Ecological Archives E088-114-A1

**Katherine F. Smith, Dov F. Sax, Steven D. Gaines, Vanina Guernier, and Jean-François Guégan. 2007. Globalization of human infectious disease. Ecology 88:1903–1910.**

Appendix A. A table listing 332 human infectious agents, their taxonomic grouping, and reservoir and vector hosts as determined by the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network Database (GIDEON).

TABLE A1. 332 human infectious agents, their taxonomic grouping, reservoir and vector hosts as determined by GIDEON. Host categories include: human specific (H), multi-host (M) and zoonotic (Z). (R) designates infectious agents removed from analyses. Due to space limitations, national presence and absence is excluded from this appendix.

INFECTIOUS AGENT	TAXONOMIC GROUP	RESERVOIR HOSTS	VECTOR HOSTS	HOST CATEGORY
Pinta	bacterium	man	fly	H
Trachoma	bacterium	man	fly	H
Actinomycosis	bacterium	man	none	H
Chlamydia infections	bacterium	man	none	H
Chlamydia pneumonia infection	bacterium	man	none	H
Cholecystitis & cholangitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Cholera fever	bacterium	man	none	H
Chronic meningococcemia	bacterium	man	none	H
Clostridial myonecrosis	bacterium	soil, man	none	H
Conjunctivitis-inclusion	bacterium	man	none	H
Diphtheria	bacterium	man	none	H
Endemic syphilis (bejel)	bacterium	man	none	H
Gonorrhea	bacterium	man	none	H
Intracranial venous thrombosis	bacterium	man	none	H
Liver abscess-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Lymphogranuloma venereum	bacterium	man	none	H
Meningitis-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Mycoplasma pneumonia infection	bacterium	man	none	H
Otitis media	bacterium	man	none	H
Pericarditis-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Perirectal abscess	bacterium	man	none	H
Peritonitis-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Pertussis	bacterium	man	none	H
Pharyngeal & cervical space infx.	bacterium	man	none	H
Pharyngitis-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Pneumonia-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Sinusitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Syphilis	bacterium	man	none	H
Bartonellosis (South American)	bacterium	man	fly	H
Brain abscess	bacterium	man	none	H
Brazilian purpuric fever	bacterium	man	none	H
Chancroid	bacterium	man	none	H
Clostridium difficile colitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Endocarditis-infectious	bacterium	man	none	H
Epidural abscess	bacterium	man	none	H
Erysipelas or cellulitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Erythrasma	bacterium	man	none	H
Granuloma inguinale	bacterium	man	none	H
Kingella infection	bacterium	man	none	H
Malignant otitis externa	bacterium	man	none	H
Necrotizing skin/soft tissue infx.	bacterium	man	none	H
Neutropenic typhlitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Orbital infection	bacterium	man	none	H
Osteomyelitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Perinephric abscess	bacterium	man	none	H
Pyodermas	bacterium	man	none	H
Pyomyositis	bacterium	man	none	H
Rheumatic fever	bacterium	man	none	H
