Lisa A. Schulte and David J. Mladenoff. 2005. Severe wind and fire regimes in northern forests: historical variability at the regional scale. Ecology 86:431–445.

Appendix B (Table B1). Climate, landform, and soil characteristics of landscapes within northern Wisconsin. Landscapes are derived from subsections, one level of ecoregion patterning within the hierarchical USDA Forest Service Vegetation Classification (Albert 1995, Keys et al. 1995, WDNR 1999).

Landscape	Climate	Landform	Soils
Green Bay Till Plain (Hb)	Climate somewhat influenced by L. Michigan; moderate snow	Undulating till plain underlain by limestone dolomite bedrock	Rocky, podzolized pink sandy loams interspersed with peat and muck
Green Bay Lake Plain (Hc)	Climate somewhat influenced by L. Michigan; longer growing season	Flat plain of lacustrine clays	Leached red calcareous clays
Manitowoc Till Plain (Hd)	Climate influenced by L. Michigan; longest growing season in the study area	Flat to rolling till plain of clayey ground and end moraines	Leached red calcareous clays
Door/Escanaba Peninsulas (He)	Climate heavily moderated by L. Michigan & Green Bay, longer growing season	Various landforms of lacustrine origin underlain by limestone and dolomite	Diverse sandy to loamy soils, calcareous and poorly drained where bedrock near surface
Lake Superior Islands (Ia)	L. Superior climate; cooler in summer and warmer in winter than mainland	Glacial lake plain and ice scour	Leached calcareous silt and clay; peat extensive in wetlands
Lake Superior Clay Plain (Ja)	Climate heavily moderated by L. Superior; moderate snow	Glacial lake plain and water-reworked moraine	Leached calcareous red loams and clays; peat extensive in wetlands
Gogebic-Penokee Iron Range(Jb)	Continental climate; shortest growing season in the study area	Thin glacial till over volcanic bedrock ridge	Red loams and sandy loams
WinegarMoraines (Jc)	Continental climate; shorter growing season	Ice stagnated features with steep ridges, kettle lakes, and wetlands	Acidic, rocky, red sandy loam or loamy sand with fragipans common; peat extensive in wetlands
St. Croix Moraine (Jd)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Stagnation and end moraine	Neutral sandy loam, small inclusions of peat
Northwest Loess Plain (Je)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Undulating, nearly level plain	Acidic silt loams, often poorly drained, covered with wind-blown silt
Perkinstown End Moraine (Jf)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Hummocky end moraines and outwash channels	Acidic sandy loam, small inclusions of peat
West Lincoln Till Plain (Jg)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Dissected glacial till plain	Poorly drained silt loams over acidic loamy till
Rib Mountain Rolling Ridges (Ji)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Steeply dissected till plain with exposures of granitic bedrock	Well-drained shallow silt loams
Green Bay Stagnation Moraine (Jj)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Parallel end moraines separated by outwash channels and till plain	Neutral sandy loam to loam, small inclusions of peat
Spread Eagle/Dunbar (Jk)	Climate somewhat modified by L. Michigan; heavy snowfall	Bedrock knobs surrounded by extensive outwash plains, some pitted	Droughty outwash sands
Brule/Paint River Drumlins (Jl)	Winters long and cold; heavy snowfall	Gently rolling drumlins and adjacent swampy depressions	Well-drained sandy-loamy or loamy sand, may have silt cap of loess
Northern Highland (Jm)	Winters long and cold; heavy snowfall	Pitted outwash plain with coarse-textured moraines	Acidic sands
East Lincoln Till Plain (Js)	Continental climate; moderate snow	Dissected glacial till plain	Poorly drained silt loams over acidic loamy till
Bayfield Sand Plain (Ka)	Climate somewhat modified by L. Superior; lighter snows	Pitted outwash plain: flat terraces intersected by hummock sediments	Deep loamy sands low in organic matter
Mille Lacs Upland (Kb)	Climate somewhat modified by L. Superior; lighter snows	Lake Superior lobe ground moraine and drumlin fields	Acidic loams
Green Bay Islands (Ob)	L. Michigan climate; cooler in summer and warmer in winter than mainland	Glacial lake plain and ice scour	Calcareous loams, poorly drained where bedrock near surface

LITERATURE CITED

Albert, D. A. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working map and classification. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC178. North Central Forest Experiment Station St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Keys, J. Jr., C. Carpenter, S. Hooks, F. Koenig, W. H. McNab, W. Russell, and M. L. Smith. 1995. Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation. USDA Forest Service, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

WDNR (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). 1999. Ecological units of Wisconsin - First approximation, including land type associations (LTAS). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.