Ecological Archives E089-020-A1

**David S. LeBauer and Kathleen K. Treseder. 2008. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology 89:371–379.**

Appendix A. Study statistics and site variables used in the meta-analysis, including biome classification, climate, latitude, and statistics calculated for the analysis.

Reference	Site	Biome	MAT °C	MAP mm/y	\|latitude\| °N/S	R	lnR	vlnR

(Aerts et al. 1992)	Akhult Mire	Wetland	8	700	57.08	1.19	0.17	0.11
	Stordalen	Wetland	1	320	68.33	3.33	1.20	0.02
(Ares and Fownes 2001)	F. uhdei	Forest	14	4968	19	1.82	0.60	0.04
	mixed	Forest	14	4968	19	1.17	0.16	0.08
(Augustine et al. 2003)		Grassland	19	508	0.28	1.03	0.03	0.01
(Aydin and Uzun 2005)		Grassland	14	665	41	1.54	0.43	0.01
(Baer et al. 2003)		Grassland	13	835	39.08	1.24	0.21	0.01
(Barger et al. 2002)		Grassland	18	1063	10.5	1.77	0.57	0.03
(Bennett and Adams 2001)		Grassland	33	350	22.28	1.58	0.46	0.00
(Berendse et al. 2001)	Finland	Wetland	3	650	62.78	1.43	0.36	0.00
	Sweden	Wetland	7	800	57.13	2.28	0.82	0.02
	Switzerland	Wetland	5	1390	47.22	0.12	-2.09	0.02
(Bobbink 1991)	Gerendal	Grassland	10	800	50.85	1.47	0.38	0.06
	Wrakelberg	Grassland	10	800	50.85	2.05	0.72	0.00
(Boeye et al. 1997)	Buitengoor	Wetland	10	345	51.2	0.66	-0.42	0.12
	Goorken	Wetland	10	310	51.32	1.16	0.15	0.02
	Zwarte Beek	Wetland	10	800	57.02	1.18	0.17	0.00
(Bowman et al. 1993)	Dry	Tundra	-3	900	40	1.63	0.49	0.01
	Wet	Tundra	-3	900	40	1.43	0.36	0.02
(Bowman 1994)	Dry	Tundra	-3	900	40	2.03	0.71	0.12
	Moist	Tundra	-3	900	40	1.33	0.29	0.02
(Camill et al. 2004)	<3yr	Grassland	4	767	44.47	1.40	0.34	0.01
	>3yr	Grassland	4	767	44.47	1.53	0.42	0.00
(Campo and Vazquez-Yanes 2004)	Old	Forest	26	760	21.1	1.51	0.41	0.09
	Young	Forest	26	760	21.1	1.50	0.41	0.04
(Carpenter et al. 1990)		Grassland	9	282	40	0.14	-2.00	0.61
(D'Antonio and Mack 2006)		Grassland	20.5	1500	19.1	1.14	0.13	0.01
(Davidson et al. 2004)		Forest	27	1800	2.98	1.48	0.39	0.17
(Davis et al. 2004)	Pole	Forest	8	1447	43.25	0.95	-0.06	0.02
	Sapling	Forest	8	1447	43.25	1.00	0.00	0.04
(Dukes et al. 2005)		Grassland	16	655	37.4	1.76	0.57	0.02
(Emmett et al. 1995)		Forest	8	1450	53.2	0.97	-0.03	0.00
(Foster and Gross 1998)		Grassland	10	890	42.4	2.13	0.76	0.04
(Foster and Morrison 2002)		Forest	1	740	47.63	1.14	0.13	0.00
(Fynn and O'Connor 2005)		Grassland	17.6	694	30.4	1.22	0.20	0.01
