Appendix A. Literature review for Littorina littorea (LL), L. saxatilis (LS), and L. obtusata (LO) documenting sample sizes and trematode species richness by site.
TABLE A1. For North America, sites are listed north to south. For Europe, sites are listed NW to SE (with the exceptions of Iceland sites, which are placed before Scandinavian sites, and United Kingdom sites, which are binned by country and then listed north to south). Following this are the number of snails sampled for each study, the number of infected snails for each study, the total species richness in the study, and the adjusted species richness (average + standard deviation) per site. Adjusted species richness is based upon Monte Carlo resampling standardized for sampling effort at 75 individuals (sites with less than 75 individuals are represented by an asterisk). The abbreviation "n.d." indicates "no data". References are presented below.
| Study site(s) | sampled (LL/LS/LO) |
snails (LL/LS/LO) |
(LL/LS/LO) |
(avg+stdev) (LL/LS/LO) |
||
| North America Sites | ||||||
| Newfoundland, Canada | LS | 780 | 184 | 2 | 1.17 (+0.84) / 1.97 (+1.26) | Threlfall and Goudie (1977) |
| Eastport and Roque Bluffs, ME, US | LL, LS, LO | 2040 / 1145 / 1645 | 96 / 482 / 304 | 2 / 6 / 7 | 1.17 (+0.84) / 4.10 (+1.38) / 4.00 (+1.31) | Pohley (1976) |
| Roque Bluffs, ME, US | LL | 651 | 1 | 1 | 0.12 (+0.10) | Pohley and Brown (1975) |
| Schoodic Peninsula, ME, US | LL | 109 | 13 | 1 | 1.17 (+0.84) | Gorman and Moring (1982) |
| Isles of Shoals, ME/NH, US | LL | 817 | 75 | 1 | 1.00 (+0.89) | Hoff (1941) |
| Nahant, MA and Wickford, RI, US | LL | 84 | 12 | 1 | 1.00 (+0.89) | Pechenik et al. (2001) |
| Woods Hole, MA, US | LS, LO | n.d. / n.d. | n.d. / n.d. | 2 / 3 | n.d. / n.d. | Stunkard (1970) |
| Woods Hole, MA, US | LL, LS, LO | n.d./ n.d. /n.d. | n.d./ n.d. /n.d. | 2 / 4 / 4 | n.d./ n.d. /n.d. | Stunkard (1983) |
| Woods Hole, MA, US | LL | 632 | 64 | 3 | 1.00 (+0.89) | Willey and Gross (1957) |
| Saunderstown, RI, US | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | Muller et al. (1999) |
| Long Island Sound, CT | LL | 2114 | 409 | 2 | 1.77 (+0.98) | Zavras and James (1979) |
| Europe Sites | ||||||
| White Sea, Russia | LS | n.d. | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | Arakelova et al. (2004) |
| Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russia | LS, LO | n.d. / n.d. | n.d. / n.d. | 1 / 1 | n.d. / n.d. | Gorbushin and Levakin (1999) |
| White Sea, Russia | LS, LO | 2658 / 4032 | 449 / 713 | 4 / 5 | 3.23 (+1.44) / 3.07 (+1.35) | Granovitch et al. (2000) |
| Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russia | LS | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | Kaliberdina and Granovich (2003) |
| White Sea, Russia | LO | n.d. | n.d. | 5 | n.d. | Sergievsky (1985) |
| White Sea, Russia | LS, LO | n.d. / n.d. | n.d. / n.d. | 4 / 4 | n.d. / n.d. | Segievsky et al. (1997) |
| White Sea, Russia | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | Tschubrik (1966) |
| White Sea, Russia | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | Zelikman (1951) |
| Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russia | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 4 | n.d. | Zelikman (1966) |
| North Iceland | LS, LO | 43 / 110 | 17 / 29 | 3 / 1 | * / 1.00 (+0.97) | Sannia and James (1977) |
| SW Iceland | LS, LO | 899 / 622 | 149 / 118 | 8 / 10 | 4.71 (+1.57) / 6.12 (+1.66) | Galaktionov and Skirnisson (2000) |
| SW Iceland | LO | 622 | 78 | 9 | 4.48 (+1.46) | Skirnisson and Galaktionov (2002) |
| Barents Sea Coast, Norway | LS, LO | 6307 / 5475 | 1543 / 821 | 4 / 3 | 2.79 (+1.45) / 1.86 (+1.24) | Bustnes and Galaktionov (1999) |
| Tromso, Norway | LS, LO | n.d. / 685 / 360 | n.d. / 139 / 41 | 1 / 4 / 4 | n.d. / 3.58 (+1.59) / 2.09 (+1.08) | Galaktionov and Bustnes (1995) |
| Swedish west coast | LL, LS, LO | 53 / 1682 / 261 | 19 / 106 / 31 | 5 / 8 / 3 | * / 2.60 (+1.07) / 2.62 (+1.37) | Granovitch and Johannesson (2000) |
| Northern Denmark coast | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | Mouritsen et al. (1999) |
| Kattegat, Baltic Sea | LL | 1382 | 158 | 5 | 2.30 (+1.21) | Lauckner (1984a) |
| List Tidal Basin, Wadden Sea, Germany/Denmark | LL | 1090 | 155 | 6 | 3.56 (+1.40) | Thieltges et al. (2006) |
