Appendix C. Understory variables measured inside and outside livestock exclosures at five sites in northern Arizona in 1941 and 2004.
TABLE C1. Species density (number of species per 15.24 m (50 ft) line) and herbaceous plant density (number of plants per line) inside and outside livestock exclosures at five sites† in northern Arizona in 1941 and 2004. For each site, the mean ± SD and minimum-maximum values are presented for grazing treatment, as well as the P value for a Wilcoxon test for differences between grazing treatments. Note that these data are untransformed, whereas those in Fig. 5 are back-transformed to original units.
Grazing trt |
BF |
BS‡ |
FP |
RT‡ |
RL |
|
1941 Species density |
||||||
In |
6.4±2.0; 2-15 |
10.4±2.4; 5-16 |
10.0±3.1; 2-17 |
7.8±2.5; 3-12 |
12.1±3.0; 4-17 |
|
Out |
7.5±2.7; 3-14 |
7.4±2.6; 1-13 |
10.4±2.5; 4-17 |
7.0±2.8; 4-16 |
8.3±2.5; 3-13 |
|
P |
0.206 |
<0.001 |
0.616 |
0.148 |
<0.001 |
|
2004 Species density |
||||||
In |
4.0±2.7; 0-14 |
6.3±3.3; 1-15 |
6.6±3.0; 2-13 |
|||
Out |
4.2±1.6; 1-8 |
9.8±3.7; 1-17 |
7.3±2.6; 3-13 |
|||
P |
0.454 |
<0.001 |
0.029 |
|||
1941 Herbaceous plant density |
||||||
In |
34.3±18.1; 4-76 |
42.7±14.6; 25-96 |
53.5±37.0; 8-194 |
41.4±10.9; 25-62 |
39.0±17.0; 4-73 |
|
Out |
42.1±15.3; 14-77 |
28.7±17.5; 2-75 |
62.5±45.2; 16-225 |
27.4±12.2; 10-49 |
28.4±14.4; 6-62 |
|
P |
0.006 |
<0.001 |
0.394 |
0.001 |
0.003 |
|
2004 Herbaceous plant density |
||||||
In |
17.1±18.5; 0-103 |
33.0±33.3; 2-176 |
17.6±12.7; 2-52 |
|||
Out |
34.9±18.1; 4-97 |
58.9±50.7; 2-301 |
32.0±16.0; 8-71 |
|||
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|||
† Site codes: BF = Big Fill; BS = Black Springs; FP = Fry Park; RT = Reese Tank; RL = Rogers Lake.
‡ Not recently grazed by livestock, so omitted from 2004 understory analyses. See Table 1 in text for more details of land-use history.
TABLE C2. Shrub cover (%) and total herbaceous plant cover (%) inside and outside livestock exclosures at five sites† in northern Arizona in 1941 and 2004. For each site, the mean ± SD and minimum-maximum values are presented for grazing treatment, as well as the P value for a Wilcoxon test for differences between grazing treatments. Note that these data are untransformed, whereas those in Fig. 5 are back-transformed to original units.