(Gillen and Berg 1998)		Grassland	15	601	36.45	1.60	0.47	0.02
(Goldberg and Miller 1990)		Grassland	10	890	42.4	1.31	0.27	0.24
(Gough and Hobbie 2003)		Tundra	-9	310	68.63	1.14	0.13	0.02
(Guevara et al. 2000)		Desert	16	258	33.75	0.81	-0.21	0.06
(Gundersen 1998)		Forest	8	877	56.48	0.78	-0.24	0.05
(Haag 1974)	A	Tundra	-10	266	69	1.63	0.49	0.01
	B	Tundra	-10	266	69	1.69	0.52	0.01
(Harrington et al. 2001)	HVNP	Forest	16	2500	19.42	1.71	0.54	0.06
	NPKSFR	Forest	16	2500	22.13	1.20	0.18	0.02
(Henry et al. 1986)	A	Tundra	-22	68	78.88	1.51	0.41	0.22
	B	Tundra	-22	68	78.88	0.16	-1.86	0.21
	C	Tundra	-22	68	78.88	1.01	0.01	0.10
(Herbert and Fownes 1995)		Forest	16	2500	22.13	1.09	0.09	0.03
(Hunt et al. 1988)	Forest	Forest	0	600	41.83	1.38	0.32	0.03
	Meadow	Grassland	0	600	41.83	2.00	0.69	0.15
	Prairie	Grassland	9	310	41.83	1.81	0.59	0.10
(Kenk and Fischer 1988)	Pine	Forest	9	650	52	1.42	0.35	0.00
	Spruce	Forest	9	650	52	1.25	0.22	0.00
(Koide et al. 1988)		Grassland	16	650	37.22	1.26	0.23	0.17
(Lammerts et al. 1999)	2 yr	Grassland	10	800	53.4	2.14	0.76	0.18
	37 yr	Grassland	10	800	53.4	0.88	-0.13	0.01
	6 yr	Grassland	10	800	53.4	2.09	0.74	0.14
	80 yr	Grassland	10	800	53.4	1.00	0.00	0.04
(Limpens et al. 2004)	Clara bog	Wetland	9	875	53.32	0.91	-0.10	0.48
	Reigersplas	Wetland	9	1120	52.83	0.52	-0.66	0.12
	Rundeven	Wetland	9	1120	52.85	1.13	0.13	1.01
(Ludwig et al. 2001)	Canopy	Grassland	24	650	4.48	1.07	0.06	0.04
	Grassland	Grassland	24	650	4.48	1.09	0.09	0.03
(Magill et al. 1996)		Forest	5	1400	44.87	1.14	0.13	0.02
(McMaster et al. 1982)		Desert	13	476	32.93	1.33	0.28	0.01
(McNulty et al. 2005)		Forest	8	1000	43.43	0.41	-0.89	0.92
(Miller and Tarrant 1983)		Forest	12	2500	45.82	1.98	0.69	0.02
(Mirmanto et al. 1999)		Forest	27	3600	0.1	1.18	0.17	0.02
(Mitchell et al. 2001)	HF	Forest	4	916	43.98	0.95	-0.05	0.00
	WL	Forest	4	1278	43.88	1.24	0.22	0.02
(Ngai and Jefferies 2004)	Fresh	Wetland	-6	550	58.72	1.14	0.13	0.02
	Salt	Wetland	-6	550	58.72	2.28	0.82	0.01
(Nilsson and Wiklund 1992)		Forest	8	1000	56.55	1.31	0.27	0.03
(Olde Venterink et al. 2001)	C	Wetland	10	825	51.53	1.09	0.09	0.02
	G	Wetland	10	825	51.53	1.12	0.11	0.02
	H	Wetland	10	825	51.53	1.80	0.59	0.03
	S	Wetland	10	825	51.53	1.10	0.10	0.00
(Owensby et al. 1994)		Desert	12	895	39.05	1.09	0.09	0.16
(Pilkington et al. 2005)		Wetland	7	1010	53.03	1.59	0.47	0.03
(Raich et al. 1997)	a'a	Forest	16	4300	19.65	3.29	1.19	0.08
