LITERATURE USED FOR THE COMPILATION OF THE DATA SET Admiraal, W., L. A. Bouwman, L. Hoekstra, and K. Romeyn. 1983. Qualitative and Quantitative Interactions between Microphytobenthos and Herbivorous Meiofauna on a Brackish Intertidal Mudflat. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 68:175-191. Aerts, R. 1989. Aboveground biomass and nutrient dynamics of Calluna vulgaris and Molinia caerulea in a dry heathland. Oikos 56:31-38. Aerts, R., B. S. Waller, and N. Malmer. 1992. Growth limiting nutrients in Sphagnum dominated bogs subject to low and high atmospheric nitrogen supply. Journal of Ecology 80:131-140. Aizaki M, and N. Takamura. 1991. Regeneration of nutrient and detritus formation from aerobic decomposition of natural phytoplankton. Japenese Journal of Limnology 52:83-94. Albright L. J., J. Chocair, K. Masuda, and M. Valdes. 1980. In situ degradation of the kelps Macrocystis integrifolia and Nereocystis luetkeana in British Columbia coastal waters. Nature Canada 107:3-10. Andersen, F. O. 1978. Effects of nutrient level on the decomposition of Phragmites communis Trin. Archive fuer Hydrobiologie 84:42-54. Andersen, F., and E. Kristensen. 1988. The influence of macrofauna on estuarine benthic community metabolism: a microcosm study. Marine Biology 99:591-603. Anderson, M. G. 1976. Use of sago pondweed by waterfowl on the Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Journal of Wildlife Management 40, 233-242. Anderson, M. R., A. Cardinal, and J. Larochelle. 1981. An alternate growth pattern for Laminaria longicruris. Journal of Phycology 17:405-411. Arndt, H., M. Kroker, B. Nixdorf, and A. Kohler. 1993. Long-term annual and seasonal changes of meta- and protozooplankton in Lake Muggelsee (Berlin): Effects of eutrophication grazing activities, and the impact of predation. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 78:379-402. Atkinson, M. J., and R. W. Grigg. 1984. Model of a coral reef ecosystem: II. Gross and net benthic primary production at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 3:13-22. Auclair, A. N. D., A. Bouchard, and J. Pajaczkowski. 1976. Productiviry in a Carex-dominated ecosystem. Oecologia 26:9-31. Aziz, S. A., and D. B. Nedwell. 1986. The nitrogen cycle of an east coast, U.K. saltmarsh: I. Nitrogen assimilation during primary production: Detrital mineralization. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 22:559-575. Bach, S. D., and M. N. Josselyn. 1979. Production and biomass of Cladophora prolifera (Chlorophyta, Cladophorales) in Bermuda. Botanica Marina 22:163-168. Bach, S., G. Thayer, and M. LaCroix. 1986. Export of detritus from eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 28:265-278. Baird, D., and R. E. Ulanowicz. 1989. The Seasonal Dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem. Ecological Monographs 59:329-364. Baird, D., and R. E. Ulanowicz. 1993. Comparative study on the trophic structure, cycling and ecosystem properties of four tidal estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 99:221-237. Bak, R. 1994. Sea urchin bioerosion on coral reefs: place in the carbonate budget and relevant variables. Coral Reefs 13:99-103. Baldwin, J. R., and J. R. Lovvorn. 1994. Expansion of seagrass habitat by the exotic Zostera japonica and its use by dabbling ducks and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 103:119-127. Barko, J. W., P. G. Murphy, and R. G. Wetzel. 1977. An investigation of primary production and ecosystem metabolism in a Lake Michigan dune pond. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 81:155-187. Bastardo, H. 1979. Laboratory studies on decomposition of littoral plants. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 26:267-299. Bayley, S. E., J. Zoltek, Jr, A. J. Hermann, T. J. Dolan, and L. Tortora. 1985. Experimental manipulation of nutrients and water in a freshwater marsh: effects on biomass, decomposition, and nutrient accumulation. Limnology and Oceanography 30:500-512. Behrendt, H. 1990. The chemical composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton in an eutrophic shallow lake. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 118:129-145. Benner, R., M. L. Fogel, and E. K. Sprague. 1991. Diagenesis of belowground biomass of Spartina alterniflora in salt-marsh sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 36:1358-1374. Bernard, J. M., and B. A. Solsky. 1977. Nutrient cycling in a Carex lacustris wetland. Canadian Journal of Botany 55:630-638. Best, E. P. H., J. H. A. Dassen, J. J. Boon, and G. Wiegers. 1990. Studies on decomposition of Ceratophyllum demersum litter under laboratory and field conditions: losses of dry mass and nutrients, qualitative changes in organic compounds and consequences for ambient water and sediments. Hydrobiologia 194:91-114. Biddanda, B. A. 1988. Microbial aggregation and degradation of phytoplankton-derived detritus in seawater. II. Microbial metabolism. Marine Ecology Progress Series 42:89-95. Bienfag, P., and D. Zieman. 1992. The role of Coastal High Latitude Ecosystems in Global Export Production. Pages 285-298 in P. Falkowski and A. Woodhead, editors. Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA. Billings, W. D. 1987. Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystem: past, present and future. Quat. Sci. Rev. 6:165-177. Birch, P. B., J. O. Gabrielson, and K. S. Hamel. 1983. Decomposition of Cladophora. I Field studies in the Peel-Harvey estuarine system, Westen Australia. Botanica Marina 26:165-171. Bishop, J. K. B., J. M. Edmund, D. R. Ketter, M. P. Baeen, and W.B. Silver. 1977. The chemistry, biology and vertical flux of particulate matter from the upper 400m of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research 24:511-548. Bliss, L. C. 1975. Pages 17-60 in T. Rosswall and O. Heal, editors. Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems. Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, Sweden. Blum, L. 1993. Spartina alterniflora root dynamics in a Virginia marsh. Marine Ecology Progress Series 102:169-178. Boring, L. R., C. D. Monk, and W. T. Swank. 1981. Early regeneration of a clear-cut southern Appalachian forest. Ecology 62:1244-1253. Boyd, C. E. 1970. Production, mineral accumulation and pigment concentrations in Typha latifolia and Scirpus americanus Ecology 51:285-290. Boyd, C. E. 1971. The dynamics of dry matter and chemical substances in a Juncus effusus population. American Midland Naturalist 86:28-45. Boyer, M. L. H., and B. D. Wheeler. 1989. Vegetation patterns in spring-fed calcareous fens: calcite precipitation and constraints on fertility. Journal of Ecology 77:597-609. Bray, J. R. 1964. Primary consumption in three forest canopies. Ecology 45:165-167. Breteler, R. J., and J. M. Teal. 1981. Trace elements enrichments in decomposing litter of Spartina alterniflora. Aquatic Botany 11:111-120. Briggs, S. V., M. T. Maher, and D. J. Tongway. 1985. Dry matter and nutrient loss from decomposing Vallisneria spiralis L. Aquatic Botany 22:387-392. Brouwer, P. E. M. 1996. Decomposition in situ of the sublittoral Antartic macroalgae Desmarestia anceps Montagne. Polar Biology 16:129-137. Brown, S., E. W. Flohrschutz, and H. T. Odum. 1984. Structure, productivity and phosphorus cycling of the scrub cypress ecosystem. Pages 304-317 in K.C. Ewel and H. T. Odum, editors. Cypress swamps. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Burns, K., M. Ehrhardt, B. Hows, and G. Taylor. 1993. Subtidal Benthic Community Respiration and production near the heavily oiled Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:199-205. Bustamante, R. H., G. M. Branch, S. Eekhout, B. Robertson, P. Zoutendyk, M. Schleyer, A. Dye, N. Hanekom, D. Keats, M. Jurd, and C. McQuaid. 1995. Gradients of intertidal primary productivity around the coast of South Africa and their relationships with consumer biomass. Oecologia 102:189-201. Buth, G. 1987. Decomposition of roots of three plant communities in a dutch salt marsh. Aquatic Botany 29:123-128. Bythell, J., E. Gladfelter, and M. Bythell. 1993. Chronic and catastrophic natural mortality of three common Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs 12:143-152. Cadee, G. C., and J. Hegeman. 