Grazing trt |
BF |
BS‡ |
FP |
RT‡ |
RL |
|
1941 Shrub cover |
||||||
In |
0.79±1.94; 0-12.40 |
0.07±0.42; 0-2.64 |
0.55±1.98; 0-13.20 |
0.00±0.01; 0-0.04 |
6.68±9.69; 0-41.10 |
|
Out |
3.39±3.80; 0-17.10 |
0.00±0.01; 0-0.04 |
0.01±0.11; 0-1.00 |
0.06±0.23; 0-1.00 |
0.28±0.69; 0-3.52 |
|
P |
<0.001 |
0.999 |
0.044 |
0.534 |
<0.001 |
|
2004 Shrub cover |
||||||
In |
0.18±0.42; 0-1.87 |
0.05±0.25; 0-1.77 |
4.86±6.86; 0-24.64 |
|||
Out |
0.25±0.76; 0-5.13 |
0.01±0.06; 0-0.36 |
0.00±0.02; 0-0.13 |
|||
P |
0.968 |
1.000 |
<0.001 |
|||
1941 Total herbaceous plant cover |
||||||
In |
3.55±2.18; 0.24-8.10 |
3.78±1.83; 1.06-9.58 |
4.89±3.17; 0.68-13.66 |
3.39±1.09; 2.04-6.08 |
2.86±1.67; 0.10-8.32 |
|
Out |
4.91±2.26; 1.14-11.74 |
3.67±2.72; 0.08-9.78 |
5.61±5.17; 0.58-24.04 |
2.52±1.04; 0.82-4.38 |
1.81±1.28; 0.16-4.88 |
|
P |
<0.001 |
0.590 |
0.441 |
0.029 |
0.002 |
|
2004 Total herbaceous plant cover |
||||||
In |
0.94±1.08; 0-4.45 |
2.10±2.70; 0.03-14.44 |
0.56±0.47; 0.03-1.80 |
|||
Out |
2.47±1.79; 0.08-7.68 |
2.84±2.80; 0.05-12.14 |
2.41±1.64; 0.49-7.73 |
|||
P |
<0.001 |
0.018 |
<0.001 |
|||
† Site codes: BF = Big Fill; BS = Black Springs; FP = Fry Park; RT = Reese Tank; RL = Rogers Lake.
‡ Not recently grazed by livestock, so omitted from 2004 understory analyses. See Table 1 in text for more details of land-use history.
TABLE C3. Graminoid and forb cover (%) inside and outside livestock exclosures at five sites† in northern Arizona in 1941 and 2004. For each site, the mean ± SD and minimum-maximum values are presented for grazing treatment, as well as the P value for a Wilcoxon test for differences between grazing treatments. Note that these data are untransformed, whereas those in Fig. 5 are back-transformed to original units.
Grazing trt |
BF |
BS‡ |
FP |
RT‡ |
RL |
|
1941 Graminoid cover |
||||||
In |
3.37±2.18; 0.08-7.78 |
2.96±1.69; 0.64-8.92 |
3.68±2.26; 0-11.20 |
3.10±1.16; 1.70-5.88 |
1.65±1.42; 0-6.66 |
|
Out |
4.65±2.20; 1.12-11.72 |
1.14±1.19; 0.04-5.14 |
1.35±1.45; 0.18-8.44 |
2.35±1.04; 0.48-4.36 |
0.48±0.29; 0.10-1.20 |
|
P |
0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.072 |
<0.001 |
|
2004 Graminoid cover |
||||||
In |
0.86±1.03; 0-4.38 |
1.92±2.51; 0.02-13.50 |
0.39±0.37; 0.02-1.69 |
|||
Out |
2.40±1.78; 0.05-7.51 |
1.89±1.69; 0-8.35 |
2.05±1.49; 0.49-6.92 |
|||
P |
<0.001 |
0.269 |
<0.001 |
|||
1941 Forb cover |
||||||
In |
0.18±0.17; 0-0.70 |
0.82±0.53; 0.14-2.72 |
1.21±1.39; 0.06-6.92 |
0.29±0.18; 0-0.70 |
1.22±0.86; 0.08-3.92 |
|
Out |
0.26±0.21; 0-1.14 |
2.54±2.25; 0-7.80 |
4.26±4.19; 0.08-15.90 |
0.17±0.15; 0.02-0.58 |
1.33±1.18; 0.06-4.52 |
|
P |
0.002 |
0.002 |
<0.001 |
0.018 |
0.885 |
|
2004 Forb cover |
||||||
In |
0.07±0.11; 0-0.57 |
0.19±0.26; 0-1.23 |
0.18±0.18; 0-0.69 |
|||
Out |
0.08±0.10; 0-0.52 |
0.95±1.50; 0-7.41 |
0.37±0.31; 0-1.05 |
|||
P |
0.241 |
<0.001 |
0.006 |
|||
† Site codes: BF = Big Fill; BS = Black Springs; FP = Fry Park; RT = Reese Tank; RL = Rogers Lake.
‡ Not recently grazed by livestock, so omitted from 2004 understory analyses. See Table 1 in text for more details of land-use history.