	pahoehoe	Forest	16	4300	19.68	10.65	2.37	0.18
(Reeder and McGinnies 1989)		Grassland	6	430	40.33	3.13	1.14	2.98
(Samuel and Hart 1998)		Grassland	7	371	41.13	1.25	0.22	0.01
(Seastedt et al. 1991)	Burned	Grassland	12	830	39.08	1.77	0.57	0.01
	Unburned	Grassland	12	830	39.08	1.38	0.32	0.02
(Semmartin and Oesterheld 2001)		Grassland	14	900	35.25	1.90	0.64	0.16
(Sikstrom 1997)	183	Forest	6	609	58.17	1.17	0.16	0.01
(Sikstrom 2002)	244	Forest	8	900	56.77	1.12	0.11	0.02
	246	Forest	8	900	56.25	1.11	0.10	0.01
	247	Forest	8	900	56.23	1.04	0.04	0.01
(Snyman 2002)		Grassland	14	560	28.83	5.06	1.62	0.05
(Stegemoeller and Chappell 1990)		Forest	12	1100	46	1.18	0.17	0.02
(Tamm 1999)	E40	Forest	5	593	60.47	1.40	0.34	0.01
	E55AN	Forest	1	595	64.38	1.36	0.31	0.01
(Tanner et al. 1992)		Forest	13	2500	8	0.93	-0.08	0.02
(Thormann and Bayley 1997)	Bog	Wetland	2	332	54.68	0.71	-0.34	0.00
	Lac Marsh	Wetland	2	332	54.17	1.48	0.39	0.03
	Lac Sedge	Wetland	2	332	54.47	1.19	0.18	0.01
	Riv Marsh	Wetland	2	332	54.47	1.30	0.26	0.11
	Riv Sedge	Wetland	2	332	54.47	0.95	-0.05	0.01
(Tilman 1984)		Grassland	7	750	45.4	3.13	1.14	0.05
(Turner et al. 1997)	LowBurn	Grassland	12	835	39.08	1.60	0.47	0.01
	LowUnb	Grassland	12	835	39.08	1.41	0.34	0.07
	UpBurn	Grassland	12	835	39.08	1.54	0.43	0.02
	UpUnb	Grassland	12	835	39.08	1.15	0.14	0.03
(Turitzin 1982)		Grassland	16	655	37.4	2.01	0.70	0.26
(van der Hoek et al.)	Central	Wetland	9	800	52.02	1.35	0.30	0.04
	Marginal	Wetland	9	800	52.02	0.94	-0.06	0.11
(Van Duren et al. 1997)	Drained	Wetland	10	800	57.02	0.81	-0.21	0.01
	Wet	Wetland	10	800	57.02	1.36	0.31	0.01
(van Wijnen and Bakker 1999)	Old	Wetland	9	820	53	2.14	0.76	0.02
	Young	Wetland	9	820	53	1.35	0.30	0.02
(Verhoeven and Schmitz 1991)	Fen1	Wetland	9	800	52.22	1.36	0.31	0.00
	Fen2	Wetland	9	800	52.22	0.87	-0.14	0.04
	Fen3	Wetland	9	800	52.22	1.20	0.19	0.02
(Vitousek et al. 1993)	OL	Forest	16	2900	19.42	1.20	0.19	0.07
	PP	Forest	16	2200	19.42	2.89	1.06	0.10
	TH	Forest	16	2500	19.42	1.66	0.51	0.04
(Vitousek and Farrington 1997)		Forest	16	2500	19.95	1.75	0.56	0.06
(Wassen et al. 1998)	Floodplain	Wetland	7	583	53	1.30	0.27	0.02
	Moderate	Wetland	7	583	53	0.99	-0.01	0.02
	Rich1	Wetland	7	583	53	1.14	0.13	0.02
	Rich2	Wetland	7	583	53	1.13	0.12	0.03
(Wells 1970)		Forest	16	1232	34	1.50	0.41	0.01
(Xu et al. 2004)		Grassland	-2	560	38	1.10	0.10	0.01