1977. Distribution of primary production of the benthic microflora and accumulation of organic matter on a tidal flat area, Balgzand, Dutch Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 11:24-41. Cahoon, D., and J. Stevenson. 1986. Production, predation and decomposition in a low-salinity Hibischus marsh. Ecology 67:1341-1350. Cammen, L. M. 1980. The significance of microbial carbon in the nutrition of the deposit feeding polychaete Nereis succinea. Marine Biology 61:9-20. Carpenter, R. C. 1986. Partitioning herbivory and its effects on coral reef algal communities. Ecological Monographs 56:345-363. Cattaneo, A. 1983. Grazing on epiphytes. Limnology and Oceanography 28:124-132. Cebrian, J., and C. M. Duarte. 1998. Patterns in leaf herbivory on seagrasses. Aquatic Botany 60:67-82. Cebrian, J., C. M. Duarte, N. Marb…, S. Enr¡quez, M. Gallegos, and B. Olesen. 1996. Herbivory on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile: magnitude and variability in the Spanish Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 130:147-155. Cebri n, J., C. M. Duarte, N. Marb…, and S. Enr¡quez. 1997. The magnitude and fate of production of four co-ocurring Western Mediterranean seagrass species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155:29-44. Cebrian, J., M. F. Pedersen, K. Kroeger, and I. Valiela. 2000. Fate of production of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa in different stages of meadow formation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 204:119-130. Chapin, F. S., III, P. C. Miller, W. D. Billings, and P. I Coyne. 1980. Carbon and nutrient budgets and their control in coastal tundra. Pages 458-482 in J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen, and F. L. Bunnell, editors. An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA. Chapman, A. R. O., and J. S. Craigie. 1978. Seasonal growth in Laminaria longicruris: relations with reserve carbohydrate storage and production. Marine Biology 46:209-213. Chavez, F., K. Buck, K. Coale, J. Martin, G. DiTullio, N. Welschmeyer, A. Jacobsen, and R. Barber. 1991. Growth rates, grazing, sinking and iron limitation of equatorial pacific phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 36:1816-1833. Chew, R. M., and A. E. Chew. 1970. Energy relationships of the mammals of a desert shrub (Larrea tridentata) community. Ecological Monographs 40:1-21. Christensen, B. 1978. Biomass and primary production of Rhizophora apiculata in a mangrove in Southern Thailandia. Aquatic Botany 4:43-52. Cloern, J., B. Cole, and S. Wienke. 1987. Big Soda Lake (Nevada). 4. Vertical fluxes of particulate matter: seasonality and variations across thermocline. Limnology and Oceanography 32:815-824. Clymo, R. S. 1984. The limits to peat bog growth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 303:605-654. Coppock, D. L., J. K. Detling, J. E. Ellis, and M. I. Dyer. 1983. Plant-Herbivore Interactions in a North American Mixed-Grass Prairie. Oecologia 56:1-56. Coveney, M. F., G. Cronberg, M. Enell, H. Larsoon, and L. Olofsson. 1977. Phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria-standing crop and production relationships in a eutrophic lake. Oikos 29:5-21. Craft, C. B., S. W. Broome, and E. D Seneca. 1988. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon in transplanted estuarine marshes. Pages 351-355 in D. D. Hook, W. H. McKee, H. K. Smith, J. Gregory, V. G. Burrell Jr., Mr. DeVoe, R. E. Sojka, S. Gilbert, R. Banks, L. H. Stolzy, C. Brooks, T. D. Matthews, and T. H. Shear, editors. The Ecology and Managment of Wetlands. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA. Cushing, D. H. 1976. Grazing in Lake Erken. Limnology and Oceanography 21:349-356. Cyr, H. and M. L. Pace. 1993. Magnitude and patterns of herbivory in aquatic and terrestrial ecosytems. Nature 361:148-150. Damman, A.W.H. 1978. Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat bogs. Oikos 30:480-495. Darley, W. M., C. L. Montague, F. G. Plumley, W. W. Sage, and A. T. Psalidas. 1981. Factors limiting edaphic algal biomass and productivity in a Georgia salt marsh. Journal of Phycology 17:122-128. Davis, S. M. 1991. Growth, decomposition and nutrient retention of Cladium jamaicense Crantz and Thypa dominguensis Pers. in the Florida everglades. Aquatic Botany 40:203-224. Davis, M., and H. Lee. 1983. Recolonization of sediment-associated microalgae and effects of estuarine infauna on microalgal production. Marine Ecology Progress Series 11:227-232. Davis, M. W., and C. D. McIntire. 1983. Effects of physical gradients on the production dynamics of sediments-associated algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 13:103-114. Day, F. P. 1982. Litter decomposition rates in the seasonally flooded great dismal swamp. Ecology 63:670-678. Day, J., W. Smith, P. Wagner, and W. Stone. 1973. Community structure and carbon budget of a salt marsh and shallow bay estuarine system in Lousiana. Center for Wetland Resources, Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge, Publ. NO. LSU-SG-72-04. Day, T. A., and J. K. Detling. 1990. Grassland patch dynamics and herbivory grazing preference following urine deposition. Ecology 71:180-188. de la Cruz, A. A. 1973. The role of tidal marshes in the productivity of coastal waters. Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 20:147-156. DeAngelis, D. L., R. H. Gardner, and H. H. Shugart. 1981. Pages 567-672 in D. E. Reichle, editor. Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA. Drew, E. A., and R. M. Hastings. 1992. A year-round ecophysiological study of Himantothallus grandifolius (Desmarestiales, Phaeophyta) at Sygny Island, Antarctica. Phycologia 31:262-277. Dunton, K. H., and D. M. Schell. 1986. Seasonal carbon budget and growth of L. solidungula in the Alaskan high arctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 31:57-66. Durbin, E.G., R. W. Krawiec, and T. J. Smaydan. 1975. Seasonal studies on the relative importance of different size fractions of phytoplankton in Narragansett Bay, USA. Marine Biology 32:271-287. Edroma, E. L. 1984. Effects of burning and grazing on the productivity and number of plants in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 22:165-174. Egan, B., and C. Yarish. 1990. Productivity and life history of L. longicuris at its southern limit in the western atlantic ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 67:263-273. Emmerson, W., and L. McGwynne. 1992. Feeding and assimilation of mangrove leaves by the crab Sesarma meinerti de Man in relation to leaf-litter production in Myazana, a warm-temperate southern mangrove swamp. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 157:41-53. Erftemeier P., R. Osinga, and M. Astrid. 1993. Primary production of seagrass beds in South Sulawesi (Indonesia): a comparison of habitats, methods and species. Aquatic Botany 46:67-90. Fahey, T. J., P. A. Stevens, M. Hornung, and P. Rowland 1991. Decomposition and nutrient release from logging residue following conventional harvest of Sitka spruce in North Wales. Forestry 64:289-301. Findlay, S, K. Howe, and H. K. Austin. 1990. Comparison of detritus dynamics in two tidal freshwater wetlands. Ecology 71:288-295. Flint, R. W., and C. R. Goldman. 1975. The effects of a benthic grazer on the primary productivity of the littoral zone of Lake Tahoe. Limnology and Oceanography 20:935-945. Flores Verdugo, F. J., J. W. Day, and R. Briseno-Duenas. 1987. Structure, litter fall, decomposition and detritus dynamics of mangroves in a Mexican coastal lagoon with an ephemeral inlet. Marine Ecology Progress Series 35:83-90. Frangi, J. L., and A. E. Lugo. 1985. Ecosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest. Ecological Monographs 55:351-369. Frank, D. A., and S. J. McNaughton. 1992. The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores, and drought in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 73:2043-2058. Frankignoulle, M., J. Bouquegneau, E. Ernst, R. Biondo, M. Rigo, and D. Bay. 1984. Contribution de l'activit‚ de l'Herbier de Posidonies au Metabolisme global de la Baie de Calvi. Premiers Resultats. Pages 277-282 in C. Boudouresque, A. Jeudy de Grissac, and J. Olivier, editors. International Workshop Posidonia oceanica Beds (I) GIS Posidonie publ. Frost, B. W. 1991. The role of grazing in nutrient-rich areas of the open sea. Limnology and Oceanography 36:1616-1630. Gabrielson, J. O., P. B. Birch, and K. S. Hamel. 