Ecological Archives E089-053-A2

Sunshine A. Van Bael, Stacy M. Philpott, Russell Greenberg, Peter Bichier, Nicholas A. Barber, Kailen A. Mooney, and Daniel S. Gruner. 2008. Birds as predators in tropical agroforestry systems. Ecology 89:928–934.

Appendix B. A table describing bird exclosure studies included in meta-analysis.

Study number	Authors	Pubyear	Citation	Strata	Habitat	Habitat description	Location	Duration (days)	Area (m²) experimental unit
SMP020	Borkhataria et al.	2006	Ecol Appl 16:696–703	understory	agroforest	agricultural_commercial_polyculture_coffee	Puerto Rico	138	50
RSG001	Greenberg and Ortiz	1994	Auk 111:672–682	canopy and understory	agroforest	tree patch in Pasture understory	Mexico	990	0.5
RSG003	Greenberg et al.	2000	Ecology 81:1750–1755	understory	agroforest	coffee farm Inga	Guatemala	––	0.5
RSG005	Greenberg et al.	2000	Ecology 81:1750–1755	understory	agroforest	shade coffee	Guatemala	––	10
SMP003	Perfecto et al.	manuscript	manuscript	understory	agroforest	agricultural_traditional_polyculture_coffee	Chiapas – Mexico	730	80
SMP004	Perfecto et al.	manuscript	manuscript	understory	agroforest	agricultural_commercial_polyculture_1_coffee	Chiapas – Mexico	730	80
SMP005	Perfecto et al.	manuscript	manuscript	understory	agroforest	agricultural_commercial_polyculture_2_coffee	Chiapas – Mexico	730	80
SMP006	Perfecto et al.	manuscript	manuscript	understory	agroforest	agricultural_shade_monoculture_coffee	Chiapas – Mexico	730	80
SMP001	Philpott et al.	2004	Oecologia 140:140–149	canopy	agroforest	agricultural_commercial_polyculture_coffee	Chiapas – Mexico	62	1
SMP002	Philpott et al.	2004	Oecologia 140:140–149	canopy	agroforest	agricultural_commercial_polyculture_coffee	Chiapas – Mexico	75	1
SAV001	Van Bael et al.	manuscript	manuscript	understory	agroforest	agricultural_shade_polyculture_cacao	Bocas del Toro – Panama	380	36
SAV011	Askenmo et al.	1977	Oikos 28:90–94	canopy	forest	Coniferous forest	Sweden	150	0.25
SAV006	Atlegrim	1989	Oecologia 79:136–139	canopy	forest	boreal forest	Umea – Sweden	75	2
SAV007	Boege and Marquis	manuscript	submitted Oikos	canopy	forest	tropical deciduous forest canopy trees	Jalisco – Mexico	120	3
SAV008	Boege and Marquis	manuscript	submitted Oikos	understory	forest	tropical deciduous forest understory saplings	Jalisco – Mexico	120	1
SAV009	Forkner and Hunter	2000	Ecology 84:1588–1600	canopy	forest	early successional oak plantation and oldfield	Georgia – USA	180	1
SAV010	Forkner and Hunter	2000	Ecology 84:1588–1600	canopy	forest	early successional oak plantation and oldfield	Georgia – USA	180	1
SAV012	Gunnarsson	1996	JAE 65: 389–397	canopy	forest	Coniferous forest	Sweden	150	0.25
SAV013	Gunnarsson	1996	JAE 65: 389–397	canopy	forest	Coniferous forest	Sweden	330	0.25
SAV014	Gunnarsson	1996	JAE 65: 389–397	canopy	forest	Coniferous forest	Sweden	515	0.25
SAV015	Gunnarsson	1996	JAE 65: 389–397	canopy	forest	Coniferous forest	Sweden	700	0.25
SAV016	Gunnarsson and Hake	1999	Can J. Zoo. 77:1419–1428	canopy	forest	canopy of park trees DES birch	Sweden	119	2
SAV017	Gunnarsson and Hake	1999	Can J. Zoo. 77:1419–1428	canopy	forest	canopy of park trees SSK birch	Sweden	119	2