Note: MAT = mean annual temperature, MAP = mean annual precipitation.

LITERATURE CITED

Aerts, R., B. Wallen, and N. Malmer. 1992. Growth-Limiting Nutrients in Sphagnum-Dominated Bogs Subject to Low and High Atmospheric Nitrogen Supply. Journal of Ecology 80:131–140.

Ares, A., and J. H. Fownes. 2001. Productivity, resource use, and competitive interactions of Fraxinus uhdei in Hawaii uplands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 31:132–142.

Augustine, D. J., S. J. McNaughton, and D. A. Frank. 2003. Feedbacks between soil nutrients and large herbivores in a managed savanna ecosystem. Ecological Applications 13:1325–1337.

Aydin, I., and F. Uzun. 2005. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of rangelands affects yield, forage quality and the botanical composition. European Journal of Agronomy 23:8–14.

Baer, S. G., J. M. Blair, S. L. Collins, and A. K. Knapp. 2003. Soil resources regulate productivity and diversity in newly established tallgrass prairie. Ecology 84:724–735.

Barger, N. N., C. M. D'Antonio, T. Ghneim, K. Brink, and E. Cuevas. 2002. Nutrient limitation to primary productivity in a secondary savanna in Venezuela. Biotropica 34:493–501.

Bennett, L. T., and M. A. Adams. 2001. Response of a perennial grassland to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in sub-tropical, semi-arid Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 48:289–308.

Berendse, F., N. Van Breemen, H. Rydin, A. Buttler, M. Heijmans, M. R. Hoosbeek, J. A. Lee, E. Mitchell, T. Saarinen, H. Vasander, and B. Wallen. 2001. Raised atmospheric CO2 levels and increased N deposition cause shifts in plant species composition and production in Sphagnum bogs. Global Change Biology 7:591–598.

Bobbink, R. 1991. Effects of Nutrient Enrichment in Dutch Chalk Grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology 28:28–41.

Boeye, D., B. Verhagen, V. VanHaesebroeck, and R. F. Verheyen. 1997. Nutrient limitation in species-rich lowland fens. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:415–424.

Bowman, W. D. 1994. Accumulation and Use of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Following Fertilization in 2 Alpine Tundra Communities. Oikos 70:261–270.

Bowman, W. D., T. A. Theodose, J. C. Schardt, and R. T. Conant. 1993. Constraints of Nutrient Availability on Primary Production in 2 Alpine Tundra Communities. Ecology 74:2085–2097.

Camill, P., M. J. McKone, S. T. Sturges, W. J. Severud, E. Ellis, J. Limmer, C. B. Martin, R. T. Navratil, A. J. Purdie, B. S. Sandel, S. Talukder, and A. Trout. 2004. Community- and ecosystem-level changes in a species-rich tallgrass prairie restoration. Ecological Applications 14:1680–1694.

Campo, J., and C. Vazquez-Yanes. 2004. Effects of nutrient limitation on aboveground carbon dynamics during tropical dry forest regeneration in Yucatan, Mexico. Ecosystems 7:311–319.

Carpenter, A. T., J. C. Moore, E. F. Redente, and J. C. Stark. 1990. Plant Community Dynamics in a Semiarid Ecosystem in Relation to Nutrient Addition Following a Major Disturbance. Plant and Soil 126:91–99.

D'Antonio, C. M., and M. C. Mack. 2006. Nutrient limitation in a fire-derived, nitrogen-rich Hawaiian grassland. Biotropica 38:458–467.

Davidson, E. A., C. J. R. de Carvalho, I. C. G. Vieira, R. D. Figueiredo, P. Moutinho, F. Y. Ishida, M. T. P. dos Santos, J. B. Guerrero, K. Kalif, and R. T. Saba. 2004. Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of biomass growth in a tropical secondary forest. Ecological Applications 14:S150–S163.

Davis, M. R., R. B. Allen, and P. W. Clinton. 2004. The influence of N addition on nutrient content, leaf carbon isotope ratio, and productivity in a Nothofagus forest during stand development. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 34:2037–2048.

Dukes, J. S., N. R. Chiariello, E. E. Cleland, L. A. Moore, M. R. Shaw, S. Thayer, T. Tobeck, H. A. Mooney, and C. B. Field. 2005. Responses of grassland production to single and multiple global environmental changes. Plos Biology 3:1829–1837.

Emmett, B. A., S. A. Brittain, S. Hughes, and V. Kennedy. 1995. Nitrogen Additions (Nano3 and Nh4no3) at Aber Forest, Wales .2. Response of Trees and Soil-Nitrogen Transformations. Forest Ecology and Management 71:61–73.

Foster, B. L., and K. L. Gross. 1998. Species richness in a successional grassland: Effects of nitrogen enrichment and plant litter. Ecology 79:2593–2602.

Foster, N. W., and I. K. Morrison. 2002. Carbon sequestration by a jack pine stand following urea application. Forest Ecology and Management 169:45–52.

Fynn, R. W. S., and T. G. O'Connor. 2005. Determinants of community organization of a South African mesic grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 16:93–102.

Gillen, R. L., and W. A. Berg. 1998. Nitrogen fertilization of a native grass planting in western Oklahoma. Journal of Range Management 51:436–441.

Goldberg, D. E., and T. E. Miller. 1990. Effects of Different Resource Additions on Species-Diversity in an Annual Plant Community. Ecology 71:213–225.

Gough, L., and S. E. Hobbie. 2003. Responses of moist non-acidic arctic tundra to altered environment: productivity, biomass, and species richness. Oikos 103:204–216.