1983. Decompostion of Cladophora. II. In vitro studies of nitrogen and phosphorus regeneration. Botanica Marina 26:173-179. Gallagher, J. L., R. J. Reinhold, R. A. Linthurst, and W. J. Pfeiffer. 1980. Aerial production, mortality and mineral accumulation-export dynamics in S. alterniflora and J. roemerianus plant stands in a georgia saltmarsh. Ecology 61:303-312. Gandar, M. V. 1982. The dynamics and trophic ecology of grasshoppers (Acridoidea) in a South African Savanna. Oecologia 54:370-378. Garber, J. H. 1984. Laboratory study of nitrogen and phosphorus remineralization during the decomposition of coastal plankton and seston. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science 18:685-702. Garnier, J., and S. Mourelatos. 1991. Contribution of grazing in phytoplankton overall losses ina shallow French lake. Freshwater Biology 25:515-523. Gathuso, J., M. Pichon, B. Delesalle, and M. Frankignoulle. 1993. Community metabolism and air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coral reef ecosystem (Moore, French Polynesia). Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:259-267. Geertz-Hansen, O., K. Sand-Jensen, D. F. Hansen, and A. Christiansen. 1993. Growth and grazing control of abundance of marine macroalgae, Ulva lactuca L. in an eutrophic Danish estuary. Aquatic Botany 46:101-109. Gerard, V. 1976. Some aspects of material dynamics and energy flow in a kelp forest in Monterey Bay, California. Dissertation. University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA. Gliwicz, Z. M., and Hillbricht-Ilkowska. 1972. Efficency of the utilization of nannoplankton primary production by communities of filter feedng animals measured in situ. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 18:197-203. Godshalk, G. L., and R. G. Wetzel. 1978a. Decomposition of aquatic angiosperms. II Particulate components. Aquatic Botany 5:301-327. Godshalk, G. L., and R. G. Wetzel. 1978b. Decomposition of aquatic angiosperms. III Zostera marina L. and a conceptual model of decomposition. Aquatic Botany 5:329-354. Golley, F. B. 1960. Energy dynamics of a food chain of an old-field community. Ecological Monographs 30:187-206. Golley, F., H. Odum, and R. Wilson. 1962. The structure and metabolism of a Puerto Rican Red Mangrove Forest in May. Ecology 43:8-19. Golterman, H. L. 1972. The role of phytoplankton in detritus formation. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiolia 29:89-103. Gosz, J. R., R. T. Holmes, G. E. Likens, and F. H. Bormann. 1978. The flow of Energy in a Forest Ecosystem. Scientific American 238:93-102. Gould, D., and E. Gallagher. 1990. Field measurement of specific growth rate, biomass and primary production of benthic diatoms of Savin Hill Cove, Boston. Limnology and Oceanography 35:1757-1770. Graneli, W. 1989. Influence of standing litter on shoot production in reed, Phragmites australis. Aquatic Botany 35:99-109. Gray, J. T. 1982. Community structure and productivity in Ceanothus chaparral and coastal sage scrub of southern California. Ecological Monographs 52:415-435. Greenway, M. 1976. The grazing of Thalassia testudinum in Kingston Harbour, Jamaica. Aquatic Botany 2:117-126. Grier, C. C., and R. S. Logan. 1977. Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed: biomass distributon and production budgets. Ecological Monographs 47:373-400. Grodzinski, W., A. Gorecki, K. Janas, and P. Migula. 1966. Effect of rodents on the primary productivity of alpine meadows in Bierzezady mountains. Acta Theriologica 11:419-431. Gulati, R. D. 1975. A study on the role of herbivorous zooplankton community as primary consumers of phytoplankton in Dutch lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19:1202-1210. Haines, E. B., and R. B. Hanson. 1979. Experimental degradation of detritus made from the salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Salicornia virginica L. and Juncus roemerianus Scheele. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 40:27-40. Hanisak, M. D. 1979. Nitrogen limitation of C. Fragile ssp. tomentosoides as determined by tissue analysis. Marine Biology 50:333-337. Hansen, J. A., D. Klumpp, D. Alongi, P. Dayton, and M. Riddle. 1992. Detrital pathways in a coral reef lagoon. II. Detritus deposition, benthic microbial biomass and production. Marine Biology 113:363-372. Harris, W. F., P. Sollins, N. T. Edwards, B. E. Dinger, and H. H. Shugart. 1975. Pages 116-122 in D. Reichle, J. Franklin, and D. Goodall, editors. Productivity of the world systems. Proceedings of a Symposium. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA. Harrison, P. G. 1982. Control of microbial growth and of amphipod grazing by water soluble compounds from leaves of Zostera marina. Marine Biology 67:225-230. Harrison, P. G. 1989. Detrital processing in seagrass systems: a review of factors affecting decay rates, remineralization and detritivory. Aquatic Botany 23:263-288. Harrison, W. G., E. Head, E. Horne, B.Irwin, W. Li, A. Longhurst, M. Paranjape, and T. Platt. 1993. The Western North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea Research 40:279-305. Hatcher, B.G., S. V. Smith, and C. Crossland. 1992. The role of Coral Reefs in Global Ocean Production. Pages 513-514 in P. Falkowski and A.Woodhead, editors. Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA. Haukioja, E., and S. Koponen. 1975. Birch herbivores and herbivory at Kevo. Pages 181-188 in F. E. Wielgolaski, editor. Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems. Part 2. Animals and System Analyses. Springer, Heidelberger, Germany. Hauxwell, J., J. McClelland, P. J. Behr, and I. Valiela. 1998. Relative importance of grazing and nutrient controls of macroalgal biomass in three temperate shallow estuaries. Estuaries 21:347-360. Hauxwell, J, J. Cebrian, and I. Valiela. 2002. Annual growth dynamics of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in estuaries of Waquoit Bay, MA, USA: Relationship to land-derived nitrogen loads and effect on light supply for eelgrass. Marine Ecology Progress Series, in press. Heal, O. W. 1972. Tundra Biome. Pages 295-305 in F. Wielgolaski and T. Rosswall, editors. Proceedings IV International Meeting on the Biological Productivity of Tundra Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, Sweden. Hemmings, M. A., and G. J. C. Buth. 1991. Decomposition in salt marsh ecosystems of the SW Netherlands: the effects of biotic and abiotic factors. Vegetatio 92:73-83. Hemmings, M. A., and J. Nieuwenhuize. 1991. Transport, deposition and "in situ" decay of seagrasses in a tropical mudflat area (Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania). Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 27:183-190. Hill, B. H. 1979. Uptake and release of nutrients by aquatic macrophytes. Aquatic Botany 7:87-93. Hodges, C., T. Thompson, J. Riley, and E. Glenn. 1993. Reversing the flow: water and nutrients from the sea to the land. Ambio 22:483-490. Holligan, P. M., P. J. leB. Williams, D. Purdie, and R. Harris. 1984. Photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen supply of plankton populations in stratified, frontal and tidally mixed shelf waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 17:201-213. Holligan P., E. Fern ndez, J. Aiken, W. Balch, P. Boyd, P. Burkill, M. Finch, S. Groom, G. Malin, K. Muller, D. Purdie, C. Robinson, C. Trees, S. Turner, and P. van der Wal. 1993. A Biogeochemical Study of the Coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, in the north Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7:879-900. Hopkinson, O., J. Gosselink, and R. Panardo. 1978. Aboveground production of seven marsh plant species in coastal Lousiana. Ecology 59:760-769. Howes, B., J. Dacey, and J. Teal. 1985. Annual C mineralization and belowground production of Spartina alterniflora in a new England salt marsh. Ecology 66:595-605. Hunter, R. D. 1980. Effects of grazing on the quantity and quality of freshwater aufwuchs. Hydrobiologia 69:251-259. Iriarte, A., G. Daneri, V. Garcia, D. Purdie, and D. Crawford. 