SAV018	Gunnarsson and Hake	1999	Can J. Zoo. 77:1419–1428	canopy	forest	canopy of park trees RUD birch	Sweden	119	2
SAV019	Gunnarsson and Hake	1999	Can J. Zoo. 77:1419–1428	canopy	forest	canopy of park trees DES oak	Sweden	119	2
SAV020	Gunnarsson and Hake	1999	Can J. Zoo. 77:1419–1428	canopy	forest	canopy of park trees SSK oak	Sweden	119	2
SAV021	Gunnarsson and Hake	1999	Can J. Zoo. 77:1419–1428	canopy	forest	canopy of park trees BOT oak	Sweden	119	2
RSG006	Holmes et al.	1979	Science 206:462–463	understory	forest	harwood forest; Acer pensylvanicum	New England	––	20
SMP014	Lichtenberg and Lichtenberg	2002	Am Midl Nat 148: 338–349	understory	forest	forest	Arkansas	141	1
SMP016	Lichtenberg and Lichtenberg	2002	Am Midl Nat 148: 338–349	understory	forest	forest	Arkansas	141	1
SMP011	Marquis and Whelan	1994	Ecology 75: 2007–2014	canopy	forest	forest	Missouri Ozarks	153	1
KAM003	Mazia et al.	2004	Ecography 27:29–40	canopy	forest	forest	Argentina – xeric	––	0.8
KAM004	Mazia et al.	2004	Ecography 27:29–40	canopy	forest	forest	Argentina – hydric	––	0.8
KAM006	Mooney	2007	Ecology (in press)	canopy	forest	forest	Manitou Experimental Forest – CO	––	6
KAM007	Mooney	2007	Ecology (in press)	canopy	forest	forest	Manitou Experimental Forest – CO	––	6
KAM001	Mooney and Linhart	2006	J. Animal Ecology 75:350–357	canopy	forest	forest	Manitou Experimental Forest – CO	1095	4
KAM002	Murakami and Nakano	2000	Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267:1597–1601	canopy	forest	forest	Japan	52	225
KAM008	Murakami and Nakano	2002	Ecology Letters 5:333–337	canopy	forest	forest	Tomakomai experimental forest – Hokkaido – Japan	23	3.14
KAM009	Murakami and Nakano	2002	Ecology Letters 5:333–337	canopy	forest	forest	Tomakomai experimental forest – Hokkaido – Japan	23	3.14
NAB002	Strengbom et al.	2005	Oecologia 143:241–250	understory	forest	forest	Sweden	1095	4
DSG201	Strong et al.	2000	Oecologia 125:370–379	canopy	forest	forest	Hubbard Brook	760	10
DSG202	Torgerson and Campbell	1982	Environmental Entomology 11:429–431	canopy	forest	canopy pine forest	USA – WA – Robinson Creek	35	0.75
DSG203	Torgerson and Campbell	1982	Environmental Entomology 11:429–431	canopy	forest	canopy pine forest	USA – WA – Twisp River	35	0.75
DSG204	Torgerson and Campbell	1982	Environmental Entomology 11:429–431	canopy	forest	canopy pine forest	USA – WA – Bill Smith Place	35	0.75
SAV002	Van Bael and Brawn	2005	Oecologia 145:658–668	canopy	forest	wet tropical forest canopy	San Lorenzo – Panama	––	1
SAV004	Van Bael and Brawn	2005	Oecologia 145:658–668	understory	forest	wet tropical forest understory	San Lorenzo – Panama	––	1
SAV003	Van Bael and Brawn	2005	Oecologia 145:658–668	canopy	forest	seasonally dry tropical forest canopy	Panama City – Panama	––	1
SAV005	Van Bael and Brawn	2005	Oecologia 145:658–668	understory	forest	seasonally dry tropical forest understory	Panama City – Panama	––	1
RSG004	Greenberg et al.	2000	Ecology 81:1750–1755	understory	monoculture	sun coffee	Guatemala	––	10

LITERATURE CITED

Atlegrim, O. 1989. Exclusion of birds from bilberry stands: impact on insect larval density and damage to the bilberry. Oecologia 79:136–139.