Rhinoscleroma	bacterium	man	none	H
Scarlet fever	bacterium	man	none	H
Septic arthritis	bacterium	man	none	H
Septicemia-bacterial	bacterium	man	none	H
Subdural empyema	bacterium	man	none	H
Suppurative parotitis	bacterium	man	none	H
Tropical phagedenic ulcer	bacterium	man	none	H
Typhoid and enteric fever	bacterium	man	none	H
Urinary tract infection	bacterium	man	none	H
Vaginellosis	bacterium	man	none	H
Candidiasis	fungus	man	none	H
Pneumocystis pneumonia	fungus	man	none	H
Fungal infection-invasive	fungus	man	none	H
Amibiasis abscess and colitis	parasite	man	fly	H
Loiasis	parasite	man	fly	H
Pediculosis	parasite	man	louse	H
Filariasis-Bancroftian	parasite	man	mosquito	H
Filariasis-Brugia timori	parasite	man	mosquito	H
Blastocystis infection	parasite	man	none	H
Dientamoebal diarrhea	parasite	man	none	H
Hookworm	parasite	man	none	H
Trichomoniasis	parasite	man	none	H
Omsk hemorrhagic fever	parasite	man	fly	H
Mansonelliasis-M.ozzardi	parasite	man	fly	H
Mansonelliasis-M.perstans	parasite	man	midge	H
Scabies	parasite	man	mite	H
Ascaridiosis	parasite	man	none	H
Dracunculiasis	parasite	man	none	H
Enterobiasis	parasite	man	none	H
Isosporiasis	parasite	man	none	H
Trichuriasis	parasite	man	none	H
Adenovirus	virus	man	none	H
Hepatitis B	virus	man	none	H
Hepatitis G	virus	man	none	H
Herpes simplex infection	virus	man	none	H
Herpes zoster	virus	man	none	H
HIV infection-initial illness	virus	man	none	H
Laryngotracheobronchitis	virus	man	none	H
Meningitis-aseptic	virus	man	none	H
Mononucleosis-infectious	virus	man	none	H
Parainfluenza virus infection	virus	man	none	H
Pleurodynia	virus	man	none	H
Poliomyelitis	virus	man	none	H
Respiratory syncytial virus infection	virus	man	none	H
Rotavirus infection	virus	man	none	H
Rubella	virus	man	none	H
Smallpox	virus	man	none	H
O'nyong nyong	virus	man	mosquito	H
Common cold	virus	man	none	H
Conjunctivitis-viral	virus	man	none	H
Cytomegalovirus infection	virus	man	none	H
Enterovirus infection	virus	man	none	H
Gastroenteritis-viral	virus	man	none	H
Hepatitis C	virus	man	none	H
Hepatitis D	virus	man	none	H
Herpes simplex encephalitis	virus	man	none	H
Measles	virus	man	none	H
Mumps	virus	man	none	H
Parvovirus infection	virus	man	none	H
Roseola or human herpesvirus	virus	man	none	H
Varicella-Zoster	virus	man	none	H
Angiomatosis	bacterium	man, cat, tick	flea, tick	M
Bartonellosis (other)	bacterium	man, rat	louse	M
Typhus-epidemic	bacterium	man, flying squirrel	louse	M
Escherichia coli diarrhea	bacterium	man, mammal (non-human)	none	M
Leprosy	bacterium	man, armadillo	none	M
Listeriosis	bacterium	mammal, man, bird, soil, water	none	M
Staphylococcus	bacterium	man, cattle	none	M
Tuberculosis	bacterium	man, cattle	none	M
Wound infection	bacterium	man, soil, water, air spores, animals, plants	none	M
Yaws	bacterium	man, primate (non-human)	none	M
Relapsing fever	bacterium	man, rodent, tick	tick, louse	M
Campylobacteriosis	bacterium	man, mammal, bird	none	M
Clostridial food poisoning	bacterium	soil, man, pig, cattle, fish, poultry	none	M
Shigellosis	bacterium	man, primates (non-human)	none	M
Dermatophytosis	fungus	man, dog, cat, rabbit, marsupial, other mammal	none	M
