21	Tree crops	Includes perennial cash crops and plantations such as acacia, oil palm, tree or shrub cover. Often in mosaic with trees and herbaceous cover.	NA - Reallocated to (23) coconut tree crops and (24) other tree crops depending on spatial location
22	Settlement	Artificial surfaces and built up areas.	(Excluded)
23	Tree crops – coconut	Areas SarVision identified as (21) located close to the river mouth and identified as coconut region by EMRP "Master Plan" reports.	Agriculture
24	Tree crops – other	Areas SarVision identified as (21), not in coconut areas. Likely to be rubber, oil palm, or acacia.	Agriculture
25	Dryland agriculture – rubber	Dryland agriculture (19) areas that is proximal to rivers on mineral soil, and likely to be rubber mosaics.	Agriculture
26	Dryland agriculture – other	Dryland agriculture (19) areas away from rivers, and likely to be rice dominated.	Agriculture

Key variables used to model the potential of each forest type included elevation, peat depth, distance from rivers and ocean, and a subset of climatic variables (WORLDCLIM, http://www.worldclim.org; Hijmans et al. 2005). Each model was fit using a split sample approach (Guisan and Zimmermann 2000), using a random set of presence points (n = 103 to n = 2221, depending on the extant area of each forest type), and reserving 40% of these for testing the performance of each model. Allocation of each 50m x 50m grid cell to a single forest type was performed on the basis of maximum likelihood (Fig. A1). Approximately 16 percent of the study region could not be allocated to a particular forest type with certainty (i.e., there was overlap of the 95 percent confidence intervals between models), and in such cases the dominant extant forest type was assigned manually. For locations where there was discrepancy between the predicted forest type and the extant forest type (in 17 percent of the study region), the extant forest type was assigned (misclassification between low pole and mixed swamp forest types in intergrade areas accounted for 70 percent of these discrepancies).

Fig. A1. Extant and potential distribution of each forest type.

Literature Cited

Guisan, A., and N. E. Zimmermann. 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling 135:147–186.

Hijmans, R. J., S. E. Cameron, J. L. Parra, P. G. Jones, and A. Jarvis. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25:1965–1978.

SarVision Netherlands. 2008. Technical review / analysis number 5: 2007 Land use / land cover map of the Ex-Mega Rice project area in Central Kalimantan.

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