Appendix C. A table showing mixed-effects model summaries for traits measured in the eight Asteraceae forbs, including effects of site type, population size, and ontogeny.
TABLE C1. Mixed-effects model (residual maximum-likelihood method) summaries for traits measured in eight Asteraceae forbs in their native and introduced ranges. These are the same data as in Table 3, but without the three-way interaction of A × R × S and with the inclusion of additional variables as covariables (see text). Degrees of freedom (df) are given as the numerator followed by denominator df.
Stem height |
(Log) capitulum number |
Seed size |
Capitulum seed mass |
|||||||||
Source |
df |
F |
P |
df |
F |
P |
df |
F |
P |
df |
F |
P |
Site type |
1,129 |
13.77 |
0.003 |
1,129 |
16.81 |
<0.001 |
1,119 |
0.11 |
0.743 |
1,107 |
0.49 |
0.487 |
Population size |
2,129 |
2.25 |
0.109 |
2,129 |
4.21 |
0.017 |
2,119 |
4.23 |
0.017 |
2,107 |
4.07 |
0.020 |
Ontogeny |
1,1287 |
0.71 |
0.400 |
1,1292 |
0.58 |
0.445 |
1,958 |
26.33 |
<0.001 |
1,752 |
44.25 |
<0.001 |
Region (R) |
1,5 |
4.07 |
0.100 |
1,5 |
9.17 |
0.029 |
1,5 |
0.21 |
0.664 |
1,5 |
0.80 |
0.413 |
Status (S) |
1,5 |
0.58 |
0.482 |
1,5 |
0.40 |
0.557 |
1,5 |
0.40 |
0.553 |
1,5 |
3.47 |
0.121 |
Altitude (A) |
1,129 |
29.13 |
<0.001 |
1,129 |
35.67 |
<0.001 |
1,119 |
33.34 |
<0.001 |
1,107 |
5.41 |
0.022 |
A × S |
1,129 |
<0.001 |
0.976 |
1,129 |
0.15 |
0.699 |
1,119 |
0.07 |
0.793 |
1,107 |
3.16 |
0.078 |
A × R |
1,129 |
31.77 |
<0.001 |
1,129 |
4.36 |
0.039 |
1,119 |
1.26 |
0.264 |
1,107 |
0.04 |
0.851 |