Ecological Archives A021-096-A1

Eric W. Seabloom, Cara D. Benfield, Elizabeth T. Borer, Amanda G. Stanley, Thomas N. Kaye, and Peter W. Dunwiddie. 2011. Provenance, lifespan, and phylogeny do not affect grass species' responses to nitrogen and phosphorus. Ecological Applications 21:2129–2142.

Appendix A. Tables showing additional details on plant and soil characteristics and responses.

TABLE A1. Soil variables measured in field observational plots.

Variable	Analytical method	Range of values (mean ą SE)
Soil moisture	Gravimetric	17.3–52.6 % by w (33.0 ą 1.4)
pH	Orion Microprocessor pH/millivolt Meter Model 811	4.9–5.8 (5.4 ą 0.04)
Ammonium	Flow Injection Analysis Colorimetry by QuikChem Method 10-107-06-2-A	0.2–3.2 Corrected mg N/L (1.2 ą 0.1)
Nitrate	Flow Injection Analysis Colorimetry by QuikChem Method 10-107-04-1-A	0.06–2.1 Corrected mg N/L (0.5 ą 0.08)
Total organic carbon	High Temperature Catalytic Combustion	10.2–40.4 mg C/L (21.2 ą 1.0)
Total nitrogen	Chemiluminescence Detection and Combustion	1.4–5.6 mg N/L (3.1 ą 0.2)
Total phosphorous	Colorimetry	554.55–1887.32 mg P/kg soil (1044.6 ą 130.6)

TABLE A2. Species of grasses used in the greenhouse fertilization experiment. Seed for the experimental grass species was hand collected in June and July 2006 from Basket Butte (Basket Slough National Wildlife Refuge, Marion County, Oregon), Bellfountain Prairie (William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Benton County, Oregon), and Oak Creek (McDonald-Dunn Research Forest, Benton County, Oregon), or obtained from local native seed producers (Landmark Seed, Albany, Oregon; Pacific Northwest Natives, Albany, Oregon; and Outsidepride.com, Inc., Independence, Oregon).

Species	Tribe	Lifespan	Provenance	Source
Avena fatua	Aveneae	Annual	Exotic	Collected: Basket Butte
Arrhenatherum elatius	Aveneae	Perennial	Exotic	Collected: Basket Butte and Bellfountain Prairie
Koeleria macrantha	Aveneae	Perennial	Native	Purchased: Landmark Seed
Bromus hordeaceus	Bromeae	Annual	Exotic	Collected: Basket Butte
Bromus inermis	Bromeae	Perennial	Exotic	Purchased: Outside Pride
Bromus carinatus	Bromeae	Perennial	Native	Purchased: Pacific Northwest Natives
Cynosurus echinatus	Poeae	Annual	Exotic	Collected: Basket Butte and Oak Creek
Schedonorus phoenix	Poeae	Perennial	Exotic	Collected: Basket Butte
Festuca roemeri	Poeae	Perennial	Native	Purchased: Pacific Northwest Natives
Taeniatherum caput-medusae	Triticeae	Annual	Exotic	Collected: Basket Butte
Elymus glaucus	Triticeae	Perennial	Native	Collected: Basket Butte

TABLE A3. Concentration of the compounds used in the fertilizer solutions(modified from Hoagland and Arnon 1938, Downs and Hellmers 1975). KH₂PO₄ and NH₄NO₃ were each supplied at concentrations equivalent to 0.2%, 1%, and 10% the concentration prescribed in a half-strength Hoagland’s recipe. While the concentration of all other nutrients remain the same, these low, medium, and “high” N and P concentrations were crossed to produce nine fertilizer solutions.

	Compound	Concentration (ľM)
Macronutrients	K₂SO₄	1250
	MgSO₄·7H₂O	1000
	KH₂PO₄	1, 5, 50^a
	CaSO₄·2H₂O	2000
	NH₄NO₃	7.5, 37.5, 375^a
Micronutrients^b	KCl	25
	H₃BO₃	12.5
	MnSO₄·H₂O	1
	ZnSO₄·7H₂O	1
	CuSO₄·5H₂O	0.25
	H₂MoO₄·H₂O	0.25
	NaFeEDDHA (6% Fe)	10

^a KH₂PO₄ and NH₄NO₃ are each supplied at concentrations equivalent to 0.2%, 1%, and 10% the concentration prescribed in a half-strength Hoagland’s recipe.
^b All solutions, regardless of concentration of N and P, receive the same concentration of micronutrients

TABLE A4. Standardized Mantel statistic and P value of randomization test for Mantel’s tests for correlation between soil chemistry variables and ordination scores of sample units in species space.

Soil chemistry variable	Mantel’s r	P
Soil moisture	-0.053	0.1490
pH	0.263	0.0010
Ammonium	0.117	0.0540
Nitrate	0.459	0.0010
Total organic carbon	0.024	0.2830
Total nitrogen	0.076	0.0770
Total phosphorus	0.431	0.0010

TABLE A5. Mean total biomass (mg) ą 1SE for each species-planting density-N level.