Lobomycosis	fungus	man, dolphin	none	M
Leishmaniasis-cutaneous	parasite	man, hyrax, rodent, marsupial, dog, sloth, anteater, armadillo	fly	M
Leishmaniasis-mucocutaneous	parasite	rodent, man, sloth, marsupial	fly	M
Leishmaniasis-visceral	parasite	man, rodent, dog, fox	fly	M
Trypanosomiasis-African	parasite	man, deer, wild carnivore, cattle	fly	M
Trypanosomiasis-American	parasite	man, dog, cat, pig, guinea pig, armadillo, rat, fox, opossum, raccoon, bat, mouse, monkey	kissing bug	M
Malaria (P. falciparum, P. vivax)	parasite	man, mosquito	mosquito	M
Clonorchiasis	parasite	man, cat, dog, pig, snail	none	M
Cyclospora infection	parasite	man, primate (non-human)	none	M
Cysticercosis	parasite	pig, man	none	M
Diphyllobothriasis	parasite	man, dog, bear, fish-eating mammal	none	M
Echinostomiasis	parasite	mammal, bird, man, frog, cat, snail	none	M
Fasciolopsiasis	parasite	pig, man, dog, snail	none	M
Giardiasis	parasite	man, beaver	none	M
Hymenolepis nana infection	parasite	man, rodent	none	M
Paragonimiasis	parasite	man, dog, cat, pig, wild carnivore, snail	none	M
Strongyloidiasis	parasite	man, dog, monkey	none	M
Filariasis-Brugia malayi	parasite	man, primate (non-human), cat, civet	mosquito	M
Dengue fever	virus	man, monkey, mosquito	mosquito	M
Hepatitis E	virus	man, rat, pig	none	M
Hepatitis A	virus	man, primate (non-human)	none	M
Influenza	virus	man, ferret	none	M
Aeromonas and Vibrio infections	bacterium	salt or brackish water	none	R
Bacillis caereus	bacterium	soil, processed & dried foods	none	R
Nocardiosis	bacterium	soil	none	R
Whipple's disease	bacterium	unknown	none	R
Ehrlichiosis-E.sennetsu	bacterium	unknown	tick	R
Legionellosis	bacterium	water	none	R
Mycetoma	bacterium	soil, vegetation	none	R
Mycobacteriosis-M. scrofulaceum	bacterium	water, soil, plant material	none	R
Mycobacteriosis-M. ulcerans	bacterium	vegetation	none	R
Tetanus	bacterium	soil	none	R
Toxic shock syndrome	bacterium	man	none	R
Chromomycosis	fungus	wood, soil, vegetation	none	R
Zygomycosis	fungus	saprophytes	none	R
Aspergillosis	fungus	compost, hay, cereal, soil	none	R
Coccidioidomycosis	fungus	soil	none	R
Sporotrichosis	fungus	soil, vegetation, wood	none	R
Amibiasis free living	parasite	water, soil	none	R
Lagochilascariasis	parasite	unknown	none	R
Rhinosporidiosis	protistan	water, soil, vegetation	none	R
Brainerd diarrhea	unknown	unknown	none	R
Chronic fatigue syndrome	unknown	unknown	none	R
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome	unknown	unknown	none	R
Kawasaki disease	unknown	unknown	none	R
Kikuchi's disease and Kimura disease	unknown	unknown	none	R
Reye syndrome	unknown	unknown	none	R
Tropical sprue	unknown	unknown	none	R
Pityriasis rosea	unknown	unknown	unknown	R
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia	unknown	unknown	unknown	R
Spondweni	virus	unknown	mosquito	R
Yellow fever	virus	man, monkey, marsupial, mosquito	unknown	R
Oropouche	virus	unknown	midge, mosquito	R
Onchocerciasis	virus	unknown	mosquito	R
Hendra virus disease	virus	horse, fruit bat, cats and guinea pigs	unknown	R
Nipah virus disease	virus	pig, bat	unknown	R