Guevara, J. C., C. R. Stasi, O. R. Estevez, and H. N. Le Houerou. 2000. N and P fertilization on rangeland production in Midwest Argentina. Journal of Range Management 53:410–414.

Gundersen, P. 1998. Effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition in a spruce forest at Klosterhede, Denmark, examined by moderate NH4NO3 addition. Forest Ecology and Management 101:251–268.

Haag, R. W. 1974. Nutrient Limitations to Plant Production in 2 Tundra Communities. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 52:103–116.

Harrington, R. A., J. H. Fownes, and P. M. Vitousek. 2001. Production and resource use efficiencies in N- and P-limited tropical forests: A comparison of responses to long-term fertilization. Ecosystems 4:646–657.

Henry, G. H. R., B. Freedman, and J. Svoboda. 1986. Effects of Fertilization on 3 Tundra Plant-Communities of a Polar Desert Oasis. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 64:2502–2507.

Herbert, D. A., and J. H. Fownes. 1995. Phosphorus Limitation of Forest Leaf-Area and Net Primary Production on a Highly Weathered Soil. Biogeochemistry 29:223–235.

Hunt, H. W., E. R. Ingham, D. C. Coleman, E. T. Elliott, and C. P. P. Reid. 1988. Nitrogen Limitation of Production and Decomposition in Prairie, Mountain Meadow, and Pine Forest. Ecology 69:1009–1016.

Kenk, G., and H. Fischer. 1988. Evidence from Nitrogen-Fertilization in the Forests of Germany. Environmental Pollution 54:199–218.

Koide, R., L. Huenneke, S. Hamburg, and H. Mooney. 1988. Effects of Applications of Fungicide, Phosphorus and Nitrogen on the Structure and Productivity of an Annual Serpentine Plant Community. Functional Ecology 2:335–344.

Lammerts, E., D. Pegtel, A. Grootjans, and A. van der Veen. 1999. Nutrient Limitation and Vegetation Changes in a Coastal Dune Slack. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:111–122.

Limpens, J., F. Berendse, and H. Klees. 2004. How phosphorus availability affects the impact of nitrogen deposition on Sphagnum and vascular plants in bogs. Ecosystems 7:793–804.

Ludwig, F., H. de Kroon, H. H. T. Prins, and F. Berendse. 2001. Effects of nutrients and shade on tree-grass interactions in an East African savanna. Journal of Vegetation Science 12:579–588.

Magill, A. H., M. R. Downs, K. J. Nadelhoffer, R. A. Hallett, and J. D. Aber. 1996. Forest ecosystem response to four years of chronic nitrate and sulfate additions at Bear Brooks Watershed, Maine, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 84:29–37.

McMaster, G., W. Jow, and J. Kummerow. 1982. Response of Adenostoma Fasciculatum and Ceanothus Greggii Chaparral to Nutrient Additions. The Journal of Ecology 70:745–756.

McNulty, S., J. Boggs, J. Aber, L. Rustad, and A. Magill. 2005. Red spruce ecosystem level changes following 14 years of chronic N fertilization. Forest Ecology and Management 219:279–291.

Miller, R., and R. Tarrant. 1983. Long-term growth response of Douglas-fir to ammonium nitrate fertilizer. For. Sci 29:127–137.

Mirmanto, E., J. Proctor, J. Green, and L. Nagy. 1999. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization in a Lowland Evergreen Rainforest. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 354:1825–1829.

Mitchell, M., C. Driscoll, J. Owen, D. Schaefer, R. Michener, and D. Raynal. 2001. Nitrogen biogeochemistry of three hardwood ecosystems in the Adirondack Region of New York. Biogeochemistry 56:93–133.

Ngai, J. T., and R. L. Jefferies. 2004. Nutrient limitation of plant growth and forage quality in Arctic coastal marshes. Journal of Ecology 92:1001–1010.

Nilsson, L., and K. Wiklund. 1992. Influence of nutrient and water stress on Norway spruce production in south Sweden—the role of air pollutants. Plant and Soil 147:251–265.

Olde Venterink, H., R. van der Vliet, and M. Wassen. 2001. Nutrient limitation along a productivity gradient in wet meadows. Plant and Soil 234:171–179.

Owensby, C., L. Auen, and P. Coyne. 1994. Biomass production in a nitrogen-fertilized, tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated levels of CO 2. Plant and Soil 165:105–113.