1991. Plankton community respiration and its relationship to Cha concentration in marine coastal waters. Oceanologia Acta 14:379-387. Jacobs, R., C. den Hartog, C. Braster, and F. CarriŠre. 1981. Grazing of the seagrass Zostera noltii by birds at Terschelling (Dutch Wadden Sea). Aquatic Botany 10:241-259. Jacoby, J. M. Alterations in periphyton characteristics due to grazing in a Cascade foothill stream. Freshwater Biology 18, 495-508 (1987). Jensen, L. M., and S. Schwaerter. 1988. Major pathways involved in the utilization of primary production in a temperate eutrophic lake. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 23:445-450. Jensen, L. M., K. Sand-Jensen, S. Marcher, and M. Hansen. 1990. Plankton community respiration along a nutrient gradient in a shallow Danish Estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 61:75-85. Jespersen, A. M., K. Christoffersen, and B. Riemann 1988. Annual carbon fluxes between phyto-, zoo-, and bacterio-plankton in eutrophic, Lake Frederiksborg Slotsso, Denmark. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 23:440-444. Johnson, F. L., and P.G. Risser. 1974. Biomass, annual net primary production and dynamics of six mineral elements in a post oak-blackjack oak forest. Ecology 55:1246-1258. Johnson, K. M., C. M. Burney, and J. Sieburth. 1981. Enigmatic marine ecosystem metabolism measured by direct diel ?CO2 and O2 flux in conjunction with DOC release and uptake. Marine Biology 65:49-60. Johnstone, I. M. 1981. Consumption of leaves by herbivores in mixed mangrove stands. Biotropica 13:252-259. Joiris, C., G. Billen, C. Lancelot , M. Daro, J. Mommaerts, A. Bertels, M. Bossicart, and J. Nijs. 1982. A budget of Carbon Cycling in the Belgian Coastal Zone:Relative roles of zooplankton, bacterioplankton and benthos in the utilization of Primary Production. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 16:260-275. Josselyn, M. N., and A. C. Mathieson. 1980. Seasonal influx and decomposition of autochthonous macrophyte litter in a north temperate estuary. Hydrobiologia 71:197-208. Josselyn, M., M. Fonseca, T. Niesen, and R. Larson. 1986. Biomass, production and decomposition of a deep water seagrass, Halophila decipiens Ostenf. Aquatic Botany 25:47-61. Jupp, B. P., and D. H. N, Spence. 1977. Limitations of macrophytes in a eutrophic lake, Loch Leven. II Wave action, sediments and waterfwol grazing. Journal of Ecology 65:431-446. Kamiyama, T. 1994. The impact of grazing by microzooplankton in northern Hiroshima Bay, the Seto Island Sea, Japan. Marine Biology 119:77-88. Karagatzides, J. D., and I. Hutchinson. 1991. Intra-specific comparisons of biomass dynamics in Scirpus americanus and Scirpus maritimus on the River Delta. Journal of Ecology 79:459-476. Kemp, W. M., and W. R. Boynton. 1980. Influence of biological and physical processes on dissolved oxygen dynamics in an Estuarine System:implication for measurement of community metabolism. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 2:407-431. Kenney, B., W. Litaker, C. Duke, and J. Ramus. 1988. Community oxygen metabolism in a shallow tidal estuary. Estuaruarine Coastal and Shelf Science 27:33-34. Kenworthy, J., and G. Thayer. 1984. Production and decomposition of the roots and rhizomes of seagrasses, Zostera marina and Thalassia testudinum, in temperate and subtropical marine ecosystems. Bulletin of Marine Science 35:364-379. Khailov, K. M., and Z. P. Burlakova. 1969. Release of dissolved organic matter by marine seaweeds and distribution of their total organic production to inshore communities. Limnology and Oceanography 14:521-527. Kiene, W., and P. Hutchings. 1994. Bioerosion experiments at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 13:91-98. King, F., A. Devol, and T. Packard. 1978. Plankton metabolic activity in the eastern tropical North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 25:689-704. Kira, T. 1978. Tropical trees as living systems. Pages 561-590 in P. B. Tomlinson and M. H. Zimmerman, editors. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA. Kirkman, D., and D. Reid. 1979. A study of the role of the seagrass Posidonia australis in the carbon budget of an estuary. Aquatic Botany 7:173-183. Klopatek, J., and F. Stearns. 1978. Primary productivity of Emergent Macrophytes in a Wisconsin freshwater marsh ecosystem. American Midland Naturalist 100:320-332. Klumpp, D., and N. Polunin. 1989. Partioning among grazers of food resources within damselfish territories on a coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 125:145-169. Klumpp, D., R. Howard, and D. Pollard. 1989. Trophodynamics and nutritional ecology of seagrass communities. Pages 349-475 in A. Larkum, A. McComb, and S. Sepherd, editors. Biology of Seagrasses: a Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian Region. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Klumpp, D. W., J. S. Salita-Espinosa, and M. D. Fortes. 1992. The role of epiphytes and marcoinvertabrate grazers in the trophic flux of a tropical seagrass community. Aquatic Botany 43:327-349. Klumpp, D. W., J. S. Salita-Espinosa, and M. D. Fortes. 1993. Feeding ecology and trophic role of sea urchins in a tropical seagrass community. Aquatic Botany 45:205-229. Knauer, G. A., J. H. Martin, and K. W. Bruleud. 1979. Fluxes of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper water column of the northeast Pacific. Deep-sea Research 26:97-108. Koop, K., R. Newell, and M. Lucas. 1982. Biodegradation and carbon flow based on kelp (Ecklonia maxima) debris in a Sandy Beach Microcosm. Marine Ecology Progress Series 7:315-326. Kristensen, E. 1993. Seasonal variations in Benthic Community Metabolism and nutrient dynamics in a Shallow, Organic-poor danish lagoon. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 36:565-586. Kristensen, E., F. Andersen, and T. Blackburn. 1992. Effects of benthic macrofaune and temperate on degradation of macroalgal detritus: the fate of organic carbon. Limnology and Oceanography 37:1404-1419. Kruse, B. 1993. Measurement of plankton O2 respiration in gas-tight plastic jars. Marine Ecology Progress Series 94:155-163. Kuparinen, J. 1986. Production and respiration for overall plankton and ultraplankton communities at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. Marine Biology 63:591-607. Lampert, W. 1978. Climatic conditionss and planktonic interactions as factors controlling the regular succession of spring algal bloom and extremely clear water in Lake Constance. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:969-974. Lapointe, B. E., F. Niell, and J. M. Fuentes. 1981. Communtiy structure, succession and production of seaweeds associated with mussel-beds in the Ria de Arosa, NW Spain. Marine Ecology Progress Series 5:243-253. Lawes, E., P. Bienfang, D. Ziemann, and L. Conquest. 1988. Phytoplankton population dynamics and the fate of production during the spring bloom in Auke Bay, Alaska. Limnology and Oceanography 33:57-65. LeBorgne, R., Blanchot, J. and L. Charpy. 1989. Zooplankton of Tikehau atoll (Thamoth archipielago) and its relationship to particulate matter. Marine Biology 102:341-353. LeBorgne, R., M. Rodier, A. LeBouteiller, and M. Kulbicki. 1997. Plankton biomass and production in an open atoll lagoon: Uvea, New Caledonia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 212:187-210. Lee, S. 1989. The importance of sesarminae crabs Chiromanthes sp. and inundation frequency on mangrove (Kandelia Kandel (L.) Durce) leaf litter turnover in a Hong Kong Tidal shrimp pond. Journal of Marine Biology and Ecology 131:23-43. Lee, S. 1990. Net aerial primary productivity, litter production and decomposition of the reed Phragmites communis in a nature reserve in Hong-Kong: management implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series 66:161-173. Leigh, E. G., and D. M. Windsor. 1983. Ecology of a tropical forest:seasonal rhythms and long term changes. Pages 111-123 in E. G. Leigh, A. Raud, A. and D. M. Windsor, editors. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA. Lenz, J., A. Morales, and J. Gunkel. 