Plague	bacterium	rodent, rabbit, cat, wild carnivore	flea	Z
Rickettsia felis infection	bacterium	opossum, flying squirrel, flea	flea	Z
Typhus-endemic	bacterium	rat	flea	Z
Tularemia	bacterium	rabbit, hare, muskrat, beaver, wild bird	fly	Z
Anthrax	bacterium	soil, goat, cattle, sheep, water, horse	fly	Z
Rickettsialpox	bacterium	mice, mite	mite	Z
Brucellosis	bacterium	pig, cattle, sheep, goat, dog, coyote, caribou	none	Z
Erysipeloid	bacterium	mammal (non-human), bird, fish	none	Z
Glanders	bacterium	horse, mule, donkey	none	Z
Mycobacteriosis-M. marinum	bacterium	fresh and salt water, fish	none	Z
Mycobacteriosis-systemic	bacterium	water, soil, fish, mammal (non-human), bird	none	Z
Pasteurellosis, etc.	bacterium	cat, dog, marsupial, other mammal, rarely bird	none	Z
Plesiomonas enteritis	bacterium	fish, animal, soil	none	Z
Rat bite fever-streptobacillary	bacterium	rat, squirrel, weasel, turkey	none	Z
Rhodococcus equi infection	bacterium	farm animal and soil	none	Z
Salmonellosis	bacterium	mammal, bird, reptile	none	Z
Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection	bacterium	fish	none	Z
Ehrlichiosis-human granulocytic	bacterium	rodent, deer, tick	tick	Z
Ehrlichiosis-human monocytic	bacterium	dog, deer, coyote	tick	Z
Flinders Island spotted fever	bacterium	rodent, tick	tick	Z
Japanese spotted fever	bacterium	dog, rodent, tick	tick	Z
Lyme disease	bacterium	deer, rodent, tick	tick	Z
Astrakhan fever	bacterium	dog, cat, hedgehog, hare, small rodents	tick	Z
Queensland tick typhus	bacterium	rodent	tick	Z
Bartonellosis (cat)	bacterium	cat	flea	Z
Typhus-scrub	bacterium	rodent, wild carnivore, mite	mite	Z
Botulism	bacterium	soil, animal, fish	none	Z
Enteritis necroticans	bacterium	soil, feces, mammal (non-human)	none	Z
Leptospirosis	bacterium	cattle, dog, horse, deer, rodent, fox, marine mammal, marsupial, frog	none	Z
Melioidosis	bacterium	soil, water, sheep, goat, horse, pig, rodent, monkey, marsupial	none	Z
Ornithosis	bacterium	parakeet, parrot, pigeon, turkey, duck, cat, sheep, goat, cattle	none	Z
Q fever	bacterium	cattle, sheep, goat, bird, fish, rodent, dog, cat, tick	none	Z
Rat bite fever-spirillary	bacterium	rat, mouse, cat	none	Z
Yersiniosis	bacterium	pig, rodent, rabbit, sheep, goat, cattle, horse, dog, cat	none	Z
Mediterranean spotted fever	bacterium	dog, rodent, tick	tick	Z
North Asian tick typhus	bacterium	rodent, dog	tick	Z
Rocky Mountain spotted fever	bacterium	dog, rodent, tick	tick	Z
African tick bite fever	bacterium	dog, rodent, tick	tick	Z
Israeli spotted fever	bacterium	dog, rodent, tick	tick	Z
Entomophthoramycosis	fungus	vegetation, soil, amphibian or reptile	none	Z
Histoplasmosis-African	fungus	bat, chicken, baboon, bird	none	Z
Penicilliosis marneffei	fungus	vegetation, soil, rodents	none	Z
Blastomycosis	fungus	soil, beaver, dog, rodent	none	Z
Cryptococcosis	fungus	pigeon, soil	none	Z
Histoplasmosis	fungus	soil, caves, chicken, bats	none	Z
Paracoccidioidomycosis	fungus	soil, dust, armadillos	none	Z
Myiasis	parasite	mammal (non-human)	biting arthropod	Z
Thelaziasis	parasite	dog, rabbit, deer, cat	fly	Z
Mansonelliasis-M.streptocerca	parasite	primate	midge	Z
