Ecological Archives E089-003-A1

William F. Morris, Catherine A. Pfister, Shripad Tuljapurkar, Chirrakal V. Haridas, Carol L. Boggs, Mark S. Boyce, Emilio M. Bruna, Don R. Church, Tim Coulson, Daniel F. Doak, Stacey Forsyth, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Carol C. Horvitz, Susan Kalisz, Bruce E. Kendall, Tiffany M. Knight, Charlotte T. Lee, and Eric S. Menges. 2008. Longevity can buffer plant and animal populations against changing climatic variability. Ecology 89:19–25.

Appendix A. Descriptions of the demographic studies used in the analysis.

PLANTS:

Species	Higher-level taxon	Study location and habitat	No. of variable vital rates¹	No. of life stages	No. of estimates per vital rate	Environment	Longevity	Reference
Alaria nana	Alga	Washington, USA/intertidal	9	3	4	IID	Short	Pfister and Wang (2005)
Ardisia escallonioides	Dicotyledonae	Florida, USA/woodland	36 (2)	8	7	Markov²	Long	Pascarella and Horvitz (1998)
Ardisia elliptica	Dicotyledonae	Florida, USA/woodland	15 (7)	8	3	Markov³	Long	Koop and Horvitz (2005)
Argyroxyphium sandwicense(Maui silversword)	Dicotyledonae	Hawaii, USA/montane	18	7	17	IID	Long	Forsyth (2002)
Calathea ovandensis	Dicotyledonae	Mexico/woodland	41 (3)	8	4	Markov⁴	Long	Horvitz and Schemske (1995)
Collinsia verna (Blue-eyed Mary)	Dicotyledonae	Illinois/woodland	6 (2)	8	3	IID	Short	Kalisz (1991), Kalisz and McPeek (1992)
Dicerandra frutescens	Dicotyledonae	Florida, USA/scrub	26 (2)	6	59	Markov⁵	Long	Menges et al. (2006)
Eriogonum longifolium	Dicotyledonae	Florida, USA/scrub	19¹²	5	58	Markov⁵	Long	Satterthwaite et al. (2002)
Eryngium capitatum	Dicotyle-donae	Florida, USA/woodland	25 (2)	6	73	Markov⁵	Long	Menges and Quintana-Ascencio (2004)
Heliconia acuminata	Monocoty-ledonae	Brazil/tropical rainforest	31 (1)	6	5	IID	Long	Bruna (2003), Bruna and Oli (2005)
Hudsonia montana (Mountain golden heather)	Dicotyle-donae	North Carolina, USA/cliff edges	19 (2)	6	4	Markov⁶	Long	Frost (1990), Gross et al. (1998)
Pleurophycus gardneri	Alga	Washington, USA/intertidal	10	3	7⁹	IID	Long	C. Pfister, unpublished data
Postelsia palmaeformis (Sea palm)	Alga	Washington, USA/intertidal	8	3	5	IID	Short	C. Pfister, unpublished data
Silene acaulis (Moss campion)	Dicotyle-donae	Alaska, USA/alpine tundra	49 (5)	12	5	IID	Long	Morris and Doak (2005)
Trillium grandiflorum	Monocotyle-donae	Pennsylvania/ USA woodland	14 (1)	6	4	IID	Long	Kalisz et al. (2001), Knight (2004)

ANIMALS:

Species	Higher-level taxon	Study location and habitat	No. variable vital rates¹	No.stages	No. estimates per vital rate	Environment	Longevity	Reference
Ambystoma tigrinum	Amphibia	Virginia/ponds	76 (53)^{10, 13}	12	4	IID	Long	Church (2004)
Andraca bipunctata	Insecta: Lepidoptera	N.E. India/tea plantation	8	1	10¹¹	IID	Short	Banerjee (1979)
Bupalis piniarius	Insecta: Lepidoptera	Netherlands/woodland	5	1	15	IID	Short	Klomp (1966)
Calidris pusilla (semipalmated sandpiper)	Aves	Canada/tundra	4 (3)	3	6⁹	IID	Long	Hitchcock and Gratto-Trevor (1997)
Capreolus capreolus (Roe deer)	Mammalia	France/woodland	7 (1)	4	14	IID	Long	Gaillard et al. (1993, 1997)
Cervus elaphus (Elk)	Mammalia	Wyoming, USA/grassland	8	5	23	Markov⁷	Long	Varley and Boyce (2006)
Cervus elaphus (Red deer)	Mammalia	Scotland/heath	10	5	27	Markov⁷	Long	Coulson et al. (1997)
Colias alexandra	Insecta: Lepidoptera	Colorado, USA/grassland	7	1	5	IID	Short	Hayes (1981)
Euphydryas gillettii	Insecta: Lepidoptera	Colorado, USA/alpine meadows	5	1	6	IID	Short	C. Boggs, unpublished data
Grus americana (Whooping crane)	Aves	Texas, USA/open fields	3	3	64	IID	Long	Boyce et al. (2005)
Leptidea sinapis	Insecta: Lepidoptera	England/woodland	7	1	6⁹	IID	Short	Warren et al. (1986)
Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Insecta: Coleoptera	Ontario, Canada/oldfield	7	1	6	IID	Short	Harcourt (1971)
Leptohylemyia coarctata	Insecta: Diptera	England/oldfield	3	1	8	IID	Short	Bardner et al. (1973)
Mesopsocus immunis	Insecta: Psocoptera	England/tree plantation	4	1	4	IID	Short	Broadhead and Wapshere (1966)
Mesopsocus unipunctatus	Insecta: Psocoptera	England/tree plantation	4	1	4	IID	Short	Broadhead and Wapshere (1966)
Oreamnos americanus (Mountain goat)	Mammalia	Canada/alpine meadows	8 (1)	6	11	IID	Long	Festa-Bianchet et al. (1994, 2003)
Ovis aries (Soay sheep)	Mammalia	Scotland/heath	7	3	18	Markov⁸	Long	Coulson et al. (2001)
Ovis canadensis (Bighorn sheep)	Mammalia	Canada/alpine meadows	5	3	16	IID	Long	Festa-Bianchet et al. (1995), Jorgenson et al. (1997)
Rangifer tarandus (Reindeer)	Mammalia	Norway/woodland	3 (2)	3	8	IID	Long	Milner et al. (2003)
Scolytus ventralis	Insecta: Coleoptera	Idaho, USA/mixed fir stands	3	1	5	IID	Short	Berryman (1973)
Tyria jacobaeae	Insecta: Lepidoptera	England/heath	6	1	5	IID	Short	Dempster (1971)

¹Number of non-varying vital rates in parentheses. In 14 of the 36 studies, a subset of the vital rates were either found to show no significant variation from year to year, or were not measured every year, typically for logistical reasons (for example, many demographic studies of plants do not measure survival of seeds in the soil every year). Although we used these constant vital rates (along with variable rates) to construct annual projection matrices, we did not include their elasticities in our analysis.

² Based on time since last hurricane; multiple locations used to estimate sequence of vital rates following hurricane; standard deviation elasticity computed by perturbing vital rates around the phase-specific means at each phase of the disturbance/recovery cycle.

³ Based on annual rainfall; standard deviation elasticity computed by perturbing vital rates about their overall means.

⁴ Based on El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO); standard deviation elasticity computed by perturbing vital rates about their overall means, because multiple estimates of vital rates at each ENSO phase were not available.

⁵ Based on time since last fire; multiple locations used to estimate sequence of vital rates following fire; standard deviation elasticity computed by perturbing vital rates around the phase-specific means at each phase of the fire cycle.

⁶ Based on time since last fire; controlled burn used to estimate vital rates vs. time since fire; standard deviation elasticity computed by perturbing vital rates around the phase-specific means at each phase of the fire cycle.

⁷ Based on sequence of years defined by overall population density. Environmental states were defined by quantiles of the observed distribution of total population density, and the observed temporal sequence of densities was used to estimate state transition probabilities. Standard deviation elasticities were computed by perturbing vital rates around the phase-specific means at each density phase.

⁸ Based on sequence of lamb survival probability (an index of density). Environmental states were defined by low, medium, or high lamb survival, and the observed temporal sequence of lamb survival probabilities was used to estimate state transition probabilities. Standard deviation elasticities were computed by perturbing vital rates around the phase-specific means at each density phase.

⁹ Mean values used for some vital rates in some years.

¹⁰Includes pond-specific vital rates for males and females, plus dispersal rates among ponds.

¹¹Number of generations (4 generations/year in non-seasonal tropical environment).

¹² Probability of entering adult dormancy was treated as a reversion rate.

¹³ Probability of skipping breeding was treated as a reversion rate.

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