Appendix A. Data and sources.
TABLE A1. Steller sea lion rookery locations, in order from west to east. The two-letter codes are used to identify each rookery in the space-time plots. The first 34 rookeries are in the western population. The last three are part of the eastern population, in SE Alaska, and their data were not used in this study.
Rookery (W to E) |
North Latitude |
West Longitude |
Years of SSL census data |
|
AW |
Attu/Cape Wrangell |
52.91667 |
187.54083 |
98, 02 |
AG |
Agattu |
52.38567 |
186.4695 |
79, 88-90 |
KC |
Kiska/Cape St. Stephen |
51.88334 |
182.79416 |
79, 89, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
KL |
Kiska/Lief Cove |
51.95333 |
182.65884 |
79, 85, 89, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
AY |
Ayugadak |
51.756 |
181.595 |
79, 85, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
AM |
Amchitka/Column Rock |
51.53867 |
181.17867 |
79, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
SP |
Semisopochnoi/Pochnoi |
51.955 |
180.23334 |
94, 98 |
UH |
Ulak/Hasgox Point |
51.31334 |
178.98752 |
79, 85, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
TA |
Tag |
51.55833 |
178.575 |
85, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
GR |
Gramp Rock |
51.48117 |
178.343 |
85, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
AD |
Adak |
51.6075 |
176.9725 |
85, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
KN |
Kasatochi/North Point |
52.18517 |
175.51666 |
79, 85, 90, 94, 98, 02 |
AS |
Amlia/Sviech. Harbor |
52.03 |
173.39833 |
90, 98 |
AK |
Agligadak |
52.1015 |
172.90384 |
90, 98 |
SS |
Seguam/Saddleridge |
52.35058 |
172.56667 |
79, 85, 89, 90, 94, 98 |
YU |
Yunaska |
52.69 |
170.60583 |
79, 85, 90, 94, 98, 00, 02 |
AU |
Adugak |
52.91167 |
169.175 |
85, 90, 94, 98, 00, 02 |
OG |
Ogchul |
52.99517 |
168.40402 |
85, 94, 98 |
BF |
Bogoslof/Fire Island |
53.92822 |
168.03416 |
73, 79, 85, 89-91, 98, 00, 02 |
AC |
Akutan/Cape Morgan |
54.05906 |
166.02777 |
85, 90, 92, 94, 98 |
AB |
Akun/Billings head |
54.29321 |
165.53142 |
85, 90, 91, 94, 98, 00, 02 |
UC |
Ugamak Complex |
54.21767 |
164.78799 |
85, 86, 89-91, 96-98 |
SL |
Sea Lion Rock (Amak) |
55.46367 |
163.20166 |
98, 02 |
CR |
Clubbing Rocks |
54.706 |
162.4455 |
78, 79, 92, 94, 98 |
PR |
Pinnacle Rock |
54.76758 |
161.76422 |
78, 79, 91, 94, 98, 00, 02 |
CH |
Chernabura |
54.75867 |
159.57278 |
78, 79, 86, 90, 92, 94, 98 |
AT |
Atkins |
55.05333 |
159.28999 |
78, 79, 86, 90, 91, 94, 96, 98, 00, 02 |
CT |
Chowiet |
56.007 |
156.69183 |
78, 79, 89, 90, 92, 94, 98 |
CF |
Chirikof |
55.7745 |
155.69133 |
78, 79, 89-91, 94, 98, 00, 02 |
SU |
Sugarloaf |
58.8875 |
152.03999 |
76, 78, 79, 89, 90, 92, 94, 97, 98 |
MA |
Marmot |
58.19625 |
151.83176 |
78, 79, 86, 88, 89, 91, 94, 96-98 |
OP |
Outer (Pye) |
58.84583 |
150.39583 |
76, 78, 79, 89-91, 94, 97, 98, 00, 02 |
WF |
Wooded (Fish) |
59.88167 |
147.34416 |
94, 96, 98, 00 |
SR |
Seal Rocks |
60.163 |
146.83833 |
76, 78, 79, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 98 |
WS |
White Sisters |
57.635 |
136.25667 |
90-92, 94, 96, 98 |
HZ |
Hazy |
55.86666 |
134.56667 |
79, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 98 |
FC |
Forrester Complex |
54.83833 |
133.52667 |
73, 79, 82, 90, 91 |
TABLE A2. Major prey species of Steller sea lions (based on Sinclair and Zeppelin 2002).
Common name |
Species name(s) |
Walleye Pollock |
Theragra chalcogramma |
Atka Mackerel |
Pleurogrammus monopterygius |
Pacific Salmon |
Oncorhynchus spp. |
Pacific Cod |
Gadus macrocephalus |
Arrowtooth Flounder |
Atheresthes stomias |
Pacific Herring |
Clupea pallasi |
Pacific Sand Lance |
Ammodytes hexapterus |
Irish Lords |
Hemilepidotus spp. |
Cephalopods |
Class Cephalopoda |
Capelin |
Mallotus villosus |
Rockfishes |
Family Scorpaenidae |
TABLE A3. Parameters and data sources used in the model.
LITERATURE CITED
Calkins, D., and K. W. Pitcher. 1982. Population assessment, ecology and trophic relationships of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska. Pages 447–546 in Environmental assessment of the Alaskan continental shelf, Final report. U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C., USA.
Gerber, L. R., and G. R. Van Blaricom. 2001. Implications of three viability models for the conservation status of the western population of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Biological Conservation 102:261–269.
Hennen, D. 2006. Associations between the Alaska Steller sea lion decline and commercial fisheries. Ecological Applications 16:704–717.
Holmes, E. E., and A. E. York. 2003. Using age structure to detect impacts on threatened populations: A case study with Steller sea lions. Conservation Biology 17(6):1794–1806.
Mangel, M., and N. Wolf. 2006. Predator diet breadth and prey population dynamics: Mechanism and modeling. Pages 277–283 in J. Estes, editor. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. University of California Press. Berkeley, Californai, USA.
Sinclair, E. H., and T. K. Zeppelin. 2002. Seasonal and spatial differences in the diet in the western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy 83:973–990.