Species	Density	7.5 ľmol N mean ą 1 SE	37.5 ľmol N mean ą 1 SE	375 ľmol N mean ą 1 SE
Arrhenatherum elatius	1	88.8 ą 20	176.3 ą 35	1055.0 ą 180
Arrhenatherum elatius	10	28.6 ą 4	36.6 ą 5	150.9 ą 17
Avena fatua	1	79.2 ą 11	110.2 ą 21	526.8 ą 130
Avena fatua	10	55.2 ą 10	60.2 ą 9	99.2 ą 14
Bromus carinatus	1	131.6 ą 28	225.9 ą 47	849.0 ą 150
Bromus carinatus	10	56.5 ą 11	72.5 ą 14	183.3 ą 37
Bromus hordeaceus	1	65.9 ą 11	162.1 ą 34	941.2 ą 160
Bromus hordeaceus	10	18.1 ą 2	31.4 ą 3	129.8 ą 13
Bromus inermis	1	74.6 ą 19	186.8 ą 50	934.8 ą 190
Bromus inermis	10	26.0 ą 3	36.4 ą 3	151.0 ą 18
Cynosurus echinatus	1	88.1 ą 28	148.9 ą 37	1351.8 ą 290
Cynosurus echinatus	10	15.3 ą 4	38.6 ą 10	175.2 ą 21
Elymus glaucus	1	71.9 ą 13	203.2 ą 33	630.9 ą 140
Elymus glaucus	10	33.4 ą 4	38.0 ą 5	112.9 ą 14
Festuca arundinacea	1	99.3 ą 25	243.1 ą 43	1356.6 ą 250
Festuca arundinacea	10	26.3 ą 4	40.1 ą 5	174.1 ą 22
Festuca roemeri	1	204.4 ą 54	269.3 ą 40	1059.3 ą 230
Festuca roemeri	10	75.2 ą 15	92.9 ą 15	227.1 ą 29
Koeleria macrantha	1	60.1 ą 18	156.1 ą 41	962.3 ą 190
Koeleria macrantha	10	11.0 ą 2	27.7 ą 4	136.0 ą 22
Taeniatherum caput-medusae	1	71.2 ą 13	171.6 ą 25	954.4 ą 160
Taeniatherum caput-medusae	10	29.0 ą 4	43.6 ą 4	111.7 ą 13

TABLE A6. Mean root-to-shoot ratio ą 1 SE for each species-planting density-N level.

Species	Density	7.5 ľmol N root:shoot ą 1 SE	37.5 ľmol N root:shoot ą 1 SE	375 ľmol N root:shoot ą 1 SE
Arrhenatherum elatius	1	2.27 ą 0.4	2.09 ą 0.3	1.74 ą 0.3
Arrhenatherum elatius	10	2.81 ą 0.8	2.10 ą 0.3	2.13 ą 0.4
Avena fatua	1	8.43 ą 7.6	0.71 ą 0.1	0.40 ą 0.1
Avena fatua	10	0.49 ą 0.1	0.57 ą 0.1	0.53 ą 0.1
Bromus carinatus	1	1.59 ą 0.3	1.91 ą 0.4	1.02 ą 0.2
Bromus carinatus	10	1.00 ą 0.1	0.93 ą 0.1	0.91 ą 0.1
Bromus hordeaceus	1	2.56 ą 0.4	1.70 ą 0.2	1.30 ą 0.2
Bromus hordeaceus	10	2.98 ą 0.9	2.18 ą 0.6	1.60 ą 0.3
Bromus inermis	1	2.43 ą 0.3	2.10 ą 0.2	1.95 ą 0.3
Bromus inermis	10	2.24 ą 0.4	1.89 ą 0.3	2.01 ą 0.4
Cynosurus echinatus	1	2.11 ą 0.5	2.52 ą 0.6	1.87 ą 0.4
Cynosurus echinatus	10	4.31 ą 1.6	2.04 ą 0.4	2.54 ą 0.6
Elymus glaucus	1	1.79 ą 0.2	2.19 ą 0.4	1.22 ą 0.2
Elymus glaucus	10	1.74 ą 0.4	1.43 ą 0.1	1.26 ą 0.1
Festuca arundinacea	1	4.57 ą 1.8	2.61 ą 0.5	1.57 ą 0.3
Festuca arundinacea	10	3.04 ą 0.6	2.28 ą 0.4	2.05 ą 0.3
Festuca roemeri	1	1.79 ą 0.4	1.86 ą 0.3	1.12 ą 0.2
Festuca roemeri	10	2.15 ą 0.2	2.54 ą 0.3	1.86 ą 0.2
Koeleria macrantha	1	2.31 ą 0.4	3.95 ą 1.4	1.73 ą 0.4
Koeleria macrantha	10	2.23 ą 0.5	3.38 ą 0.8	2.80 ą 0.9
Taeniatherum caput-medusae	1	1.78 ą 0.3	1.64 ą 0.4	1.28 ą 0.3
Taeniatherum caput-medusae	10	1.42 ą 0.3	1.46 ą 0.3	1.10 ą 0.2

LITERATURE CITED

Downs, R. J., and H. Hellmers. 1975. Environment and the experimental control of plant growth. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.

Hoagland, D. R., and D. I. Arnon. 1938. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Circular / University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station.

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