Daniel S. Gruner. 2004. Attenuation of top-down and bottom-up forces in a complex terrestrial community. Ecology 85:3010–3022.

Appendix A. A photograph of a bird exclusion cage on an unfertilized plot on the 1881 lava flow, Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i, in March 2001. The only woody plant visible is Metrosideros polymorpha.