1993. Mesozooplankton standing stock during the North Atlantic spring bloom study in 1989 and its potential grazing pressure on phytoplankton: a comparison between low, medium and high latitudes. Deep-Sea Research (II) 40:559-572. Li M. S., and S. Y. Lee. 1998. Carbon dynamics of Deep Bay, eastern Pearl River Estuary, China. I: A mass balance budget and implications for shorebird conservation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 172:73-87. Lignell, R., A. S. Heiskanen, H. Kuosa, K. Gundersen, P. Kuuppo-Leinikki, R. Pajuniemi, and A. Uitto. 1993. Fate of phytoplankton spring bloom: sedimentation and carbon flow in the planktonic food web in the northern Baltic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 94:239-252. Lindeboom, H., and B. De Bree. 1982. Daily production and consumption in a eelgrass (Zostera marina) community in Saline-Lake Grevelingen: discrepancies between the O2 and 14C methods. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 16:362-379. Lindeboom, H., and A. Sandee. 1989. Production and consumption of tropical seagrass fields in eastern Indonesia measured with bell jars and microelectrods. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 23:181-190. Lindeboom H., W. Raaphorst, H. Ridderinkhof, and H. W. van der Veer. 1989. Ecosystem model of the Western Wedden Sea: a bridge between science and management. Helgolander Meeresunters 43:549-564. Lock, J. M. 1972. The effects of hippopotamus grazing on grasslands. Journal of Ecology 60:445-467. Lowman, M. D. 1988. Litterfall and leaf decay in three australian rainforest formations. Journal of Ecology 76:451-465. Mann, K. H. 1972. Ecological energetics of the sea-weed zone in a marine bay on the Atlantic coast of Canada. II. Productivity of seaweeds. Marine Biology 14:199-209. Mann, K. H. 1985. Ecology of Coastal Waters. Studies in Ecology Volume 8. Second edition. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Mann, K. H. 1988. Production and use and detritus in various freshwater, estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography 33:910-931. Mason, C. F., and R. J. Bryant. 1975. Periphyton production and grazing by chironomids in Alderfen Broad, Norfolk. Freshwater Biology 5:271-277. McClaugherty, C. A., J. Pastor, and J. D. Aber. 1985. Forest litter decomposition in relation to soil nitrogen dynamics and litter quality. Ecology 66:266-275. McInnes P. F., R. J. Naiman, J. Pastor, and Y. Cohen. 1992. Effects of moose browsing on vegetation and litter of the boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. Ecology 73:2059-2075. McLachlan, A., and G. Bate. 1984. Carbon budget for a high energy surf zone. Vie milieu 34:67-77. McLusky, D. S. 1981. The estuarine ecosystem. Wiley, New York, New York, USA. McNaughton, S. 1985. Journal of Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: The Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259-294. McNaughton, S. J., M. Oesterheld, D. A. Frank, and K. J. Williams. 1989. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 341:142-144. McQuaid, C. D., and G. M. Branch. 1985. Trophic structure of rocky intertidal communities: response to wave action and implications for energy flow. Marine Ecology Progress Series 22:153-161. Mee, L. D. 1977. The Chemistry and Hydrography of SomeTropical Coastal Lagoons-Pacific Coast of Mexico. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Liverpool. Dept. of Oceanography, England. Megonigal, J. P., and F. P. Day, Jr. 1988. Organic matter dynamics in four seasonally flooded forest communities of the dismal swamp. American Journal of Botany 75:1334-1343. Menhinick, E. F. 1967. Structure, Stability and Energy flow in plants and arthropods in a Sericea lespedeza stand. Ecological Monographs 37:256-272. Menzel, D., and J. Ryther. 1960. The annual cycle of primary production in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research 6:351-357. Merino, M., A. Gonz lez, E. Reyes, M. Gallegos, and S. Czitrom. 1992. Eutrophication in the lagoons of Canc£n, M‚xico. Science of the Total Environment, Supplement: 861-870. Miller, P. C., P. M. Miller, M. Blake-Jacobson, F. S. Chapin III, K. R. Everett, D. H. Hilbert, J. Kummerow, A. E. Linkins, G. M. Marion, W. C. Oechel, S. W. Roberts, and L. Stuart. 1984. Plant-soil processes in Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra in Alaska: a systems modeling approach. Ecological Monographs 54:361-405. Mitchell, D. T., P. G. F. Coley, S. Webb, N. Allsopp. 1986. Litterfall and decomposition processes in the coastal fynbos vegetation, South-Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Ecology 74:977-993. Montagna, P. A. 1984. In situ measurement of meiobenthic grazing rates on sediment bacteria and edaphic diatoms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 18:119-130. Moore, T. R. 1989. Growth and net production of Sphagnum at five fen sites, subartic eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 67:1203-1207. Mller, P. J., and E. Suess. 1979. Productivity, sedimentation rate, and sedimentary organic matter in oceans- I. Organic carbon preservation. Deep-Sea Research 26:1347-1362. Murray, L., and R. L. Wetzel. 1987. Oxygen production and consumption associated with the major autotrophic components in two temperate seagrass communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 38:231-239. Naiman, R. J. 1976. Primary production, standing stock and export of organic matter in a Mohave Desert thermal stream. Limnology and Oceanography 21:60-73. Nakamori, T., A. Suzuki, and Y. Iryu. 1992. Continental Shelf Research 12:951. Nakanishi, M., Y. Tezuka, T. Narita, O. Mitamura, K. Kawabata, and S. Nakano. 1992. Phytoplankton primary production and its fate in a pelagic area of Lake Biwa. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 35:47-67. Nedwell, D. B., T. R. Walker, J. C. Ellis-Evans, and A. Clarke. 1993. Measurements of Seasonal Rates and Annual Budgets of Organic Carbon fluxes in an Antarctic Coastal Environment at Signy Island. Applied and Environmenatl Microbiology 59:3989-3995. Neely, R. K., and C. B. Davis. 1985. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. And Typha glauca Godr. Stands. II. Emergent plant decomposition. Aquatic Botany 22:363-375. Neill, C. 1992. Life history and popualtion dynamics of whitetop shoots under dufferent levels of flooding and nitrogen supply. Aquatic Botany 42:241-252. Nelson, W. J., J. A. Kadlec, and H. R. Murkin. 1990. Seasonal comparison of weight for two types of Typha glauca Godr. leaf litter. Aquatic Botany 37:299-314. Nessel, J. 1978. Distribution and dynamics of organica matter and phosphorus in a sewage enriched cypress stand. MS thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Neudecker, S. 1979. Effects of grazing and browsing fishes on the zonation of Corals in Guam. Ecology 60:666-672. Newell, R. C., M. I. Lucas, and E. A. S. Linley. 1981. Rate of degradation and efficiency of conversion of phytoplankton debris by marine micro-organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 6:123-136. Newell, R., J. Field, and C.Griffiths. 1982. Energy Balance and significance of microorganisms in a kelp bed community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 8:103-113. Newell, S. Y., J. W. Fell, A. Statzell-Tallman, C. Miller, and R. Cefalu. 1984. Carbon and nitogen dynamics in decomposing leaves of three coastal marine vascular plants of the subtropics. Aquatic Botany 19:183-192. Newell, S. Y., J. W. Fell, and C. Miller. 1986. Deposition and decomposition of turtlegrass leaves. Int Rev Ges Hydrobiol 71:363-369. Nicotri, M. E. 1977. Grazing effects of four marine intertidal herbivores on the microflora. Ecology 58:1020-1032. Nielsen. 1978. Aboveground food resources and herbivory in a beech forest ecosystem. Oikos 31:273-279. Nienhuis, P. and A. Groenendijk. 1986. Consumption of eelgrass (Zostera marina) by birds and invertebrates: an annual budget. Marine Ecology Progress Series 29:29-35. Nihlgard. 1972. Plant biomass, primary production and distribution of chemical elements in a beech and planted spruce forest in southern Sweden. Oikos 23:69-81. Nixon, S., and C. Oviatt. 