Perry de Valpine, Kim Cuddington, Martha F. Hoopes, and Julie L. Lockwood. 2008. Is spread of invasive species regulated? Using ecological theory to interpret statistical analysis. Ecology 89:2377–2383.

Appendix A. Technical note on testing random walk hypotheses, derivation of dynamics under "spread regulation" of new-site ratios, models used for simulated spread scenarios, and mathematical approximation showing approximate "spread regulation" expected slope of -1. Click here for a PDF file of the appendix.