Pilkington, M., S. Caporn, J. Carroll, N. Cresswell, J. Lee, T. Ashenden, S. Brittain, B. Reynolds, and B. Emmett. 2005. Effects of increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen on an upland moor: leaching of N species and soil solution chemistry. Environmental Pollution 135:29–40.

Raich, J., A. Russell, and P. Vitousek. 1997. Primary Productivity and Ecosystem Development Along an Elevational Gradient on Mauna Loa, Hawai'i. Ecology 78:707–721.

Reeder, J., and W. McGinnies. 1989. Response of established forages on reclaimed mined land to fertilizer N and P. Journal of Range Management 42:4.

Samuel, M., and R. Hart. 1998. Nitrogen fertilization, botanical composition and biomass production on mixed-grass rangeland. Journal of Rangeland Management 51:408–416.

Seastedt, T., J. Briggs, and D. Gibson. 1991. Controls of nitrogen limitation in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia 87:72–79.

Semmartin, M. a., and M. n. Oesterheld. 2001. Effects of grazing pattern and nitrogen availability on primary productivity. Oecologia 126:225–230.

Sikstrom, U. 1997. Effects of low-dose liming and nitrogen fertilization on stemwood growth and needle properties of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. Forest Ecology and Management 95:261–274.

Sikstrom, U. 2002. Effects of liming and fertilization(N, PK) on stem growth, crown transparency, and needle element concentrations of Picea abies stands in southwestern Sweden. Canadian Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 32:1717–1727.

Snyman, H. 2002. Short-term response of rangeland botanical composition and productivity to fertilization (N and P) in a semi-arid climate of South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 50:167–183.

Stegemoeller, K. A., and H. N. Chappell. 1990. Growth-Response of Unthinned and Thinned Douglas-Fir Stands to Single and Multiple Applications of Nitrogen. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 20:343–349.

Tamm, C. 1999. Optimum nutrition and nitrogen saturation in Scots pine stands. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Forestry.

Tanner, E., V. Kapos, and W. Franco. 1992. Nitorgen and Phosphorus Fertilization Effects on Venezuelan Montane Forest Trunk Growth and Litterfall. Ecology 73:78–86.

Thormann, M., and S. Bayley. 1997. Response of aboveground net primary plant production to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in peatlands in southern boreal Alberta, Canada. Wetlands 17:502–512.

Tilman, G. 1984. Plant Dominance Along an Experimental Nutrient Gradient. Ecology 65:1445–1453.

Turitzin, S. 1982. Nutrient Limitations to Plant Growth in a California Serpentine Grassland. American Midland Naturalist 107:95–99.

Turner, C., J. Blair, R. Schartz, and J. Neel. 1997. Soil N and Plant Responses to Fire, Topography, and Supplemental N in Tallgrass Prairie. Ecology 78:1832–1843.

van der Hoek, D., A. van Mierlo, and J. van Groenendael. Nutrient limitation and nutrient-driven shifts in plant species composition in a species-rich fen meadow. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:389–396.

Van Duren, I. C., D. Boeye, and A. P. Grootjans. 1997. Nutrient limitations in an extant and drained poor fen: implications for restoration. Plant Ecology 133:91–100.

van Wijnen, H. J., and J. P. Bakker. 1999. Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in a coastal barrier salt marsh: the implications for vegetation succession. Journal of Ecology 87:265–272.

Verhoeven, J., and M. Schmitz. 1991. Control of plant growth by nitrogen and phosphorus in mesotrophic fens. Biogeochemistry 12:135–148.

Vitousek, P., L. Walker, L. Whiteaker, and P. Matson. 1993. Nutrient limitations to plant growth during primary succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Biogeochemistry 23:197–215.

Vitousek, P. M., and H. Farrington. 1997. Nutrient limitation and soil development: Experimental test of a biogeochemical theory. Biogeochemistry 37:63–75.

Wassen, M., R. van der Vliet, and J. Verhoeven. 1998. Nutrient limitation in the Biebrza fens and floodplain (Poland). Acta botanica neerlandica 47:241–253.

Wells, C. 1970. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization of loblolly pine on a South Carolina Piedmont soil. Forest Sci 16:172–176.

Xu, X., H. Ouyang, G. Cao, Z. Pei, and C. Zhou. 2004. Nitrogen deposition and carbon sequestration in alpine meadows. Biogeochemistry 71:353–369.

[Back to E089-020]