1972. Preliminary measurements of midsummer metabolism in beds of eelgrass, Zostera marina. Ecology 53:150-153. Nixon, S., and M. E. Pilson. 1984. Estuarine total system metabolism and organic exchange calculated from nutrient ratios: an example from Narragansset Bay. Pages 261-291 in V. S Kennedy, editor.The Estuary as a filter. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. O'Connell, A. M. 1987. Litter dynamics in Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forest of South-Western Australia. Journal of Ecology 75:781-796. O'Connell, A. M. 1988. Nutrient dynamics in decomposing litter in karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell) forests of South-Western Australia. Journal of Ecology 76:1186-1203. Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Third Edition. Saunders. Philadelphia, London & Toronto, USA. Odum, E. P., C. E. Connell, and L. B. Davenport. 1962. Population energy flow of three primary consumer components of old-field ecosystems. Ecology 43:88-96. Odum, H. T. 1957. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecological Monographs 27:55-112. Odum, H. T., and R. F. Wilson 1962. Further studies on reareation and metabolism of Texas bays, 1958-1960. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science University of Texas 8:20-55. Oechel, W., and W. D. Billings. 1992. Pages 139-168 in F. Stuart Chapin III, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic Ecosystems in a changing climate. An Ecophysiological perspective. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. Ohmart, C. P., L. G. Stewart, and J. R. Thomas. Leaf consumption by insects in three Eucalyptus forest types in Southeastern Australia and their role in short-term nutrient cycling. Oecologia 59:322-330. Olson, J. S. 1970. Pages 226-246 in D. E. Reichle, editor. Analysis of temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological studies 1. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA Omuf, C., J. Teal, and I. Valiela. 1977. Interactions of nutrients, plant growth and herbivory in a mangrove ecosystem. Ecology 58:514-526. Ong, J. E. 1993. Mangroves-a carbon source and sink. Chemosphere 27:1097-1107. Ong, J. E., W. K.Gong, and C. H. Wong. 1982. Studies on nutrient levels in standing biomass, litter and slash in a mangrove forest. Univ. Sains Malaysia, Penang, Sch. Biol. Sci., 44 p. Ostergaad, F., and E. Kristensen. 1992. The importance of benthic macrofauna in decomposition of microalgae in a coastal marine sediment. Limnology and Oceanography 37:1392-1403. Otsuki, A., and T. Hanya. 1972. Production of dissolved organic matter from dead green algal cells. I Aerobic microbial decompostion. Limnology and Oceanography 17:248-257 Ott, J., and L. Maurer. 1977. Strategies of energy transfer from marine macrophytes to consumer levels: the Posidonia Oceanica example, Pages 493-502 in B. Keegan, editor. Biology of Benthic Organisms. Pergamon Press, Tarrytown, New York, USA. Packard, T. T. 1979. Respiration and respiratory electron transport activity in plankton for the Northwest African upwelling area. Journal of Marine Research 37:712-739. Packard, T. T., and P. J. le B Williams. 1981. Rates of respiratory oxygen consumption and electron transport in surface seawater from the northwest Atlantic. Oceanologia acta 4:351-358. Pakarinen, P. 1978. Production and nutrient ecology of three Sphagnum species in southern Finnish raised bogs. Ann. Bot. Fennia 15:15-26. Palm, C. A., and P. A. Sanchez. 1990. Decomposition and nutrient release patterns of the leaves of three tropical legumes. Biotropica 22:330-338. Panatmat, M. 1988. Ecology and metabolism of a benthic community on an intertidal sandflat. Int. Revue. ges. Hydrobiology 53:211-298. Pandey, C. B., and J. S. Singh. 1992. Rainfall and grazing effects on net primary productivity in a tropical savanna, India. Ecology 73:2007-2021. Parson, K. A., and A.A. de la Cruz. 1980. Energy flow and grazing behavior of conocephaline grasshoppers in a Juncus roemerianus marsh. Ecology 61:1045-1050. Patriquin, D. G., and C. R. McClung. 1978. Nitrogen acretion and the nature and possible significance of N2 fixation (acetylene reduction) in a Nova Scotia Spartina alterniflora stand. Marine Biology 47:227-242. Pattersen, M., K. Sebans, and R. Olsen. 1991. In situ measurements of flow effects on primary production and dark respiration in reef corals. Limnology and Oceanography 36:936-948. Peckol, P. B., and J. S. Rivers. 1996. Contribution by macroalgal mats to primary production of a shallow embayment under high and low nitrogen-loading rates. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 43:311-325. Pedersen, M. F., and J. Borum. 1996. Nutrient control of algal growth in estuarine waters. Nutrient limitation and the importance of nitrogen requirements and nitrogen storage among phytoplankton and species of macroalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 142:261-272. Peduzzi, P., and G. J. Herndl. 1991. Decomposition and significance of seagrass leaf litter (Cymodocea nodosa) for the microbial food web in coastal waters (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 71:163-174. Pellikaan, G., and P. Nienhuis. 1988. Nutrient uptake and release during growth and decomposition of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., and its effect on the nutrient dynamics of Lake Grevelingen. Aquatic Botany 30:189-214. Pergent, G., J. Romero, C. Pergent-Martini, M. Mateo, and C. Boudouresque. 1994. Primary production, stocks and fluxes in the Mediterranean seagrass P. oceanica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 106:39-146. Perry, M. J. 1976. Phospahte utilization by an oceanic diatom in phosphorus-limited chemostat culture and in the oligotrophic waters of the central North Pacific. Limnology and Oceanography 21:88-107. Polunin, N., and D. Klumpp. 1992. Algal food suply and grazer demand in a very productive coral-reef zone. Journal of Marine Biology and Ecology 164:1-16. Pomeroy, L. R., and J. Johannes. 1968. Ocurrence and respiration of ultraplankton in the upper 500 m of the ocean. Deep-Sea Research 15:381-391. Poumba, K. 1994. Simulated degradation of phytodetritus in deep-sea sediments of the NE Atlantic (47§N, 19§W). Marine Ecology Progress Series 105:291-299. Prego, R. 1993. General aspects of carbon biogeochemistry in the ria of Vigo, northwestern Spain. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta 57:2041-2052. Proctor, J., J. M. Anderson, S. C. L. Fogden, and H. W. Vallack. 1983. Ecological Studies in Four Contrasting Lowland Rain Forests in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak. Journal of Ecology 71:261-283. Qasim, S., and P. Bhattathiri. 1971. Primary production of a seagrass bed on Kavarotti Atoll (Laccavides). Hydrobiologia 38:29-38. Randall, J., and J. W. Day. 1987. Effects of River Dicharge and vertical circulation in aquatic primary production in a turbid Lousiana (USA) Estuary. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 21:231-242. Reader, R. J., and J. M. Stewart. 1972. The relationship between net primary production and accumulation for a peatland in southeastern Manitoba. Ecology 53:1024-1037. Reddy, K. R., and W. F. DeBusk. 1991. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water. Hydrobiologia 211:101-109. Reichardt, W., and G. Dieckmann. 1985. Pages 115-122 in W. R. Siegfried, P. R. Condy, and R. M. Laws, editors. Antarctic Nutrient Cycles and Food. Fourth SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology, Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. Reichle, D. E., and D. A. Crossley Jr. 1967. Pages 563-581 in K. Petrusewicz, editor. Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems. U. S Atomic Energy Commission, Warszawa, 1967. Reichle, D. E., R. A. Goldstein, R. I. Van Hook, and G. J. Dodson. 1973. Analysis of insect consumption in a forest canopy. Ecology 54:1076-1084. Richardson, C. J., G. M. Ferrell, and P. Vaithiyanathan. 1999. Nutrient effects on stand structure, resorption efficiency, and secondary compounds in everglades sawgrass. Ecology 80:2182-2192. Ritchie, M. E., D. Tilman, and J. M. H. Knops. 1998. Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in Oak Savanna. Ecology 79:165-177. Rizzo, W., and R. Wetzel. 1985. Intertidal and shoal benthic community metabolism in a temperate estuary: studies of spatial and temporal scales of variability. Estuaries 8:342-351. Robertson, A., and P. Daniel. 1989. Decomposition and the annual flux of detritus from fallen timber in tropical mangrove forests. Limnology and Oceanography 34:640-647. Rogers, K. H., and C. M. Breen. 1982. Decomposition of Potamogeton crispus L: The effects of drying on the pattern of mass and nutrient loss. Aquatic Botany 12:1-12. Romero, J., G. Pergent, C. Pergent-Martini, M. A. Mateo, and C. Regnier. 1992. The detritic compartment in a Posidonia oceanica meadow: litter features, decomposition rates and mineral stocks. P. S. Z. N. I. Mar. Ecol. 13:69-83. Rublee, P. A., and M. R. Roman. 1982. Decomposition of turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum Koning) in flowing sea-water tanks and litterbags: compositional changes and comparisons with natural particulate matter. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 58:47-58. Sakshaug, E., A. Bjorge, B. Gulliksen, H. Loeng, and F. Mehlum. 1994. Structure, biomass, distribution, and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea: A synopsis. Polar Biology 14:405-411. Schalles, J. F., and D. J. Shure. 1989. Hydrology, community structure, and productivity patterns of a dystrophic Carolina bay Wetland. Ecological Monographs 59:365-385. Schlesinger, W. H. 1978. Community structure, dynamics and nutrient cycling in the Okefenokee cypress swamp forest. Ecological Monographs 48:43-65. Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change, Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. Schowalter, T. D., J. W. Webb, and D. A. Crossley Jr. 1981. Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology 62:1010-1019. Scott, J. A., N. R. French, and J. W. Leethom. 1979. Patterns of consumption in grasslands. Pages 89-105 in N. R. French, editor. Perspectives in grassland ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. Cited in Pomeroy, L.R. and R.G. Wiegert (1981) The Ecology on a Salt Marsh. New York, Springer-Verlag, pp 271. Seastedt, T. R. 1988. Mass, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in foliage and root detritus of tallgrass prairie. Ecology 69:59-65. Sfriso A., and A. Marcomini. 1997. Macrophyte production in a shallow coastal lagoon. Part I: coupling with chemico-physical parameters and nutrients concentrations in waters. Marine Environmenatl Research 44:351-375. Sharma, E., and R. S. Ambasht. 1987. Litterfall, decomposition and nutrient release in an age sequence of Alnus nepalensis plantation stands in the eastern Himalaya. Journal of Ecology 75:997-1010. Sheldon, S. P. 1987. The effects of herbivorous snails on submerged macrophyte communities in Minnesota lakes. Ecology 68:1920-1931. Shin, C. N., G. Y. Rhee, and J. Chen. 1987. Phosphate requirement, photosynthesis and diel cell cycle of Scenedesmus obliquus under fluctuating light. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1753-1758. Sinclair, A. R. E. 1975. The resource limitation of trophic levels in tropical grassland ecosystems. Journal of Animal Ecology 44:497-520. Skjoldal, H. R., and C. L„nnergren. 1978. The Spring Phytoplankton Bloom inLind†spollene, a Land-locked Norwegian Fjord. II. Biomass and Activity of Net- and Nanoplankton. Marine Biology 47:313-323. Smalley, A. E. 1960. Energy flow of a salt marsh grasshopper population. Ecology 41:672-677. Smith, K. L., Jr. 1992. Benthic Boundary Layer Communities and carbon cycling at abyssal depths in the Central North Pacific. Limnology and Oceanography 37:1034-1057. Smith, L. and R. S. Clymo. 1984. An extraordinary peat-forming peat-forming community on the Falkland Islands. Nature 309:617-620. Smith, R. E., W. Harrison, B. Irwin, and T. Platt. 1986. Metabolism and carbon exchange in microplankton of the Grand Banks (Newfouland). Marine Ecology Progress Series 34:171-183. Smith, S.V. 1973. Carbon dioxide dynamics: a record of organic carbon production, respiration and calcification in the Eniwetok reef flat community. Limnology and Oceanography 18:106-120. Smith, S. V., and J. T. Hollibaugh. 1993. Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic carbon balance. Rev. Geoph. 31:75-89. Smith, S. V., and P. L. Jokiel. 1978. Water composition and biogeochemical gradients in the Canton Atoll lagoon. Atoll Research Bulletin 221:15-53. Smith, S. V., and F. Pesret. 1974. Processes of carbon dioxide flux in the Fanning Island lagoon. Pacific Science 28:225-245. Smith, S. V., P. L. Jokiel, and G. S. Key. 1978. Biogeochemical budgets in coral reef ecosystems. Atoll Research Bulletin 220:1-11. Smith, W. O., Jr. 1977. The respiration of photosynthetic carbon in eutrophic areas of the ocean. Journal of Marine Research 35:557-565. Soholt, L. F. 1973. Consumption of primary production by a population of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) in the Mojave desert. Ecological Monographs 43:357-376. Sorokin, Y. 1983. The Black Sea. Pages 253-292 in B. Ketchum, editor. Estuaries and Enclosed Seas. Ecosystems of the World n§ 26 Elvesier. Soszka, G. J. 1975. The invertebrates on submerged macrophytes in three masurian lakes. Ekol. pol. 23:371-391. Spencer, P. 1977. Carbon budgets and vertical zonation of atlantic reef corals. Pages 391-396 in D. Taylor, editor. Proceedings of the the third coral reef symposium, (I) Biology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. Stanley, D. W. 1976. A carbon flow model of epipelic algal productivity in Alaskan Tundra Ponds. Ecology 57:1034-1042. Strom, S., and N. Welschmeyer. 1991. Pigment specific rates of phytoplankton growthand microzooplankton grazing in the open subartic Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 36:50-63. Strugnell, R. G., and C. D. Pigott. 1978. Biomass, shoot-production and grazing of two grasslands in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. Journal of Ecology 66:73-96. Suess, E. 1980. Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans: surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature 288:260-263. Svensson, B. H., and T. Rosswell. 1980. Energy flow through the sub-arctic mire at Stordalan. In M. Sonesson, editor. Ecology of sub-arctic mire. Ecological Bulletin no. 30. Swedish Natural Science Research Council. Liber Tryck, Stockholm, Sweden. Tanaka, Y. 1991. Microbial decomposition of reed (Phragmites communis) leaves in a saline lake. Hydrobiologia 220:119-129. Tanner, E. 1980. Journal of Ecology 68:833. Taylor, B. R., D. Parkinson, and W. F. J. Parsons. 1989. Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology 70:97-104. Teal, J. 1962. Energy flown in the salt marsh ecosystem of Georgia. Ecology 43:615-624. Tenhunen, J. D., O. L. Lange, S. Hahn, R. Siegwolf, and S. F. Oberbauer. 1992. An Ecophysiological perspective. Pages 213-238 in F. Stuart Chapin III, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic Ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. Tertsching, W. 1989. Diel activity patterns and foraging dynamics of the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus in a tropical seagrass community and a reef environment (Virgin Islands). Marine Ecology 10:3-21. Thornton, D. D. 1971. The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grasslands in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal 9:47-55. Tijseen, S. B. 1979. Diurnal oxygen rhythm and primary production in the mixed layer of the Atlantic Ocean at 20§N. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 13:79-84. Tijssen, S., and A. Eijgenraam. 1982 Primary and Community production in the Southern Bight of the North Sea deduced from oxygen concentration variations in the srping of 1980. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 16:247-259. Tilzer, M. M. 1984. Estimation of phytoplanton loss rates from daily photosynthetic rates and observed biomass changes in Lake Constance. J. Plank. Res. 6:309-324. Twilley, R. R., L. R. Blanton, M. M. Brinson, and G. J. Davis. 1985. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in aquatic macrophyte communities of the Chowan River, North Caroline. Aquatic Botany 22:231-252. Twilley, R. R., G. Ejdung, P. Romare, and M. Kemp. 1986. A comparative study of decomposition, oxygen consumption and nutrient release for selected aquatic plants occurring in an estuarine environment. Oikos 47:190-198. Twilley, R., A. Lugo, and C. Pattersen-Zuca. 1986. Litter production and turnover in basin mangrove forests in southwest Florida. Ecology 67:670-683. Udell, H. F., J. Zamdsky, and T. E. Doherry. 1969. Producticity and nutrient values of plants growing in the salt marshes of the Town of Hempstead. Bull. of the Torrey Bot. Club 96:42-51. Urabe, J., M. Nakanishi, and K. Kawabata. 1995. Contribution of metazoan plankton to the cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Biwa. Limnology and Oceanography 40:232-241. Vadstein, O., B. Harkjerr, A. Jensen, Y. Olsen, and H. Reinertsen. 1989. Cycling of organic carbon in the photic zone of a eutrophic lake with special reference to the heterotrophic bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography 34:840-855. Valiela, I., J. Wilson, R. Buchsbaum, C. Riesma, D. Bryant, K. Foreman, and J. Teal. 1984. Importance of chemical composition of salt marsh litter on decay rates and feeding by detritivores. Bulletin of Marine Science 35:261-269. Van Cleve, K., R. Barney, and R. Schleuter. 1981. Evidence of temperature control of production and nutrient cycling in two interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11:258-273. Van Cleve, K., L. Oliver, R. Schlentner, L. A. Viereck, and C. T. Dyrness. 1983. Productivity and nutrient cycling in taiga forests ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13:747-766. Van der Valk, A., and P. Attiwill. 1984. Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Aviccenia marina at Westernport Bay, Victoria, Autralia. Aquatic Botany 18:205-221. Van der Valk, A. G., J. M. Rhymer, and H. R. Murkin. 1991. Flooding and the decomposition of litter of four emergent plant species in a prairie wetland. Wetlands 11:1-16. Van Hook, R. I. 1971. Energy and nutrient dynamics of spider and orthopteran populations in a grassland ecosystem. Ecological Monographs 41:1-25. Van Wick, R. J. 1988. Ecological studies on Potamogeton pectinatus L. I. General characteristics, biomass production and life cycles under field conditions. Aquatic Botany 31:211-258. Varley, G. C. 1970. The concept of energy flow applied to a woodland community. Pages 389-405 in A. Watson, editor. Animal populations in relation to their food resources. Tenth BES Symp, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK. Velimirov, B., and M. Walenta-Simon. 1992. Seasonal changes in specific growth rates, production and biomass of bacterial community in the water colum above a Mediterranean seagrass system. Marine Ecology Progress Series 80:1237-1248. Vidal, M. 1991. Estudios sobre la din mica de nutrientes en sistemas estuaricos:flujos sedimento-agua de nutrientes y ox¡geno. Ph. D. Thesis. Universidad de Barcelona, Spain. Wahbeh, M. I., and A. M. Mahasneh. 1985. Some aspects of decomposition of leaf litter of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea from the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan) Aquatic Botany 21:237-244. Wallace, J. B., and J. O'Hop. 1985. Life on a fast pad: waterlily leaf beetle impact on water lilies. Ecology 66:1534-1544. Wallentinus, I. 1981. Chemical constituents of some baltic macroalgae in relation to environmental factors. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 10:363-370. Walsh, J. J. 1988. How much shelf production reaches the deep sea. In: Productivity of the ocean: present and past. Dahlem Workshop 53. Berlin, Germany. Walsh, I., J. Dymond, and R. Collier. 1988. Rates of recycling of biogenic components of settling particles in the ocean derived from sediment trap experiments. Deep-Sea Research 35:43-58. Wanders, J. B. W. 1977. The role of benthic algae in the shallow reef of Cura‡ao (Netherlands Antilles) III: The significance of grazing. Aquatic Botany 3:357-390. Weisse, T., H. Mller., M. Pinto-Coelho, A. Schweizer, D. Springmann, and G. Baldringer. 1990. Response of the microbial loop to the phytoplankton spring bloom in a large prealpine lake. Limnology and Oceanography 35:781-794. Welschmeyer, N. A., and C. J. Lorenzen. 1985. Chlorophyll budgets: zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth in a temperate fjord and the Central Pacific Gyres. Limnology and Oceanography 30:1-21. Wetzel, R., and P. Penhale. 1983. Photosynthesis, light response and metabolism of submerged macrophyte communities in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Pages 50-107 in R. L. Wetzel, editor. Structural and functional aspects of the ecology of submerged aquatic macrophyte communities in the lower Chesapeake Bay, vol. I. U.S. EPA Final Grant Report No. R 805974 and X003245-01 and Virginia Institute of Marine Science SRAMSOE 267, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA. Whealer, B. D., and S. C. Shaw. 1991. Above-ground crop mass and species richness of the principal types of herbaceous rich-fen vegetation of lowland England and Wales. Journal of Ecology 79:285-301. White, D., T. Weiss, J. Trapani, and L. Thien. 1978. Production and decomposition of the dominant salt marsh plants in Lousiana. Ecology 59:751-759. Whitfield, D. W. A. 1977. Energy inputs and ecological efficiencies on Truelove Lowland. Pages 607-620 in L. C. Bliss, editor. Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada: A High Arctic Ecosystem. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Whittaker, R. H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. MacMillan, London, UK. Whittaker, R. H., and G. M. Woodwell. 1969. Structure, production and diversity of the oak pine forest at Brookhaven, New York. Journal of Ecology 57:155-174. Wiegert, R., and F. Evans. 1964. Primary production and the disappearance of dead vegetation on an old field n southeastern Michigan. Ecology 45:49-63. Wielgolaski, F. E. 1975. Functioning of Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems. Pages 300-326 in F. E. Wielgolaski, editor. Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems. Part 2: Animals and System Analyses. Springer-Heidelber, Germany. Williams, S. L., and R. C. Carpenter. 1988. Nitrogen-limited primary productivity of coral reef algal turfs: potential contribution of ammonium excreted by Diadema antillarum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 47:145-152. Wolff, M., V. Koch, and V. Isaac. 2000. A trophic flow model of the Caet‚ mangrove estuary (north Brazil) with considerations for the sustainable use of its resources. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 50:789-803. Woodwell, G. M., and D. B. Botkin. 1970. Pages 281-302 in D. E. Reichle, editor. Analysis of temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological studies 1. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. Woodwell, G. M., R. A. Houghton, C. A. S. Hall, D. E. Whitney, R. A. Moll, and D. W. Juers. 1979. The Flax Pond ecosystem study: the annual metabolism and nutrient budgets of a salt marsh. Pages 491-511 in R. L. Jefferies and A. J. Davy, editors. Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments. Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Blackwell Scientic, Oxford, UK. Yap, H., A. Montebon, and R. Dizon.1994. Energy Flow and seasonality in a tropical coral reef flat. Marine Ecology Progress Series 103:35-43. Zak, D. R., D. Tilman, R. P. Parmenter, C. W. Rice, F. M. Fisher, J. Vose, D. Milchunas, and C. W. Martin. 1994. Plant production and soil microorganisms in late-successional ecosystems: a continental study. Ecology 75:2333-2347. Zieman, J. C., G. Thayer, M. Robblee, and R.Zieman. 1979. Production and export of seagrasses from a tropical bay. Pages 21-33 in R. J. Livingston, editor. Ecological Processes in Coastal and Marine Systems, Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA. Ziemann, D. A., P. K. Bienfag, K.W. Fulton-Bennett, W. Kottenmeier, and L.D. Conquest. 1993. Carbon budget for the spring bloom in Auke Bay, Alaska. Marine Biology 115:509-521.