Dirofilariasis	parasite	mammal, dog, wild carnivore	mosquito	Z
Angiostrongylosis	parasite	rat, prawn, frog	none	Z
Angiostrongylosis abdominal	parasite	cotton rat, slug	none	Z
Anisakiasis	parasite	marine mammals	none	Z
Baylisascaridiosis	parasite	mammals (non-human), birds	none	Z
Bertiellasis	parasite	primate (non-human)	none	Z
Capillariasis-intestinal	parasite	bird or fish	none	Z
Cercarial dermatitis	parasite	aquatic bird, snail	none	Z
Coenurosis	parasite	sheep, wild carnivore, horse, dog	none	Z
Cryptosporidiosis	parasite	mammals (non-human)	none	Z
Cutaneous larva migrans	parasite	cat, dog, cattle	none	Z
Dicrocoeliasis	parasite	sheep, snails, ant	none	Z
Dipylidiasis	parasite	dog, cat	none	Z
Echinococcosis-American polycystic	parasite	bush dog, paca, rodent	none	Z
Echinococcosis-multilocular	parasite	fox, wolf, coyote, dog, cat, vole, lemming, shrew, mouse	none	Z
Entamoeba polecki infection	parasite	pig, monkey	none	Z
Gongylonemiasis	parasite	sheep, cattle, pigs, bears, monkeys	none	Z
Hymenolepis diminuta infection	parasite	rodent, various insects	none	Z
Linguatulosis	parasite	herbivore	none	Z
Mammomonogamiasis	parasite	mammal	none	Z
Metagonimiasis	parasite	snail, fish, dog, cat	none	Z
Metorchiasis	parasite	snail, fish, cat, dog, mink, fox, racoon, vole, wolf, bear, coyote	none	Z
Microsporidiosis	parasite	rabbit, rodents, carnivores, primates, fish, dogs, birds	none	Z
Nanophyetiasis	parasite	snail, fish	none	Z
Ockelbo disease	parasite	primate, soil	none	Z
Pentastomiasis	parasite	amphibian or reptile, rodent	none	Z
Sarcocystosis	parasite	cattle, pig	none	Z
Schistosomiasis-haematobium	parasite	snail, rarely baboon or monkey	none	Z
Schistosomiasis-intercalatum	parasite	snail	none	Z
Schistosomiasis-japonicum	parasite	snail, water buffalo, dog, cat, rat, pig, horse, goat	none	Z
Schistosomiasis-mekongi	parasite	snail, dog	none	Z
Sparganosis	parasite	copepod, bird, amphibian or reptile	none	Z
Taeniasis	parasite	cattle, pig	none	Z
Toxocariasis	parasite	cat, dog, mouse	none	Z
Trichostrongyliasis	parasite	herbivore	none	Z
Tungiasis	parasite	pig, various other mammals	none	Z
Babesiosis	parasite	rodent, rabbit, deer, cattle, tick	tick	Z
Balantidiosis	parasite	pig, primate (nonhuman), rodent	none	Z
Capillariasis-hepatic	parasite	rat	none	Z
Dioctophyme renal infection	parasite	dog, mink	none	Z
Echinococcosis-unilocular	parasite	dog, wolf, dingo, sheep, horse	none	Z
Fascioliasis	parasite	sheep, cattle, snail	none	Z
Gastrodiscoidiasis	parasite	pig, herbivore, snail	none	Z
Gnathostomiasis	parasite	cat, dog, poultry, frog, fish	none	Z
Heterophyid infections	parasite	snail, fish	none	Z
Moniliformis moniliformis	parasite	rat	none	Z
Opisthorchiasis	parasite	cat, civet, dog, other fish-eating mammal, snail	none	Z
Schistosomiasis-mansoni	parasite	snail, dog, cat, pig, cattle, rodent, horse, primate	none	Z
Schistosomiasis-mattheei	parasite	snail, sheep, goat, cattle, horse, wild mammal	none	Z
Toxoplasmosis	parasite	rodent, pig, cattle, sheep, chicken, bird, cat, marsupial kangaroo	none	Z
Trichinosis	parasite	wild carnivore, omnivore, marine mammal	none	Z
Protothecosis	protistan	cat, dog, cattle	none	Z
