Marc T. J. Johnson and Anurag A. Agrawal. 2005. Plant genotype and environment interact to shape a diverse arthropod community on evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Ecology 86:874–885.

Appendix E (Table E1). A review of common garden studies examining how arthropod abundance and density is affected by plant genotype, environment, and their interaction at multiple spatial scales.

	<100 m		100 m – 1 km		1 km – 10 km		10 km – 100 km		>100 km
	R2	Cases	R2	Cases	R2	Cases	R2	Cases	R2	Cases
Genotype	8.5	24 (92)	10.5	2 (100)	9.8	5 (42)	8.4	2 (13)	9.5	1 (50)
Environment	8.4	17 (63)	7.5	1 (50)	31.8	6 (50)	32.0	11 (69)	21.0	2 (100)
G × E	3.6	7 (30)	3.0	1 (50)	8.3	2 (17)	8.0	2 (13)	6.5	2 (100)
n	18†	27‡	2	2	3	12	1	16	2	2

   Notes: Using published ANOVA tables and additional results provided by authors, we calculated the mean total variation explained by each effect using the coefficient of variation (R²). We also counted the number of cases where there was a statistically significant effect (P < 0.05) of genotype, environment, or genotype by environment interaction (G × E) on arthropod abundance or density. The percentage of significant cases is provided in parentheses. We reviewed eleven studies^§ that looked at 40 unique plant-herbivore interactions in 58 independent experiments. The spatial scale was determined as maximum distance between gardens or spatial blocks in a study.  

† n = 15 for G × E.

^‡ n = 23 for G × E.

§ Studies reviewed: Maddox and Root 1987, Fritz and Price 1988, Fritz 1990, Strauss 1990, Stiling 1994, Quiring and Butterworth 1994, Stiling and Rossi 1995, Stiling and Rossi 1996, Rossi and Stiling 1998, Stiling and Bowdish 2000, Ylioja 2000.

LITERATURE CITED

Fritz, R. S. 1990. Effects of genetic and environmental variation on resistance of willow to sawflies. Oecologia 82:325–332.

Fritz, R. S., and P. W. Price. 1988. Genetic variation among plants and insect community structure: willows and sawflies. Ecology 69:845–856.

Maddox, G. D., and R. B. Root. 1987. Resistance to 16 diverse species of herbivorous insects within a population of goldenrod, Solidago altissima:  genetic variation and heritability. Oecologia 72:8–14.

Quiring, D. T., and E. W. Butterworth. 1994. Genotype and environment interact to influence acceptability and suitability of white spruce for a specialist herbivore, Zeiraphera canadensis. Ecological Entomology 19:230–238.

Rossi, A. M., and P. Stiling. 1998. The interactions of plant clone and abiotic factors on a gall-making midge. Oecologia 116:170–176.

Stiling, P. 1994. Coastal insect herbivore populations are strongly influenced by environmental variation. Ecological Entomology 19:39–44.

Stiling, P., and T. I. Bowdish. 2000. Direct and indirect effects of plant clone and local environment on herbivore abundance. Ecology 81:281–285.

Stiling, P., and A. M. Rossi. 1995. Coastal insect herbivore communities are affected more by local environmental conditions than by plant genotype. Ecological Entomology 20:184–190.

Stiling, P., and A. M. Rossi. 1996. Complex effects of genotype and environment on insect herbivores and their enemies. Ecology 77:2212–2218.

Strauss, S. Y. 1990. The role of plant genotype, environment and gender in resistance to a specialist Chrysomelid herbivore. Oecologia 84:111–116.

Ylioja, T., H. Roinen, J. Heinonen, and M. Rousi. 2000. Susceptibility of Betula pendula clones to Phytobia betulae, a dipteran miner of birch stems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30:1824–1829.