| German and Danish coasts, Baltic Sea; German Bay, North Sea | LL | 46,569 | 14,221 | 6 | 3.50 (+1.35) | Lauckner (1980) |
| German Bay | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 6 | n.d. | Werding (1969) |
| Konigshafen, German North Sea | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 6 | n.d. | Lauckner (1984b) |
| Shetland Islands, Scotland, UK | LL, LS, LO | 470 / 287 / 262 | 80 / 151 / 76 | 4 / 9 / 6 | 2.28 (+1.16) / 5.41 (+1.50) / 3.24 (+1.29) | Williams and Ellis (1976) |
| Ythan Estuary, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK | LL | 800 | 135 | 5 | 2.35 (+1.26) | Huxham et al. (1993) |
| Muck Island, Scotland, UK | LS | 160 | 56 | 1 | 0.47 (+0.45) | McCarthy et al. (2000) |
| Edinburgh, Scotland, UK | LL | 2000 | 88 | 3 | 1.87 (+0.99) | Huxham et al. (2001) |
| Millport, Scotland, UK | LL, LS, LO | 190 / n.d. / n.d. | 1 / n.d. / n.d. | 3 / 1 / 1 | 0.39 (+0.38) / n.d. / n.d. | Lebour (1911) |
| Millport, Scotland, UK | LS | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | Lebour (1914) |
| Northumberland coast, England, UK | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | Lebour (1906) |
| Northumberland coast, England, UK | LS, LO | n.d. / n.d. | n.d. / n.d. | 1 / 1 | n.d. / n.d. | Lebour (1907) |
| British coast, UK | LS | n.d. | 1 | 7 | 3.23 (+1.44) | James (1969) |
| Yorkshire, England, UK | LL | 5878 | 2200 | 4 | 3.21 (+1.45) | Robson and Williams (1970) |
| Yorkshire, England, UK | LL | 637 | 367 | 4 | 3.17 (+1.43) | Robson and Williams (1971a) |
| Yorkshire, England, UK | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 4 | n.d. | Robson and Williams (1971b) |
| Yorkshire, England, UK | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 2 | n.d. | Williams and Ellis (1975) |
| Whitstable, England, UK | LS | n.d. | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | Berry (1961) |
| Kent, England, UK | LS | 2571 | 184 | 1 | 1.00 (+0.96) | Berry (1962) |
| Southampton, England, UK | LL | 800 | 301 | 3 | 3.00 (+1.48) | Watts (1971) |
| Isles of Scilly, England, UK | LS | 403 | 127 | 6 | 5.03 (+1.68) | Newell (1986) |
| Coastal regions, Wales, UK | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 6 | n.d. | Rees (1935) |
| Anglesey, Wales, UK | LS | 226 | 42 | 1 | 1.00 (+0.97) | Elner and Raffaelli (1980) |
| Bangor, Wales, UK | LL | 1255 | 492 | 4 | 3.12 (+1.46) | Hughes and Answer (1982) |
| West Wales, UK | LO | 200 | 31 | 6 | 3.41 (+1.36) | Williams and Brailsford (1990) |
| Cardigan Bay, Wales, UK | LL, LS, LO | 6165 / n.d. / 3094 | 297 / n.d. / 423 | 6 / 1 / 3 | 2.48 (+0.88) / n.d. / 1.07 (+0.97) | James (1968b) |
| Aberyswyth, Wales, UK | LS, LO | 4009 / 523 | 1093 / 383 | 2 / 2 | 1.00 (+0.97) / 1.00 (+0.97) | James (1965) |
| Aberystwyth, Wales, UK | LS | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | Popiel (1976) |
| Aberystwyth, Wales, UK | LL, LS, LO | 770 / n.d. / n.d. | 32 / n.d. / n.d. | 2 / 6 / 1 | 1.06 (+0.91) / n.d. / n.d. | Rees (1936a) |
| Aberystwyth, Wales, UK | LL | 2000 | 2 | 1 | 0.07 (+0.07) | Rees (1936b) |
| Aberystwyth, Wales, UK | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 2 | n.d. | Thomas (1974) |
| Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK | LL, LS, LO | n.d. / n.d. / n.d. | n.d. / n.d. / n.d. | 3 / 9 / 6 | n.d. / n.d. / n.d. | James (1968a) |
| Isle of Man | LO | 200 | 39 | 7 | 5.59 (+1.62) | Williams and Brailsford (1998) |
| North Irish coast | LS | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | McCarthy et al. (2002) |
| Strangford Lough, Ireland | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | Moore and Halton (1977) |
| Portavogie, Ireland | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 3 | n.d. | Pan et al. (1994) |
| Belfast Lough, Ireland | LS | 350 | 203 | 4 | 3.37 (+1.55) | Irwin (1983) |
| Belfast, Ireland | LL, LS, LO | 401 / 106 / 106 | 239 / 54 / 28 | 2 / 4 / 1 | 1.92 (+1.23) / 3.41 (+1.52) / 1.00 (+0.97) | Matthews et al. (1985) |
| Roscoff, France | LS | 1760 | 714 | 9 | 2.79 (+1.29) | Combescot-Lang (1976) |
| Roscoff, France | LL, LS, LO | n.d. / n.d. / n.d. | n.d. / n.d. / n.d. | 3 / 2 / 1 | n.d. / n.d. / n.d. | Stunkard (1931) |
| French coast | LS | n.d. | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | Richard (1976) |
| Bassin d'Arcachon, France | LL | n.d. | n.d. | 2 | n.d. | Lespes (1857) |
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