Askenmo, C., A. von Bromssen, J. Ekman, and C. Jansson. 1977. Impact of some wintering birds on spider abundance in spruce. Oikos 28:90–94.

Borkhataria, R. R., C. A. Collazo, and M. J. Groom. 2006. Additive effects of vertebrate predators on insects in a Puerto Rican coffee plantation. Ecological Applications 16:696–703.

Forkner, R. E., and M. D. Hunter. 2000. What goes up must come down? Nutrient addition and predation pressure on oak herbivores. Ecology 81:1588–1600.

Greenberg, R., and J. S. Ortiz. 1994. Interspecific defense of pasture trees by wintering Yellow Warblers. Auk 111:672–682.

Greenberg, R., P. Bichier, A. C. Angon, C. MacVean, R. Perez, and E. Cano. 2000. The impact of avian insectivory on arthropods and leaf damage in some Guatamalan coffee plantations. Ecology 81:1750–1755.

Gunnarsson, B. 1996. Bird predation and vegetation structure affecting spruce–living arthropods in a temperate forest. Journal of Animal Ecology 65:389–397.

Gunnarsson, B., and M. Hake. 1999. Bird predation affects canopy–living arthropods in city parks. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1419–1428.

Holmes, R. T., J. C. Schultz, and P. Nothnagle. 1979. Bird predation on forest insects: an exclosure experiment. Science 206:462–463.

Lichtenberg, J. S., and D. A. Lichtenberg. 2002. Weak trophic interactions among birds, insects and white oak saplings (Quercus alba). American Midland Naturalist 148:338–349.

Marquis, R. J., and C. J. Whelan. 1994. Insectivorous birds increase growth of white oak through consumption of leaf–chewing insects. Ecology 75:2007–2014.

Mazia, C. N., T. Kitzberger, and J. Chaneton. 2004. Interannual changes in folivory and bird insectivory along a natural productivity gradient in northern Patagonia forests. Ecography 27:29–40.

Mooney, K. A. 2007. Tritrophic effects of birds and ants on a canopy food web, tree growth and phytochemistry. Ecology (in press).

Mooney, K. A., and Y. B. Linhart. 2006. Contrasting cascades: insectivorous birds increase pine but not parasitic mistletoe growth. Journal of Animal Ecology 75:350–357.

Murakami, M., and S. Nakano. 2000. Species–specific bird functions in a forest–canopy food web. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267:1597–1601.

Murakami, M., and S. Nakano. 2002. Indirect effects of aquatic insect emergence on a terrestrial insect population through by bird predation. Ecology Letters 5:333–337.

Philpott, S. M., R. Greenberg, P. Bichier, and I. Perfecto. 2004. Impacts of major predators on tropical agroforest arthropods: comparisons within and across taxa. Oecologia 140:140–149.

Strengbom J., J. Witzell, A. Nordin, and L. Ericson. 2005. Do multitrophic interactions override N fertilization effects on Operophtera larvae? Oecologia 143:241–250

Strong, A. M., T. W. Sherry, and R. T. Holmes. 2000. Bird predation on herbivorous insects: indirect effects on sugar maple seedlings. Oecologia 125:370–379.

Torgerson, T. R., and R. W. Campbell. 1982. Some effects of avian predators on the western spruce budworm in North Central Washington. Environmental Entomology 11:429–431.

Van Bael S. A., and J. D. Brawn. 2005. The direct and indirect effects of insectivory by birds in two contrasting Neotropical forests. Oecologia 143:106–116.

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