California encephalitis group	virus	chipmunk, squirrel, rodent, fox	mosquito	Z
Eastern equine encephalitis	virus	wild bird, horse, cattle, pig	mosquito	Z
Group C viral fevers	virus	rodent, marsupial, bat	mosquito	Z
Japanese encephalitis	virus	pig, bird	mosquito	Z
Murray Valley encephalitis	virus	bird	mosquito	Z
Pogosta disease	virus	bird	mosquito	Z
Rift Valley fever	virus	sheep, ruminant	mosquito	Z
Rocio	virus	wild bird	mosquito	Z
Ross River disease	virus	rodent, marsupial, bird, horse	mosquito	Z
Sindbis	virus	wild bird	mosquito	Z
St Louis encephalitis	virus	bird, mammal	mosquito	Z
West Nile fever	virus	bird, horse, bat, mostquito	mosquito	Z
Western equine encephalitis	virus	bird, horse, amphibian and reptile	mosquito	Z
Ilheus	virus	wild bird	mosquito	Z
Wesselsbron	virus	sheep, cattle	mosquito	Z
Bolivian Hemorrhagic fever	virus	rodent	none	Z
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever	virus	rodent	none	Z
Cowpox	virus	cattle, cat	none	Z
Ebola fever	virus	guinea pig, bat	none	Z
Hantavirus infections - New World	virus	deer mouse, pinon mouse, harvest mouse, brush mouse, western chipmunk	none	Z
Hantavirus infections-Old World	virus	field mice, vole, rat, bat, bird	none	Z
Herpesvirus simiae infection	virus	monkey	none	Z
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	virus	house mouse, guinea pig, hamster, monkey	none	Z
Marburg virus disease	virus	African green monkey, bat	none	Z
Orf	virus	sheep, goat, reindeer, musk ox	none	Z
Pseudocowpox	virus	cattle	none	Z
Rabies	virus	dog, fox, skunk, jackal, wolf, cat, raccoon, mongoose, bat	none	Z
Tanapox virus disease	virus	monkey	none	Z
Vesicular stomatitis	virus	horse, cattle, pig	none	Z
Whitewater Arroyo virus infection	virus	rodent woodrats	none	Z
Kyasanur Forest disease	virus	rodent, shrew, monkey, bat, bird, buffalo, cattle, tick	tick	Z
Louping ill	virus	sheep, deer, grouse, tick	tick	Z
Thogoto	virus	sheep, bird	tick	Z
Tick-borne encephalitis: Russian	virus	rodent, goat, cattle, tick	tick	Z
Tick-borne encephalitis: European	virus	rodent, bird, cattle, tick	tick	Z
New World phleboviruses	virus	rodent, fly	fly	Z
Sandfly fever	virus	rodent	fly	Z
Barmah Forest disease	virus	marsupial, cattle, horses	mosquito	Z
Karelian fever	virus	bird	mosquito	Z
Mayaro	virus	primate (non-human), bird	mosquito	Z
Venezuelan equine encephalitis	virus	rodent, horse	mosquito	Z
Chikungunya	virus	primate (non-human)	mosquito	Z
Bunyaviridae infections	virus	rat, bird, marsupial, chipmunk, cattle, sheep, horse, bat	mosquito, tick, flea	Z
Argentine hemorrhagic fever	virus	rodent	none	Z
Lassa fever	virus	multimammate mouse	none	Z
Monkeypox	virus	monkey, squirrel	none	Z
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever	virus	cane mouse, other rodents, cotton rat	none	Z
Colorado tick fever	virus	ground squirrel, porcupine, chipmunk, mouse, rabbit, hare, porcupine, woodchuck	tick	Z
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	virus	hare, bird, cattle, sheep, goat, tick	tick	Z
Oesophagostomiasis	virus	rodent, muskrat	tick	Z
Powassan	virus	rodent, carnivore, tick	tick	Z

[Back to E088-114]